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Browning H, Birch J. Animal sentience. PHILOSOPHY COMPASS 2022; 17:e12822. [PMID: 35859762 PMCID: PMC9285591 DOI: 10.1111/phc3.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
'Sentience' sometimes refers to the capacity for any type of subjective experience, and sometimes to the capacity to have subjective experiences with a positive or negative valence, such as pain or pleasure. We review recent controversies regarding sentience in fish and invertebrates and consider the deep methodological challenge posed by these cases. We then present two ways of responding to the challenge. In a policy-making context, precautionary thinking can help us treat animals appropriately despite continuing uncertainty about their sentience. In a scientific context, we can draw inspiration from the science of human consciousness to disentangle conscious and unconscious perception (especially vision) in animals. Developing better ways to disentangle conscious and unconscious affect is a key priority for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social ScienceLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceLondonUK
| | - Jonathan Birch
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social ScienceLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceLondonUK
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2
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Dvořáček J, Kodrík D. Drosophila reward system - A summary of current knowledge. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 123:301-319. [PMID: 33421541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster brain is the most extensively investigated model of a reward system in insects. Drosophila can discriminate between rewarding and punishing environmental stimuli and consequently undergo associative learning. Functional models, especially those modelling mushroom bodies, are constantly being developed using newly discovered information, adding to the complexity of creating a simple model of the reward system. This review aims to clarify whether its reward system also includes a hedonic component. Neurochemical systems that mediate the 'wanting' component of reward in the Drosophila brain are well documented, however, the systems that mediate the pleasure component of reward in mammals, including those involving the endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid systems, are unlikely to be present in insects. The mushroom body components exhibit differential developmental age and different functional processes. We propose a hypothetical hierarchy of the levels of reinforcement processing in response to particular stimuli, and the parallel processes that take place concurrently. The possible presence of activity-silencing and meta-satiety inducing levels in Drosophila should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Dvořáček
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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3
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Pali-Schöll I, Binder R, Moens Y, Polesny F, Monsó S. Edible insects - defining knowledge gaps in biological and ethical considerations of entomophagy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2760-2771. [PMID: 29693413 PMCID: PMC6816476 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1468731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While seeking novel food sources to feed the increasing population of the globe, several alternatives have been discussed, including algae, fungi or in vitro meat. The increasingly propagated usage of farmed insects for human nutrition raises issues regarding food safety, consumer information and animal protection. In line with law, insects like any other animals must not be reared or manipulated in a way that inflicts unnecessary pain, distress or harm on them. Currently, there is a great need for research in the area of insect welfare, especially regarding species-specific needs, health, farming systems and humane methods of killing. Recent results from neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and behavioral sciences prompt caution when denying consciousness and therefore the likelihood of presence of pain and suffering or something closely related to it to insects. From an animal protection point of view, these issues should be satisfyingly solved before propagating and establishing intensive husbandry systems for insects as a new type of mini-livestock factory farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Binder
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yves Moens
- Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Polesny
- AGES Academy, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Monsó
- Ethics and Human-Animal Studies, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Moral and Political Philosophy, Institute of Philosophy, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
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4
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Keller M. Feeding live invertebrate prey in zoos and aquaria: Are there welfare concerns? Zoo Biol 2017; 36:316-322. [PMID: 28901580 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates constitute more than 90% of all species on earth, however, as a rule, humans do not regard invertebrates as creatures that can suffer and they are generally seen as creatures that should be eliminated. As a result, the importance of their welfare may be grossly unappreciated. For instance, the feeding of live food is often viewed as a good method of enrichment and invertebrates are commonly used as live prey in many zoological facilities. As a result, zoos may send mixed messages to their patrons in that welfare is considered only for the invertebrates that are part of their zoological collection and not necessarily for the invertebrates used as feed. Research indicates that many invertebrates possess nociceptors, opioid receptors, and demonstrate behavioral responses indicative of pain sensation. In addition, in some taxa, there may be evidence of higher cognitive functions such as emotions and learning, although studies in this area of research are preliminary and sparse. Therefore, the possibility for suffering exists in many invertebrate species and as such, zoological facilities have an ethical responsibility to take their welfare into consideration. This paper discusses the current research regarding invertebrates' capacity for suffering and discusses methods facilities can use to improve the welfare of their invertebrate live prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Keller
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center, Dexter, New Mexico
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5
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In search of evidence for the experience of pain in honeybees: A self-administration study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45825. [PMID: 28374827 PMCID: PMC5379194 DOI: 10.1038/srep45825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their common use as model organisms in scientific experiments, pain and suffering in insects remains controversial and poorly understood. Here we explore potential pain experience in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by testing the self-administration of an analgesic drug. Foragers were subjected to two different types of injuries: (i) a clip that applied continuous pressure to one leg and (ii) amputation of one tarsus. The bees were given a choice between two feeders, one offering pure sucrose solution, the other sucrose solution plus morphine. We found that sustained pinching had no effect on the amount of morphine consumed, and hence is unlikely to be experienced as painful. The amputated bees did not shift their relative preference towards the analgesic either, but consumed more morphine and more solution in total compared to intact controls. While our data do not provide evidence for the self-administration of morphine in response to pain, they suggest that injured bees increase their overall food intake, presumably to meet the increased energy requirements for an immune response caused by wounding. We conclude that further experiments are required to gain insights into potential pain-like states in honeybees and other insects.
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THE USE OF INJECTABLE ALPHAXALONE AS A SINGLE AGENT AND IN COMBINATION WITH KETAMINE, XYLAZINE, AND MORPHINE IN THE CHILEAN ROSE TARANTULA,GRAMMOSTOLA ROSEA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:792-801. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0223.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Dubiley TA, Rushkevich YE, Koshel NM, Voitenko VP, Vaiserman AM. Life span extension in Drosophila melanogaster induced by morphine. Biogerontology 2011; 12:179-84. [PMID: 21061062 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of morphine on the life span of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies has been investigated. Morphine hydrochloride (MH) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.25 mg/ml was added to a medium starting from day 5 or 54 of imaginal life. Supplementation with MH starting from day 5 of imaginal life has resulted in significant increases in the mean life span of males at all concentrations studied. In females, a significant increase in life span compared with control was obtained only for those treated with 0.25 mg/ml MH. In flies with MH feeding from day 54, residual life span was significantly increased in both males and females after treatment with 0.05 mg/ml MH. The present data, together with those of our earlier study in mice (Dubiley et al. Probl Aging Longvity 9:331–332, 2000) suggest that morphine supplementation can result in life extension in both vertebrate and invertebrate animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Dubiley
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Institute of Gerontology, Kiev, Ukraine
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8
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Gavra T, Libersat F. Involvement of the opioid system in the hypokinetic state induced in cockroaches by a parasitoid wasp. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 197:279-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related to the aspects of the biology and welfare of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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10
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Can Invertebrates Suffer? or, How Robust is Argument-By-Analogy? Anim Welf 2001. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600023551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIt is a popular notion that, compared to vertebrates, invertebrates have a reduced capacity to experience suffering. This is usually based on arguments that invertebrates show only simple forms of learning, have little memory capacity, do not show behavioural responses to stimuli that would cause ‘higher’ vertebrates to exhibit responses indicative of pain, and have differences in their physiology that would preclude the capacity for suffering. But, how convincing is this ‘evidence’ of a reduced capacity to suffer? Suffering is a negative mental state - a private experience - and, as such, it cannot be measured directly. When assessing the capacity of an animal to experience suffering, we often compare the similarity of its responses with those of ‘higher’ animals, conceptualized in the principle of argument-by-analogy. By closely examining the responses of invertebrates, it can be seen that they often behave in a strikingly analogous manner to vertebrates. In this paper, I discuss published studies that show that invertebrates such as cockroaches, flies and slugs have short- and long-term memory; have age effects on memory; have complex spatial, associative and social learning; perform appropriately in preference tests and consumer demand studies; exhibit behavioural and physiological responses indicative of pain; and, apparently, experience learned helplessness. The similarity of these responses to those of vertebrates may indicate a level of consciousness or suffering that is not normally attributed to invertebrates. This indicates that we should either be more cautious when using argument-by-analogy, or remain open-minded to the possibility that invertebrates are capable of suffering in a similar way to vertebrates.
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11
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Abstract
The presence in diverse species of a similar mode of communication, that of a soluble messenger binding to a receptor, raises the question as to whether the specific components of this system are equally widespread. Do invertebrates use the same hormones and receptors as vertebrates do? Invertebrates ranging from unicellular organisms to insects have been shown to contain opiate-like peptides and binding sites, and they exhibit biological responses to opiates. However, critical genetic data are lacking. It is not known how signal systems arise phylogenetically, but it is conceivable that signal molecules that are already present cause the formation of their own receptors from membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Harrison
- VA Medical Center, Research Service (151), New Orleans, LA 70146
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12
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Romero S, Hoffmann A, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Is there an opiate receptor in the snail Megalobulimus sanctipauli? Action of morphine and naloxone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1367-8280(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Bergamo P, Maldonado H, Miralto A. Opiate effect on the threat display in the crab Carcinus mediterraneus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 42:323-6. [PMID: 1631187 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90534-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The well-known defense response of a crab (laterus merus display, LMD) was easily evoked in Carcinus mediterraneus by striking the cephalothoraxic protogastric region between the eyestalks. Following a program aimed at investigating the regulatory action of diverse neuromodulators on the LMD of this crab, a study on the role of opioids was started by testing the effect of morphine administration. Injection of morphine HC1 (MP) (40, 50, 60, 70, or 100 micrograms/g) produced a dose-dependent reduction of the LMD so elicited that dissipated with the postinjection time. Only MP doses higher than 50 micrograms/g were effective 30 min after drug administration. The MP-induced inhibition of LMD was blocked by a 4.8-micrograms naloxone HC1/g dose injected 10 min before MP. These results and those previously obtained as the action of GABA on the LMD of this crab are discussed in connection with results reporting a similar effect of these drugs on another agonistic item of behavior in the crab Chasmagnatus granulatus. The possibility of demonstrating habituation of the LMD to an iterated stimulation in C. mediterraneus and of using such a process to elucidate the acting paths of the drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bergamo
- Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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14
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Abstract
The study of pain and analgesia is an important area of biomedical research which has led to a number of significant advances in the treatment of acute and chronic pain in the clinic. This area of research examines the physiology of pain transmission and the pharmacology of analgesic drugs by employing a variety of in vitro and in vivo animal models. To date, the vast majority of in vivo models for pain research have used mammalian species, primarily rodents and, to a lesser extent, canines, felines, and primates. The present review summarizes the special considerations of animal use in pain research and the philosophic and scientific basis for developing adjunct models using lower vertebrates. Existent literature on pain research using non-mammalian vertebrates is reviewed, with a special focus on amphibian species. Given the ethical concerns of experimental animal use and the importance of a comparative approach to the basic understanding of pain-processing, the further development of non-mammalian models for pain research should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Stevens
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa 74107
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15
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Zabala NA, Gómez MA. Morphine analgesia, tolerance and addiction in the cricket Pteronemobius sp. (Orthoptera, Insecta). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 40:887-91. [PMID: 1816576 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The escape reaction time (ERT) of the cricket Pteronemobius sp. from the heated box begins at 48 degrees and increases with temperature until 56 degrees C, beyond which there is no further increase. The ERT (2.2 +/- 1.39 s) from the hot box at 54 degrees C is used as a model for studying the analgesic effects of opiates. Results of the present paper show that the ERT did not change after injecting the insect in the abdominal haemocoel with 0.9% saline solution, but ERT increased when 0.32, 0.52 or 0.69 mg/g of morphine is injected in the same place. The maximum ERT increase is reached at 90 min after drug injection, and the drug effect disappears 3 h after the injection. At 90 min after drug injections, the dose of 0.50 mg/g of morphine produces 50% of ERT increase, and it is referred to as the median analgesic dose (D50). 1.05 mg/g of morphine produces an ERT longer than 30 s that results in an irreversible damage to the insect. Sixty-four micrograms/g of naloxone given in addition to D50 of morphine fully blocked the effect of morphine during its 3-h action. However, more than 64 micrograms/g of naloxone alone also increase the ERT in the cricket, similar to what has been described for vertebrates. Four daily morphine injections of D50 decreased ERT in such a way that, at the fourth day, the ERT is similar to the ERT produced by saline solution; i.e., tolerance is shown. The suppression of daily morphine injections of D50 during the fifth day produced a hyperresponse to vibration (big jumps) not shown in the case of the injections of saline solution; i.e., addiction is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Zabala
- Departamento Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela
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16
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17
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Tomsic D, Maldonado H. Central effect of morphine pretreatment on short- and long-term habituation to a danger stimulus in the crab Chasmagnathus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 36:787-93. [PMID: 2217507 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90078-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is believed to inhibit the crab's escape response to a danger stimulus due to central drug action. To test alternative explanations of such an effect in terms of afferent and/or efferent impairment, experiments were conducted using the crab's optokinetic response as indicator. Doses of morphine with maximal detrimental effect on the escape response (75-100 micrograms/g) showed no effect on the optokinetic response, both by measuring the crab's eyestalk displacement and by recording its body rotation, supporting the hypothesis of a morphine central action on the danger-induced escape response. As regards the effect on habituation, a 75 micrograms morphine/g injection administered 30 min before the first trial produced a parallel shift of the short-term (within-session) habituation curve, suggesting a modulatory central drug action that would mimic a putative endogenous opioid action. A 100 morphine micrograms/g dose injected 30 min before training sharply reduced reactivity during training and impaired the acquisition of long-term (between-session) habituation. It may be speculated that the decrease in the danger meaning of the stimulus due to morphine explains both effects in terms of a stimulation impairment during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tomsic
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Comportamiento Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
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18
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Romano A, Lozada M, Maldonado H. Effect of naloxone pretreatment on habituation in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1990; 53:113-22. [PMID: 2154175 DOI: 10.1016/0163-1047(90)90882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
On sudden presentation of a passing shadow, the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus reacts with an escape response that habituates after repeating the same stimulus. In a first series of experiments, a range of naloxone (NX) doses (0.8, 2.4, 3.2, and 6.2 micrograms/g) was injected into crabs 15 min before one 15-trial habituation session. An enhancing effect of 3.2 micrograms NX/g on responsiveness appeared over trials, that cannot be explained either by a ceiling effect or by a delay in peak drug action. Two doses below 3.2 microgram/g and one dose above had no significant effect. Results from a second series of experiments showed that the 3.2 microgram NX/g effect vanishes after 15 trials (1 h after injection). The hypothesis that crab's habituation involves the action of an endogenous opioid mechanism is put forward to account for the naloxone pretreatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Romano
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Comportamiento Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
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19
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Jaffe K, Zabala NA, De Bellard ME, Granier M, Aragort W, Tablante A. Amino acids and memory consolidation in the cricket. II: Effect of injected amino acids and opioids on memory. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 35:133-6. [PMID: 2107553 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of injections of selected amino acids on memory, given before a maze-learning, was investigated. Thirsty crickets (Pteronemobius sp.) were trained to turn only to one side of a symmetrical Y-shaped maze using reinforcements with water. The insects retained the learned task 24 hr later. N2 anoxia applied immediately after training produced retrograde amnesia. Injections of Ala, Arg, Gln or morphine prior to training blocked the amnesic action of anoxia, whereas those of Cys, Met, Pro, Orn, octopamine or naloxone did not. Naloxone blocked long-term memory formation, but not learning, whereas Pro and Orn blocked both. The antiamnesic effect of morphine and Arg, but not that of Ala, was blocked by naloxone. A hypothesis assigning a neuromodulatory role to some amino acids is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jaffe
- Departamento de Biologia de Organismos, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela
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20
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Abstract
The ability to detect and respond to aversive environmental stimuli is a basic feature of animals that is expressed in the term 'nociception.' Nociception and nociceptive responses provide an index of the sensitivity of individuals to aversive physical stimuli. Measurements of alterations in nociceptive responses (antinociception and analgesia) are commonly used to monitor the behavioral and physiological status of animals following experimental manipulation that usually, but not always, involve exposure to either noxious, stressful or potentially stressful physical and/or biological stimuli. This review briefly considers: i) the phylogenetic development of nociceptive responses and behaviors ii) evolutionary and comparative patterns of the neuromodulation of nociceptive behaviors by opioid peptides and other nonopioid peptidal regulatory mechanisms; iii) the effects of various biological variables, including; age, development, sex, and temporal factors (biological rhythms) on nociception in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kavaliers
- Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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21
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Lozada M, Romano A, Maldonado H. Effect of morphine and naloxone on a defensive response of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988; 30:635-40. [PMID: 3211972 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Male crabs (Chasmagnathus granulatus) exhibited a defensive response (DR) to an electric shock (8 V, 50 Hz, 1 sec). The DR so elicited was used as a model for studying the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Injections of morphine-HCl (MP) (25, 50, 100 and 150 micrograms/g) were administered and the DR was examined at 2, 7.5, 15, 30, 45 and 75 min post-injection. (a) MP produced a dose-dependent reduction of the crab's sensitivity to the nociceptive stimulus. (b) A 100 micrograms/g dose of MP caused a 50% response inhibition with an injection-shock interval of 30 minutes, but no inhibition occurred when the same dose was administered with 1.6 micrograms/g of naloxone-HCl, suggesting that MP acts through an opiate receptor. (c) The ED50 at 2 min post-injection was roughly 33 micrograms/g and the threshold dose was estimated to be 6.8 micrograms/g. These doses are lower than ED50 values reported for other arthropods (90 to 930 micrograms/g) and approach those of vertebrates. (d) The peak MP effect was reached quickly, within 2 min post-injection. The duration of the MP effect was calculated to be 45.0-75.0 min depending on the dose, and an indirect estimate of half-life elimination was 15.7 min. These values are remarkably lower than those reported for vertebrates. The shorter duration of the MP peak effect is attributable to a greater permeability of the arthropod blood-brain barrier as compared to that of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lozada
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Comportamiento Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Brunner D, Maldonado H. Habituation in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus: effect of morphine and naloxone. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1988; 162:687-94. [PMID: 3373456 DOI: 10.1007/bf01342643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The escape response decrement shown by the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus as a consequence of repeated shadow presentation, meets five of the seven tested parametric criteria of habituation. Results concerning stimulus generalization and dishabituation strongly suggest that neither motor fatigue nor sensory adaptation can account for the response waning. The effects of morphine and naloxone on performance were also studied. Neither 50 nor 5 micrograms morphine/g exerted any modulatory effect on memory retention. A dose of 50 micrograms morphine/g produced an anterograde detrimental effect on responsiveness but no long-term training effects could be detected after the drug's period of action. A dose of naloxone of 1.6 micrograms/g did not antagonize the effect of morphine. The potential value of the response habituation as a model for studying both habituation dynamics and the mechanisms that subserve it, and also for elucidating the effects of opiates on this memory process, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brunner
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Comportamiento Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Abstract
Male crabs Chasmagnathus granulatus were trained by means of a method similar to the standard inhibitory avoidance technique widely used in vertebrates. Each crab was placed in the dark compartment (DC) of a double-chamber device, allowed to move towards the light compartment (LC) and latency to enter measured. Experimental crabs received a shock in LC, but controls were not punished. After 1 min, both experimental and control crabs were free to return to DC. On completion of 1, 2, 3 or 24 hr intertrial interval in DC a retention test was administered and latency to enter LC was measured. A single trial was proven enough to establish a LC-shock association that was detected up to 3 hr later, but no retention was proved after 24 hr. Memory was disrupted when crabs were removed from the apparatus during the 3 hr intertrial interval. Similarities and differences between the passive avoidance method used with crabs and that used with vertebrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Denti
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Comportamiento Animal Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
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Kavaliers M, Guglick MA, Hirst M. Opioid involvement in the control of feeding in an insect, the American cockroach. Life Sci 1987; 40:665-72. [PMID: 3807654 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Administration of the kappa opiate agonist, U-50,488H (0.10-10 mg/kg), produced over three hours a significant dose-dependent increase in the ingestive responses of free feeding American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. These effects could be decreased by the opiate antagonist, naloxone (1.0 mg/kg), with naloxone by itself blocking the augmented feeding responses of food-deprived cockroaches. The mu opiate agonist, morphine (1.0-20 mg/kg) caused a significant dose-dependent and naloxone-reversible increase in the locomotory activity of cockroaches. These results suggest that opioid systems may be involved in the control of the feeding in cockroaches in a manner analogous to that proposed for vertebrates.
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Abstract
This paper is the seventh in an annual series of reviews of research involving the endogenous opiate peptides, each installment being restricted to work published during the previous year. As in the past three years, the review this year is limited to non-analgesic and behavioral studies of the opiate peptides. The specific topics this year include: stress, tolerance and dependence, consummatory responses, gastric and renal activity, alcohol, mental illness, learning and memory, cardiovascular responses, respiratory effects, thermoregulation, seizures and neurological disorders, activity, and miscellaneous other topics.
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Abstract
To detect the presence of a mammalian-like enkephalin precursor in suboesophageal ganglia of Squilla mantis, an arthropod shown to be sensitive in vivo to opiates [8], protein acid extracts were fractionated by gel filtration into three large pools: A(Mr greater than 65,000), B(10,000 less than Mr less than 65,000) and C(Mr less than 10,000). Only the low molecular weight pool, pool C, showed opioid-like activity when assayed by displacing labeled D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin from rat brain membranes. After trypsin and carboxypeptidase B proteolysis, pool A remained inactive, while pool B turned out to be active and was shown to inhibit the twitch response of electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum. After HPLC fractionation of proteolyzed pool B, most of the opioid-like activity was found to be associated with a fraction showing an elution volume different from that of opioid peptide standards. Furthermore, no fraction showed immunoreactivity with anti-Met-enkephalin antibodies. The results suggest that native opioid-like peptides are present in Squilla mantis and are most likely released from higher molecular weight precursor(s).
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