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Nakayama M, Sugiyama Y, Yamasawa H, Soda M, Mato N, Hosono T, Bando M. Effect of hochuekkito on alveolar macrophage inflammatory responses in hyperglycemic mice. Inflammation 2013; 35:1294-301. [PMID: 22367599 PMCID: PMC3397232 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus reduces immunological activity and increases susceptibility to various infections. Hochuekkito (TJ-41) has been reported to improve the weakened physical condition of various chronic diseases. BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; groups A and B were fed a standard diet, and group C, a TJ-41 diet. Two weeks after starting these diets, hyperglycemia was induced in groups B and C by injection with streptozotocin. Two weeks later, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (TLR2: peptidoglycan, PGN; TLR4: lipopolysaccharide, LPS; TLR5: flagellin, FLG) were used to stimulate alveolar macrophages (AMs), and TNF-α production was measured. Under hyperglycemic conditions and PGN or FLG stimulation, TNF-α production from AMs was significantly reduced in group B compared with group A. However, treatment with TJ-41 (group C) significantly improved the impaired production of TNF-α. These results suggest that, under hyperglycemic conditions, TJ-41 can improve the inflammatory responses of AMs with stimulation of TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakayama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Impaired inflammatory responses to multiple toll-like receptor ligands in alveolar macrophages of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:417-26. [PMID: 22228041 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of hyperglycemic state on the activation of alveolar macrophages (AMs) mediated via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) typically associated with bacterial infection. METHODS AMs obtained from normoglycemic control mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were stimulated ex vivo with the following: a TLR2 ligand, peptidoglycan (PGN); a TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS); or a TLR5 ligand, flagellin (FLG). Cytokine production and mRNA expression were measured by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. TLR expression was assessed by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS AMs from diabetic mice produced significantly less TNF-α after PGN or FLG stimulation, and less IL-6 after FLG stimulation, compared with AMs from control mice. The decrease in the production of these cytokines was associated with reduced mRNA expression of the corresponding cytokines. In contrast, production of TNF-α and IL-6 after LPS stimulation did not differ between groups. Furthermore, there was no substantial difference in the expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in AMs between the groups. The increased JNK phosphorylation induced by PGN or FLG stimulation was downregulated in AMs from diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemic state impairs the reactivity of AMs to multiple TLR ligands. This effect might result from hyperglycemia-induced alteration of intracellular signaling and is unlikely due to the modulation of TLR expression.
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Sun N, Yang G, Zhao H, Savelkoul HFJ, An L. Multidose streptozotocin induction of diabetes in BALB/c mice induces a dominant oxidative macrophage and a conversion of TH1 to TH2 phenotypes during disease progression. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2005:202-9. [PMID: 16192669 PMCID: PMC1526479 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mp) are implicated in both early and
late phases in type 1 diabetes development. Recent study has
suggested that a balance between reductive Mp (RMp) and
oxidative Mp (OMp) is possible to regulate
TH1/TH2 balance. The aim of this study is to
investigate the redox status of peritoneal Mp and its cytokine
profile during the development of autoimmune diabetes induced by
multiple low-dose streptozotocin in BALB/c mice. Meanwhile, the
polarization of TH1/TH2 of splenocytes or
thymocytes was also examined. We found that peritoneal Mp appeared
as an “incomplete” OMp phenotype with decreased icGSH along with
disease progression. The OMp showed reduced TNF-α, IL-12,
and NO production as well as defective phagocytosis
activity compared to nondiabetic controls; however, there was no
significant difference with IL-6 production. On the other hand,
the levels of IFN-γ or IL-4 of splenocytes in diabetic
mice were significantly higher compared to the control mice. The
ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 was also higher at the early stage
of diabetes and then declined several weeks later after the
occurrence of diabetes, suggesting a pathogenetic
TH1 phenotype from the beginning gradually to a tendency of TH2
during the development of diabetes. Our results implied that
likely OMp may be relevant in the development of type 1 diabetes;
however, it is not likely the only factor regulating the
TH1H/TH2 balance in MLD-STZ-induced
diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Sciences,
Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Sciences,
Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liguo An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Sciences,
Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- * Liguo An;
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Sommandas V, Rutledge EA, Van Yserloo B, Fuller J, Lernmark A, Drexhage HA. Aberrancies in the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells from bone-marrow precursors are linked to various genes on chromosome 4 and other chromosomes of the BB-DP rat. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:1-12. [PMID: 16023326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BB-Diabetes Prone (BB-DP) rats, a model for endocrine autoimmune diseases, are severely lymphopenic, especially lacking ART2+ regulatory T cells. BB-Diabetes Resistant (DR) rats are not lymphopenic and do not develop autoimmunity. BB-DP and BB-DR rats only differ at the lymphopenia (lyp) gene (iddm2) on chromosome 4. Since BB-DP rats also show aberrancies in the differentiation of dendritic cells (DC) from bone-marrow precursors, we tested the hypothesis that F344 rats congenic for a BB-DP chromosome 4 region (42.5-93.6Mb; including the lyp gene, but also iddm4) display an in vitro DC differentiation different from normal F344 rats. Here we show that the 42.5-93.6Mb BB-DP chromosome 4 region is linked to an increased DC precursor apoptosis, a low MHC class II expression, a reduced IL-10 production and a reduced T cell stimulatory capacity of DC. From our previous report on DC differentiation defects in BB rats (only differing in iddm2) and the present report, we deduce that the abnormal apoptosis and low MHC class II expression is linked to iddm2. The reduced T cell stimulatory capacity is linked to other genes on chromosome 4 (candidate gene: iddm4). The reduced IL-10 production has a complex linkage pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Sommandas
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003; 4:291-9. [PMID: 14501180 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025160614313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rabinovitch
- 430 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2.
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Rabinovitch A. Immunoregulation by cytokines in autoimmune diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:159-93. [PMID: 12613578 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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MacLean DS, Robertson JD, Jay M. Monitoring the retention of a protein antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant, alum, and pluronic F-127 gel formulations by X-ray fluorescence. Pharm Dev Technol 2001; 6:241-6. [PMID: 11416998 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-100002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants function by protecting antigens from rapid degradation or dispersal. The effectiveness of experimental adjuvants can be assessed by measuring antibody titers to the antigen of interest or, less frequently, by evaluating the retention and distribution of antigen at the application site. In this study, we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to monitor the release of an iodinated protein (I-bovine serum albumin) from several adjuvant formulations after its subcutaneous injection in rats. The interaction of the tagged antigen with an external Am-241 source leads to the emission of iodine X-rays from the application site; the number of these X-rays is proportional to the concentration of the protein remaining at the injection site. The disappearance of the iodine X-rays, and hence the antigen, from the injection site followed first-order kinetics for all adjuvant formulations tested; mean half-life values were as follows: in 50% Freund's adjuvant, 17.1 +/- 1.1 h; in 4-hour-old 25% Alum, 11.78 +/- 0.08 h; in 4-h-old 50% Alum, 13.2 +/- 2 h; in 3-day-old 50% Alum, 15.8 +/- 1.5 h; and in 240 mg/mL Pluronic F-127, 7.9 +/- 0.7 h. We conclude that XRF is an easy, reliable, noninvasive method to monitor the retention of antigens in these adjuvant solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S MacLean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Delemarre FGA, Simons PJ, de Heer HJ, Drexhage HA. Signs of Immaturity of Splenic Dendritic Cells from the Autoimmune Prone Biobreeding Rat: Consequences for the In Vitro Expansion of Regulator and Effector T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
From the biobreeding-diabetic prone (BB-DP) rat, an animal model for endocrine autoimmunity, phenotype and function of splenic dendritic cells (DC) were studied. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of peritoneal macrophages (pMφ) from the BB-DP rat in the MLR was investigated. Lower numbers of splenic DC were isolated from BB-DP rats than from control Wistar rats. In the preautoimmune phase, DC of the BB-DP rat had a lower surface MHC class II expression (and in preliminary data, a lower CD80 expression), ingested more bacteria, and had a lower stimulatory potency in the syngeneic (syn)MLR as compared with control DC. During disease development, the MHC class II expression further decreased, and a low stimulatory activity became evident in the allogeneic (allo)MLR. With regard to the expansion of suppressor/regulatory T cells, a lower percentage of RT6+ T cells but higher percentages of CD45RClow T cells were induced by BB-DP DC in synMLR, but not in alloMLR. An increase in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio was observed in both the syn- and alloMLR due to a relative weak expansion of CD8+ T cells with DC of the BB-DP rat. Resident pMφ isolated from BB-DP or Wistar rats were equally effective in suppressing the DC-driven synMLR. In conclusion, splenic DC from the BB-DP rat have a lower accessory cell function already at young age, before the development of disease, and expanded different subsets of effector/suppressor T cells in vitro as compared with those from Wistar rats. The dysfunction of DC from BB-DP rats is likely to be caused by their relative immaturity as indicated by their low class II and costimulatory molecule expression and relatively high phagocytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Simons
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Type I diabetes appears to be a T cell dependent disease. T cell reactivity is regulated by antigen presenting cells (APCs). In animal models of type I diabetes, abnormal reactivity of APCs, in particular of macrophages, probably is responsible for the progression of islet inflammation from T helper type 2 dependent benign periinsulitis to T helper type I dependent destructive intrainsulitis. The functional state of APCs during preferential stimulation of Th1 reactivities (APC1 state) is characterized by the release of TNFalpha, IL-12 and/or IL-18. The bias towards APC1 reactivity has been found due to defective inhibition via IL-10 and PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rothe
- Diabetes Research Institute at the Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL. Cytokines and their roles in pancreatic islet beta-cell destruction and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55:1139-49. [PMID: 9719467 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a disease that results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The autoimmune response against islet beta-cells is believed to result from a disorder of immunoregulation. According to this concept, a T helper 1 (Th1) subset of T cells and their cytokine products, i.e. Type 1 cytokines--interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNFbeta), dominate over an immunoregulatory (suppressor) Th2 subset of T cells and their cytokine products, i.e. Type 2 cytokines--IL-4 and IL-10. This allows Type 1 cytokines to initiate a cascade of immune/inflammatory processes in the islet (insulitis), culminating in beta-cell destruction. Type 1 cytokines activate (1) cytotoxic T cells that interact specifically with beta-cells and destroy them, and (2) macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNFalpha), and oxygen and nitrogen free radicals that are highly toxic to islet beta-cells. Furthermore, the cytokines IL-1, TNFalpha, and IFNgamma are cytotoxic to beta-cells, in large part by inducing the formation of oxygen free radicals, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in the beta-cells themselves. Therefore, it would appear that prevention of islet beta-cell destruction and IDDM should be aimed at stimulating the production and/or action of Type 2 cytokines, inhibiting the production and/or action of Type 1 cytokines, and inhibiting the production and/or action of oxygen and nitrogen free radicals in the pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rabinovitch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Kato Y, Inoue H, Yoshioka U, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Effects of transforming growth factor α1, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α and platelet-derived growth factor on the collagen synthesis and the proliferation of periacinal fibroblastoid cells isolated and cultured from rat pancreatic acini. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-4680(96)00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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References. Acta Neurol Scand 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb08119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang XD, Tisch R, Singer SM, Cao ZA, Liblau RS, Schreiber RD, McDevitt HO. Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in NOD mice. I. The early development of autoimmunity and the diabetogenic process. J Exp Med 1994; 180:995-1004. [PMID: 8064245 PMCID: PMC2191653 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.3.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is a cytokine that has potent immune regulatory functions. To assess the potential role of this cytokine in the early development of autoimmunity, we investigated the effect of TNF on the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a spontaneous murine model for autoimmune, insulin-dependent type I diabetes. Treatment of newborn female NOD mice with TNF every other day for 3 wk, led to an earlier onset of disease (10 versus 15 wk of age in control mice) and 100% incidence before 20 wk of age (compared to 45% at 20 wk of age in control phosphate-buffered saline treated female mice). In contrast, administration of an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody, TN3.19.12, resulted in complete prevention of IDDM. In vitro proliferation assays demonstrated that mice treated with TNF developed an increased T cell response to a panel of beta cell autoantigens, whereas anti-TNF treatment resulted in unresponsiveness to the autoantigens. In addition, autoantibody responses to the panel of beta cell antigens paralleled the T cell responses. The effects mediated by TNF appear to be highly age dependent. Treatment of animals either from birth or from 2 wk of age had a similar effect. However, if treatment was initiated at 4 wk of age, TNF delayed disease onset. These data suggest that TNF has a critical role in the early development of autoimmunity towards beta-islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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Abstract
T-cell recognition of autoantigens stands as the primary target for immune intervention in autoimmune disease. Experiments in animal models, in combination with a number of clinical trials completed in the last year, have helped to clarify the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and indicate future strategies for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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