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Valassi E, Biller BMK, Klibanski A, Swearingen B. Clinical features of nonpituitary sellar lesions in a large surgical series. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:798-807. [PMID: 20874772 PMCID: PMC2982869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pituitary adenomas are the most common lesions in the sellar region, but other pathologies need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of unusual sellar masses in a large series of patients and identify clinicopathological factors that may aid the pre-operative diagnosis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PATIENTS We analysed the records of 1469 transsphenoidal procedures performed between 1998 and 2009. One hundred sixteen cases (7·9%) were not pituitary adenomas. MEASUREMENTS Final pathological diagnosis. RESULTS One hundred sixteen patients (45 men, 71 women; mean age (±SD): 45 ± 17 years) with nonadenomatous lesions were divided into four major aetiological groups: cystic lesions (CYS) (53%); benign neoplasms (BEN) (22%); malignancies (MAL) (16%) and inflammatory lesions (INF) (9%). Rathke's cysts, the most common lesions, represented 42% of all cases. Twenty-five per cent of malignant lesions were metastases, and some of the MAL (e.g., fibrosarcoma, lung metastasis) had a radiographical appearance suggestive of a pituitary adenoma. The most common presenting symptoms were visual field impairment (51%) and headache (34%). Pre-operative pituitary dysfunction was present in 58% of cases, with hyperprolactinaemia (35%), hypogonadism (23%) and hypocortisolism (23%) found most frequently. Postoperative resolution of headache and visual symptoms occurred in 63% and 65% of patients, respectively. Hyperprolactinaemia resolved in 77% of cases. CONCLUSIONS A substantial minority of sellar masses are not pituitary adenomas. While they frequently present with the symptoms, hormone abnormalities and radiographical appearance typical of pituitary tumours, the possibility of a nonadenomatous lesion needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Valassi
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Beverly MK Biller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brooke Swearingen
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kim JE, Kim JH, Kim OL, Paek SH, Kim DG, Chi JG, Jung HW. Surgical treatment of symptomatic Rathke cleft cysts: clinical features and results with special attention to recurrence. J Neurosurg 2004; 100:33-40. [PMID: 14743909 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.100.1.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) are rarely symptomatic. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical, neuroimaging, surgical, and pathological features of symptomatic RCCs with special attention to their recurrence. METHODS This retrospective study involved 53 patients with pathologically confirmed symptomatic RCCs. There were 28 female and 25 male patients, ranging in age from 11 to 68 years (mean 37 years). Common clinical presentations included headache, visual impairment, and endocrine disturbance. The most common endocrine disturbances were hyperprolactinemia and diabetes insipidus. Most of these improved or were resolved after surgery, with the exception of diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism. The cysts were intrasellar with suprasellar extension in 33 patients, and ranged in size from 5 to 40 mm (mean 17 mm). In the 50 magnetic resonance (MR) images that were reviewed, the signal intensities were quite variable. Fourteen MR images demonstrated enhancement after an injection of Gd. Intraoperatively, the cyst contents were found to be yellowish (18 patients [37%]) and mucoid (25 patients [51%]). Pathological examinations revealed a pseudostratified columnar epithelium in 26 patients (49%). Abundant squamous metaplasia and a stratified squamous epithelium were also found in 12 patients (23%). Follow-up MR images revealed cyst recurrences that required a repeated operation in six patients. Statistically significant risk factors for a recurrence included enhancement of the lesion on MR images (p = 0.017), the extent of cyst removal (p = 0.012), and the presence of squamous epithelium (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Rathke cleft cysts are associated with a variety of clinical presentations and sometimes confusing intraoperative and pathological findings. Close postoperative observation with neuroimaging and neuroophthalmological assessment is necessary, especially after a partial removal, as in cases with squamous metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Falavigna A, Ferraz FAP, Madalosso FA, Hohmann FB. [Rathke's pouch cyst: case report]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2003; 61:281-4. [PMID: 12806513 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2003000200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Rathke's pouch cysts are a relatively common autopsy finding, but rarely have they been reported as a clinical entity. We report a Rathke's pouch cyst patient's case with visual impairment and emphasize aspects like clinical presentation, radiological studies and treatment. Many published series about this pathology have been reviewed and compared with the present case.
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Shin JL, Asa SL, Woodhouse LJ, Smyth HS, Ezzat S. Cystic lesions of the pituitary: clinicopathological features distinguishing craniopharyngioma, Rathke's cleft cyst, and arachnoid cyst. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:3972-82. [PMID: 10566636 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.11.6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The distinction among craniopharyngioma (CR), Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC), and intrasellar arachnoid cyst (AC) remains a difficult preoperative problem. Accurate diagnosis of these rare pituitary lesions is important to determine the type of treatment and predict prognostic outcome. The majority of the literature describes the clinical manifestations and management of only one of CR, RCC, or AC, rendering comparisons difficult. We conducted a study to 1) investigate distinguishing preoperative clinical, biochemical, and radiographic features of patients with CR, RCC, and AC; and 2) identify clinicopathological features that independently predict recurrence in CR and RCC in adults. Fifty-two adult patients included 21 patients with CR (mean age at initial surgery, 35 +/- 14 yr), 26 patients with RCC (mean age, 37 +/- 14 yr), and 5 patients with AC (mean age, 53 +/- 12 yr). Mean follow-up duration was 70 +/- 13 months. Patients with CR presented with hypopituitarism in 95% of cases and hyperprolactinemia in 38%. These patients also had more preoperative neurological deficits (67%), ophthalmological complaints (67%), and significantly higher psychiatric manifestations (33%; P = 0.003) than those with RCC or AC. Patients with AC presented with headaches (60%), visual field deficits (60%), or impotence (50%) in the absence of other specific endocrine dysfunction symptoms. Using biochemical criteria, the percentage of patients with two or more pituitary hormonal axes impaired preoperatively was 67% for CR and 62% for RCC, significantly greater (P = 0.03) than that for the AC patients who had pituitary dysfunction of only one axis. The composition of CR lesions was cystic (38%), solid (10%), or mixed solid and cystic (43%). Patients with RCC or AC groups had a significantly greater proportion (P = 0.006) of purely cystic lesions (88% and 100%, respectively). Calcification detectable on computed tomographic scanning was present in 87% of patients with CR, a significantly greater proportion (P < 0.001) compared to those with RCC (13%) or AC (0%). No significant differences were found between the groups based on computed tomography density, the presence of postcontrast enhancement, or magnetic resonance imaging. Recurrence rate was 62% for CR, 19% for RCC, and 20% for AC. Surgical intervention statistically improved most neurological, ophthalmological, and psychiatric manifestations; in contrast, galactorrhea, menstrual dysfunction, and diabetes insipidus (52% CR; 31% RCC) did not improve or became worse postoperatively. A significantly higher percentage of patients with CR required postoperative hormone replacement. Similarly, there was a biochemical trend suggesting that a smaller proportion of patients with CR improved in at least one pituitary axis after surgery (P = 0.08) compared to those with RCC or AC. There was a positive correlation between cyst size and recurrence rate (r = 0.689; P < 0.01) and between cyst size and time to recurrence (r = 0.582; P = 0.037) for all three groups. We describe the largest clinical, biochemical, radiographic, and histological series of adult patients with cystic disease of the sella turcica. Patients with AC tended to be older at initial diagnosis than CR or RCC patients. Mass effects, such as visual problems and headaches, are common symptoms of all three cystic lesions, but psychiatric deficits favor a diagnosis of CR. Calcification or solid components on neuroimaging characterize CR. Endocrinological deficits, especially diabetes insipidus, had the worst prognosis after surgery. Low recurrence rates can be expected for RCC and AC. These data have direct implications for the management and monitoring of patients with cystic lesions of the sella turcica.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Shin
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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el-Mahdy W, Powell M. Transsphenoidal management of 28 symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts, with special reference to visual and hormonal recovery. Neurosurgery 1998; 42:7-16; discussion 16-7. [PMID: 9442498 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199801000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is a retrospective study of a series of 28 Rathke's cleft cysts operated on transsphenoidally that was undertaken for the following reasons: 1) to study the presentation, with particular reference to hormonal and visual disturbances; 2) to study postoperative improvements in endocrine function and vision; 3) to record postoperative complications; and 4) to assess the efficacy of a minor modification of the standard transsphenoidal surgical technique, whereby the cyst is allowed to drain directly into the sphenoid air sinus without fossa floor repair when there is no intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. METHODS A retrospective study was made of case notes, radiological findings, and operative notes in the series. RESULTS There were 16 female and 12 male patients, with a mean age of 45 years. Endocrine disturbance was the most common presentation (50%), followed by headaches (32.1%) and visual impairment (14.3%). Neuroophthalmological assessment showed central visual acuity and field deficits in 32.1 and 44.6% of eyes, respectively. Biochemically, 85.7% of patients showed hormonal disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging was used for 84.7% of cases, and 60.7% of cases showed suprasellar extension. Four magnetic resonance imaging patterns were noted. All cases were operated on transsphenoidally. Postoperative complications included cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (7.1%), diabetes insipidus (3.6%), and meningitis (3.6%). Recovery of visual acuity and field was seen in 66.6 and 68% of eyes, respectively. Postoperative prolactin levels declined to normal or nearly normal values in 62.5% of cases, 20% of cases with low preoperative gonadotrophin levels achieved normal levels, and 15.4% of cases with preoperative pan-hypopituitarism achieved normal serum cortisol levels postoperatively. Within the study period there were no recurrences; although a relatively short time interval is presented for this series, a patient with a similar lesion operated on by the same method 7 years previously remains well, without radiological evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSION Although comparatively rare and benign lesions, Rathke's cleft cysts are an important cause of hormonal and visual disturbances. Transsphenoidal surgery is safe and efficacious and leads to excellent improvement of function in the majority of cases. The surgical modification described seems safe and satisfactory and is extremely easy to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- W el-Mahdy
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England
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Yamamoto M, Jimbo M, Ide M, Umebara Y, Hagiwara S, Kubo O. Recurrence of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst: a case report. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 1993; 39:263-8. [PMID: 8488442 DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(93)90002-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A 65-year-old man presented with bitemporal hemianopsia. He had undergone frontal craniotomy for a Rathke's cleft cyst associated with narrowed visual field 8 years earlier. His vision had returned to normal soon after surgery and he remained asymptomatic until the present complaint. Neurodiagnostic imaging revealed a recurrence of the intrasellar cyst extending into the suprasellar cistern. His vision improved rapidly after a second surgery. The histological findings were the same as those of the previous operation; the cyst wall was composed of a single layer of ciliated columnar epithelium resting on a collagenous connective tissue stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical College Dai-ni Hospital, Japan
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Radiologic Characteristics and Results of Surgical Management of Rathke??s Cysts in 43 Patients. Neurosurgery 1992. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199202000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ross DA, Norman D, Wilson CB. Radiologic characteristics and results of surgical management of Rathke's cysts in 43 patients. Neurosurgery 1992; 30:173-8; discussion 178-9. [PMID: 1545884 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199202000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Rathke's cysts are a relatively common autopsy finding, rarely have they been reported as a clinical entity. Because of recent improvements in neuroradiological imaging, cystic intrasellar and suprasellar lesions are discovered often, leading to questions about proper management. Against this background, we reviewed the data from 43 patients with Rathke's cysts treated by one neurosurgeon over a 13-year period, and present the results here. The 43 patients had a mean age of 34 years, and 77% were female. Headache was the most common symptom, followed by galactorrhea, visual field loss, and hypopituitarism. Computed tomographic (CT) scans were reviewed in 20 cases, magnetic resonance (MR) images were reviewed in 15, and both CT and MR studies were reviewed in 5 cases. Although all Rathke's cysts were discrete and well-defined by both CT and MR imaging, the diversity of locations, CT attenuations, and MR signal intensity make it difficult to establish the diagnosis by radiological criteria. Forty patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery and three underwent craniotomy. There was one recurrence at 25 months requiring a second operation, and the mean follow-up period was 62 months. Seven patients had persistent headaches. For symptomatic lesions suspected to be Rathke's cysts, the recommended treatment is simple drainage of the cyst with biopsy of the wall, when this can be done safely. Follow-up imaging should be minimal for asymptomatic patients, and radiation therapy is not indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ross
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Voelker JL, Campbell RL, Muller J. Clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts. J Neurosurg 1991; 74:535-44. [PMID: 2002366 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1991.74.4.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings in 155 patients with symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts are discussed. Eight patients were treated by the authors and 147 were collected in a review of the literature. This lesion occurred more often in female than male patients by a 2:1 margin, and the mean age at presentation was 38 years. The average patient had been symptomatic for nearly 3 years at the time of treatment, with the most common symptoms and signs being pituitary dysfunction, visual disturbances, and headaches. Affected children generally were pituitary dwarfs. The sella was enlarged in 80% of cases, and the cyst was situated in both an intrasellar and a suprasellar location in 71%. Computerized tomography revealed a low-density cystic mass with capsular enhancement in one-half of the cases. A variable appearance was seen with magnetic resonance imaging. Partial excision and drainage of the cyst by the transsphenoidal approach is the recommended treatment, as the recurrence rate is low. Most symptoms and signs improved or resolved following surgery with the exception of hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. The cyst lining was usually composed of ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium. Theories as to the origin of Rathke's cleft cysts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Voelker
- Section of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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Baskin DS, Wilson CB. Transsphenoidal treatment of non-neoplastic intrasellar cysts. A report of 38 cases. J Neurosurg 1984; 60:8-13. [PMID: 6689730 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1984.60.1.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-eight patients underwent transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment of non-neoplastic intrasellar cysts: 36 had cyst drainage and biopsy of the cyst wall, and in two the cyst was totally removed. Surgical morbidity was 8%. The mean follow-up time was 46.3 months; 100% patient follow-up evaluation was achieved. Sixteen female patients (mean age 24.6 years) had pars intermedia cysts: 88% had menstrual irregularities, 63% had galactorrhea, 31% had headache, and 56% had hyperprolactinemia. Within these groups, menstrual cycles returned in 86%, galactorrhea ceased in 90%, headaches resolved in 80%, and serum prolactin levels were restored to normal in 66%. Eight females and three males had Rathke's cleft cysts (mean age 34.0 years): of these 11 patients, 91% had headaches and 18% had hyperprolactinemia; of the eight females, 63% had amenorrhea and 63% had galactorrhea. Within these groups, serum prolactin levels normalized in 50%, and 80% noted reduced headache. Of the females, 80% had return of menses and 50% noted cessation of galactorrhea. Six males and two females had arachnoid cysts (mean age 42.2 years): 50% had headaches; 50% were asymptomatic. Preoperatively, 50% of these patients had hypothyroidism and 25% had adrenal hypofunction. Postoperatively, 75% of patients with headache noted improvement, and 33% of patients with abnormal thyroid function had normal function. Adrenal function did not improve. Three patients had an intrasellar cysticercosis cyst, epidermoid cyst, and postoperative cyst, respectively. All had evidence of partial hypopituitarism; none improved postoperatively. The results indicate that different types of pituitary cysts produce different clinical syndromes, and suggest that simple transsphenoidal drainage and partial removal of the cyst wall can provide safe and effective therapy.
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