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Feng C, Shao Y, Ye T, Cai C, Yin C, Li X, Liu H, Ma H, Yu B, Qin M, Chen Y, Yang Y, Xu W, Zhu Q, Jia P, Yang S. Associations between long-term exposure to PM 2.5 chemical constituents and allergic diseases: evidence from a large cohort study in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166755. [PMID: 37659545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollutants may cause immune responses and further allergic diseases, but existing studies have mostly, if not all, focused on effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 on allergic diseases. OBJECTIVES We estimated associations of long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents with allergic disease risks and effect modification. METHODS We used the baseline of a newly established, provincially representative cohort of 51,480 participants in southwest China. The presence of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis was self-reported by following a formed questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. The average concentrations of PM2.5 chemical constituents (NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, organic matter [OM], and black carbon [BC]) over participants' residence were estimated using machine learning models. Logistic regression with double robust estimator and weighted quantile sum regression were used to estimate the effects of PM2.5 chemical constituents on allergic disease risks, as well as relative importance of each PM2.5 chemical constituent. RESULTS Per interquartile range increase in the concentration of all PM2.5 chemical constituents was associated with the elevated risks for allergic asthma (OR = 1.79 [1.41-2.26]), allergic conjunctivitis (1.54 [1.19-2.00]), urticaria (1.36 [1.25-1.48]), and allergic rhinitis (1.18 [1.11-1.26]). NO3- contributed more to risks for allergic asthma (weight = 46.05 %), urticaria (72.29 %), and allergic conjunctivitis (47.65 %), while NH4+ contributed more to allergic rhinitis (78.07 %). OM contributed most to the risks for allergic asthma (30.81 %) and allergic conjunctivitis (31.40 %). BC was also associated with allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis, only with a considerable weight for urticaria (24.59 %). Joint effects of PM2.5 chemical constituents on risks for allergic rhinitis and urticaria were stronger in minorities and farmers than their counterparts. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents was associated with the increased allergic disease risks, with NO3- and NH4+ accounting for the largest variance of the associations. Our findings would serve as scientific evidence for developing more explicit strategies of air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanteng Feng
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Cai
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Yin
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Respiratory department, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Ma
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfang Qin
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Yongfang Yang
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shujuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Li X, Wu H, Xing W, Xia W, Jia P, Yuan K, Guo F, Ran J, Wang X, Ren Y, Dong L, Sun S, Xu D, Li J. Short-term association of fine particulate matter and its constituents with oxidative stress, symptoms and quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis: A panel study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108319. [PMID: 37980881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its specific constituents might exacerbate allergic rhinitis (AR) conditions. However, the evidence is still inconclusive. METHOD We conducted a panel study of 49 patients diagnosed with AR > 1 year prior to the study in Taiyuan, China, to investigate associations of individual exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents with oxidative parameters, symptoms, and quality of life among AR patients. All participants underwent repeated assessments of health and PM exposure at 4 time points in both the heating and nonheating seasons from June 2017 to January 2018. AR patients' oxidative parameters were assessed using nasal lavage, and their subjective symptoms and quality of life were determined through in-person interviews using a structured questionnaire. Short-term personal exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents was estimated using the time-microenvironment-activity pattern and data from the nearest air sampler, respectively. We applied mixed-effects regression models to estimate the short-term effects of PM2.5 and its constituents. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents, including BaP, PAHs, SO42-, NH4+, V, Cr, Cu, As, Se, Cd, and Pb, was significantly associated with increased oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) index. Exposure to PM2.5 and its components (V, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, and Se) was associated with decreased antioxidant activity, as indicated by a decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) index. Additionally, increased visual analog scale (VAS) and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) scores indicated that exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents exacerbated inflammatory symptoms and affected quality of life in AR patients. CONCLUSION Exposure to PM2.5 and specific constituents, could exacerbate AR patients' inflammatory symptoms and adversely affect their quality of life in the heavily industrialized city of Taiyuan, China. These findings may have potential biological and policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Weiwei Xing
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenrong Xia
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Jia
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kun Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Guo
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanxin Ren
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Donggang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Jia P, Feng C, Ye T, Shao Y, Yang S. PM 2 .5 chemical constituents and allergic rhinitis: Findings from a prospective cohort study in China. Allergy 2023. [PMID: 36905295 DOI: 10.1111/all.15706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanteng Feng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Shao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Shujuan Yang
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Health Management Center, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Kim D, Chen Z, Zhou LF, Huang SX. Air pollutants and early origins of respiratory diseases. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:75-94. [PMID: 29988883 PMCID: PMC6033955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a global health threat and causes millions of human deaths annually. The late onset of respiratory diseases in children and adults due to prenatal or perinatal exposure to air pollutants is emerging as a critical concern in human health. Pregnancy and fetal development stages are highly susceptible to environmental exposure and tend to develop a long-term impact in later life. In this review, we briefly glance at the direct impact of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on lung diseases and pregnancy disorders. We further focus on lung complications in later life with early exposure to air pollutants. Epidemiological evidence is provided to show the association of prenatal or perinatal exposure to air pollutants with various adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth, lower birth weight, and lung developmental defects, which further associate with respiratory diseases and reduced lung function in children and adults. Mechanistic evidence is also discussed to support that air pollutants impact various cellular and molecular targets at early life, which link to the pathogenesis and altered immune responses related to abnormal respiratory functions and lung diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lin-Fu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shou-Xiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
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Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P, Durham SR, Bachert C, Akdis CA, Canonica GW, Dahlen SE, Zuberbier T, Bieber T, Bonini S, Bousquet PJ, Brozek JL, Cardell LO, Crameri R, Custovic A, Demoly P, van Wijk RG, Gjomarkaj M, Holland C, Howarth P, Humbert M, Johnston SL, Kauffmann F, Kowalski ML, Lambrecht B, Lehmann S, Leynaert B, Lodrup-Carlsen K, Mullol J, Niggemann B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Papadopoulos N, Passalacqua G, Schünemann HJ, Simon HU, Todo-Bom A, Toskala E, Valenta R, Wickman M, Zock JP. Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper. Allergy 2008; 63:842-53. [PMID: 18588549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) can be defined as a chronic nasal inflammation which is not caused by systemic IgE-dependent mechanisms. It is common and probably affects far more than 200 million people worldwide. Both children and adults are affected. However, its exact prevalence is unknown and its phenotypes need to be evaluated using appropriate methods to better understand its pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. It is important to differentiate between infectious rhinitis, allergic/NAR and chronic rhinosinusitis, as management differs for each of these cases. Characterization of the phenotype, mechanisms and management of NAR represents one of the major unmet needs in allergic and nonallergic diseases. Studies on children and adults are required in order to appreciate the prevalence, phenotype, severity and co-morbidities of NAR. These studies should compare allergic and NAR and consider different age group populations including elderly subjects. Mechanistic studies should be carried out to better understand the disease(s) and risk factors and to guide towards an improved diagnosis and therapy. These studies need to take the heterogeneity of NAR into account. It is likely that neuronal mechanisms, T cells, innate immunity and possibly auto-immune responses all play a role in NAR and may also contribute to the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, Zuberbier T, Baena-Cagnani CE, Canonica GW, van Weel C, Agache I, Aït-Khaled N, Bachert C, Blaiss MS, Bonini S, Boulet LP, Bousquet PJ, Camargos P, Carlsen KH, Chen Y, Custovic A, Dahl R, Demoly P, Douagui H, Durham SR, van Wijk RG, Kalayci O, Kaliner MA, Kim YY, Kowalski ML, Kuna P, Le LTT, Lemiere C, Li J, Lockey RF, Mavale-Manuel S, Meltzer EO, Mohammad Y, Mullol J, Naclerio R, O'Hehir RE, Ohta K, Ouedraogo S, Palkonen S, Papadopoulos N, Passalacqua G, Pawankar R, Popov TA, Rabe KF, Rosado-Pinto J, Scadding GK, Simons FER, Toskala E, Valovirta E, van Cauwenberge P, Wang DY, Wickman M, Yawn BP, Yorgancioglu A, Yusuf OM, Zar H, Annesi-Maesano I, Bateman ED, Ben Kheder A, Boakye DA, Bouchard J, Burney P, Busse WW, Chan-Yeung M, Chavannes NH, Chuchalin A, Dolen WK, Emuzyte R, Grouse L, Humbert M, Jackson C, Johnston SL, Keith PK, Kemp JP, Klossek JM, Larenas-Linnemann D, Lipworth B, Malo JL, Marshall GD, Naspitz C, Nekam K, Niggemann B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Okamoto Y, Orru MP, Potter P, Price D, Stoloff SW, Vandenplas O, Viegi G, Williams D. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy 2008; 63 Suppl 86:8-160. [PMID: 18331513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3035] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Asthma/epidemiology
- Asthma/etiology
- Asthma/therapy
- Child
- Global Health
- Humans
- Prevalence
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/complications
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/epidemiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/complications
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
- Risk Factors
- World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- University Hospital and INSERM, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
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7
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Triche EW, Belanger K, Bracken MB, Beckett WS, Holford TR, Gent JF, McSharry JE, Leaderer BP. Indoor Heating Sources and Respiratory Symptoms in Nonsmoking Women. Epidemiology 2005; 16:377-84. [PMID: 15824555 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000158225.44414.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary heating appliances are important indoor sources of air pollution, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). We hypothesized that the use of secondary heating sources increases respiratory symptoms in women living in nonsmoking households and specifically that concentrations of SO2 and NO2 emitted from heating sources are associated with respiratory symptoms. METHODS Mothers who delivered babies at 12 hospitals in Connecticut and Virginia (1993-1996) were enrolled. There were 888 women who contributed symptom and exposure information during the winter heating season (15 October to 15 April), for a total of 9783 reporting periods (median = 12 reporting periods per woman, interquartile range 11-12). Adjusted rate ratios (RRs) of effects of source use and measured concentrations on rate of days with symptoms were obtained using generalized estimating equations for a log-linear Poisson model, controlling age, education, race, history of allergies, number of children, dwelling type, and residence state. RESULTS In adjusted models, each hour-per-day increase in kerosene heater use is associated with an increase in wheezing (RR = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.11). Each hour of fireplace use is associated with increased cough (1.05; 1.01-1.09), sore throat (1.04; 1.00-1.08), and marginally with chest tightness (1.05; 0.99-1.12). Each 10 ppb increase in SO2 (a proxy for sulfate aerosol) is associated with increased wheezing (1.57; 1.10-2.26) and chest tightness (1.32; 1.01-1.71). CONCLUSIONS Emissions from fireplaces, gas space heaters, and kerosene heaters may contribute to respiratory symptoms in a population of nonsmoking women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Triche
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
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8
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Hellgren J, Karlsson G, Torén K. The dilemma of occupational rhinitis: management options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 2:333-41. [PMID: 14719999 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Occupational rhinitis is a common heterogeneous group of inflammatory conditions in the nose, caused by exposure to airborne irritants and sensitizers in the occupational environment. The mechanism can be allergic, neurogenic or toxic. Data from several epidemiologic studies indicate that animal dander, organic dusts, latex and chemicals can cause occupational rhinitis, but because of methodological problems as well as weaknesses in the definition of occupational rhinitis, occupational exposure is probably an underestimated cause of rhinitis. The effect of rhinitis on the mental aspects of quality of life and substantial costs due to loss of productivity make it important to diagnose and treat occupational rhinitis. Diagnosis relies on a history of exposure, skin prick testing and, if possible, nasal provoacation. Avoidance of exposure, protective measures at the workplace and medical treatment, with agents such as second generation antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids, can make it possible to avoid progress of the disease from rhinitis to asthma. The efficacies of montelukast, a leukotrienne receptor antagonist, and omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobulin E monoclonal antibody in the treatment of occupational rhinitis are yet to be evaluated
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hellgren
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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9
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Triche EW, Belanger K, Beckett W, Bracken MB, Holford TR, Gent J, Jankun T, McSharry JE, Leaderer BP. Infant respiratory symptoms associated with indoor heating sources. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1105-11. [PMID: 12379555 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2202014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of indoor heating sources on infant respiratory symptoms during the heating season of the first year of life. Mothers delivering babies between 1993 and 1996 at 12 hospitals in Connecticut and Virginia were enrolled. Daily symptom and heating source use information about their infant was obtained every 2 weeks during the first year of life. Heating sources included fireplace, wood stove, kerosene heater, and gas space heater use. Four health outcomes were analyzed by reporting period: days of wheeze, episodes of wheeze, days of cough, and episodes of cough. A large percentage of infants had at least one episode of cough (88%) and wheeze (33%) during the heating season of the first year of life. Wood stove, fireplace, kerosene heater, and gas space heater use was intermittent across the study period. In adjusted Poisson regression models controlling for important confounders, gas space heater use was associated with episodes and days of wheeze. Wood stove use was associated with total days of cough, and kerosene heater use was associated with episodes of cough. Fireplace use was not associated with any of the respiratory symptoms. Use of some heating sources appears related to respiratory symptoms in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Triche
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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10
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Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S147-334. [PMID: 11707753 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2094] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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11
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Davies BH. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BUILDING-ASSOCIATED ILLNESS. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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12
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Wjst M, Reitmeir P, Dold S, Wulff A, Nicolai T, von Loeffelholz-Colberg EF, von Mutius E. Road traffic and adverse effects on respiratory health in children. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1993; 307:596-600. [PMID: 7691304 PMCID: PMC1678953 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6904.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether road traffic in a big city has a direct effect on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in children. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Of all 7445 fourth grade children (aged 9-11 years) in Munich, 6537 were examined. Of the children with German nationality and the same residence during the past five years and known exposure data, 4678 questionnaires and 4320 pulmonary function tests could be analysed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variables of pulmonary function by forced expiration and respiratory symptoms reported in a questionnaire; census data on car traffic collected in the school district. RESULTS Density of car traffic ranged from 7000 to 125,000 cars per 24 hours. Multiple regression analysis of peak expiratory flow showed a significant decrease of 0.71% (95% confidence interval 1.08% to 0.33%) per increase of 25,000 cars daily passing through the school district on the main road. Maximum expiratory flow when 25% vital capacity had been expired was decreased by 0.68% (1.11% to 0.25%). In contrast, response to cold air challenge was not increased. The adjusted odds ratio for the cumulative prevalence of recurrent wheezing with the same exposure was 1.08 (1.01 to 1.16). Cumulative prevalence of recurrent dyspnoea was increased, with an odds ratio of 1.10 (1.00 to 1.20). Lifetime prevalence of asthma (odds ratio 1.04; 0.89 to 1.21) and recurrent bronchitis (1.05; 0.98 to 1.12) were not significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS High rates of road traffic diminish forced expiratory flow and increase respiratory symptoms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wjst
- GSF-Forschungszentrum für Unwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Medizinische Informatik und Systemforschung, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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13
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Abstract
The impact of system interactions and simultaneous or sequential exposure to various air pollutants, both man-made and natural ones, requires greater concern in the interpretation of the total adverse impact of various air pollutants. It is clear that there are highly significant system interactions with exposure to various air pollutants, and these must be considered very carefully in the evaluation of their adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Pierson
- Northwest Asthma and Allergy Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98105
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14
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Abstract
The nose and sinuses are constantly exposed to the huge quantities of gases needed to maintain life. Not only is the human nose well-equipped to warm and humidify this inhaled air, but it is also uniquely able to clean much of it. Any material other than physiologic amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water that accompanies the airstream can be considered a pollutant, and this pollutant could potentially injure the individual. The following discussion will review the defense mechanisms that allow the nose and sinuses to protect the lower airways. The effects of pollutants on the respiratory mucosa will then be described, including some recent trends in those effects. These trends include specific population consequences of indoor and outdoor air pollution, and changes in risk for individuals in several occupations. Throughout these discussions, specific areas that would benefit from further research will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Leopold
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Francis Scott Key Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Brooks BO, Utter GM, DeBroy JA, Schimke RD. Indoor air pollution: an edifice complex. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1991; 29:315-74. [PMID: 1920571 DOI: 10.3109/15563659109000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The collision of escalating technological sophistication and surging environmental awareness has caused the reexamination of many societal paradigms. Horror stories about lethal chemical exposures involving isolated cases of ignorance, carelessness or greed have caused the public to demand constant vigilance to prevent exposure to potentially hazardous substances. Accordingly, much time and resource has been expanded by the U.S. government and citizens to abate and prevent air and water pollution. While these efforts have met with measurable success, there is increasing public concern about a new generation of pollution-related human illness in office, home and transportation environments. New instances of Sick Building Syndrome or Building Related Illness are reported daily by the popular press. Human health effects such as cancer, infectious disease, allergy and irritation have been ascribed to indoor air pollution. The clinical aspects of indoor air pollution are often discounted by consulting engineers and industrial hygienists involved in indoor air quality. Physicians and clinically-trained scientists have received a "Macedonian call" to sift clinical relevance from the emotional aspects of indoor air quality problems. Point sources of pollutants, associated human health effects, and problem solving approaches associated with indoor air pollution are described. Regulatory and litigational aspects of indoor air pollution are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Brooks
- Health Effects Research Department, IBM Corporation Boulder, Colorado 80302
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Abstract
The mucociliary clearance is an important part of the nonspecific defense mechanism of the human airways. Coordinated beats of cilia in the nose, trachea, and bronchi propel the mucous layer toward the pharynx, and with it inhaled microorganisms and other particles captured in the mucus. Normal function of this system depends on the efficacy of the ciliary beating and the properties of mucus. Primary ciliary dyskinesia--a congenital respiratory disease characterized by ultrastructural defects and motility disturbances of cilia--has provided us with valuable information about the role the mucociliary function plays in the protection against harmful agents in the inhaled air. Secondary ciliary dyskinesia is described in inflammatory disorders of the respiratory tract, but also some components in air pollution results in malfunction of cilia, damage of ciliated epithelium, or alteration in the mucus. This review will focus on investigations found in the literature concerning the influence of pollutants on ciliary activity. The methods applied will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pedersen
- Pediatric Department, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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