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Koloniuk I, Hrabáková L, Petrzik K. Molecular characterization of a novel amalgavirus from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1585-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Franssen H, Goldbach R, Broekhuijsen M, Moerman M, van Kammen A. Expression of Middle-Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus: In Vitro Generation of a Precursor to Both Capsid Proteins by a Bottom-Component RNA-Encoded Protease from Infected Cells. J Virol 2010; 41:8-17. [PMID: 16789216 PMCID: PMC256721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.41.1.8-17.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the middle-component (M) RNA of cowpea mosaic virus was studied by means of in vitro translation. In both the wheat germ extract and the rabbit reticulocyte lysate, M RNA was translated into two overlapping polypeptides of 95 and 105 kilodaltons. Incubation of these polypeptides with 30,000 x g supernatant fractions from cowpea mesophyll protoplasts inoculated with complete virus or with separate bottom (B) components alone resulted in extensive processing, yielding polypeptides of 60, 58, 48, and 47 kilodaltons. Similar proteolytic activity was found associated with the in vitro translation products from the bottom-component RNA, demonstrating that the protease present in infected cells is encoded by B RNA. Using antisera raised against the separate capsid proteins VP23 and VP37, it was shown that the 60-kilodalton cleavage product is the precursor to both capsid proteins. Cleavage of nascent 95- and 105- kilodalton polypeptides by the in vivo protease demonstrated that this capsid protein precursor is located C terminally within both polypeptides and that the synthesis of these two overlapping polypeptides is the result of two initiation sites on middle-component RNA. In addition, a second virus-induced proteolytic activity, capable of releasing VP23 from the 95- and 105-kilodalton polypeptides, was detected in leaves of infected plants, but not in infected mesophyll protoplasts. A model for the expression of the middle-component RNA is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Franssen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Franssen H, Moerman M, Rezelman G, Goldbach R. Evidence That the 32,000-Dalton Protein Encoded by Bottom-Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus is a Proteolytic Processing Enzyme. J Virol 2010; 50:183-90. [PMID: 16789248 PMCID: PMC255598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.1.183-190.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of middle-component RNA of cowpea mosaic virus in vitro produced two polypeptides of 95 and 105 kilodaltons (95K and 105K, respectively) with overlapping amino acid sequences, which were specifically cleaved by a protease encoded by the bottom-component RNA. The proteolytic cleavage was studied by the addition of antibodies raised against various bottom-component RNA-encoded proteins to extracts prepared from bottom-component RNA-inoculated cowpea protoplasts. Since antiserum to the 32K polypeptide efficiently inhibited the proteolytic activity of such extracts, although antiserum to VPg or to the 170K polypeptide did not, evidence was obtained which indicates that the 32K polypeptide represents the protease involved. Fractionation of proteolytically active extract by glycerol gradient centrifugation demonstrated that 32K polypeptides do not exist as free proteins but are aggregated to the bottom-component RNA-encoded 170K, 84K, 60K, or 58K polypeptides. Maximal proteolytic activity was observed for 32K polypeptides associated with 170K polypeptides, suggesting that the activity was unstable and confined to newly synthesized molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Franssen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Zabel P, Jongen-Neven I, van Kammen A. In Vitro Replication of Cowpea Mosaic Virus RNA III. Template Recognition by Cowpea Mosaic Virus RNA Replicase. J Virol 2010; 29:21-33. [PMID: 16789172 PMCID: PMC353065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.21-33.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNA replicase has been purified about 200-fold from CPMV-infected Vigna unguiculata leaves. Optimal reaction conditions for replicase activity have been established that allow RNA synthesis to proceed for at least 15 h. Using a polymerase assay under conditions optimal for CPMV RNA-directed RNA synthesis, all natural RNA species tested appeared to be able to direct the incorporation of labeled ribonucleotides, whereas synthetic homoribopolymers were either inactive or only slightly active. Using a nitrocellulose membrane filter assay to measure complex formation between the replicase preparation and various RNA species, all natural RNA species tested, except that of the comovirus radish mosaic virus, appeared to be unable to compete with (32)P-labeled CPMV RNA in binding to replicase. We propose that CPMV replicase is actually template specific but does not display this property in a polymerase assay, since labile complexes between heterologous templates and replicase become stabilized by the formation of phosphodiester bonds. From homoribopolymer competition binding experiments we conclude that the polyadenylic acid on the CPMV genome might be a part of the replicase binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zabel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Koloniuk I, Petrzik K. Complete genome sequence of turnip ringspot virus. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1851-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Nichols MEK, Stanislaus T, Keshavarz-Moore E, Young HA. Disruption of leaves and initial extraction of wildtype CPMV virus as a basis for producing vaccines from plants. J Biotechnol 2002; 92:229-35. [PMID: 11689247 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Wildtype cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) was extracted from fresh and frozen plant material by methods suitable for large-scale application. Deep freezing, crushing, and thawing in water or buffers gave 0.6+/-0.2 mg g(-1) of virus after up to 24 h. Release from sliced fresh leaves was lower at 0.14+/-0.03 mg g(-1). Homogenisation of frozen leaves for 1 min increased yield to a maximum, on average of 3.5 mg g(-1) but varying between batches from 2.2 to 4.8 mg g(-1) virus Long term storage at -80 degrees C increased subsequent yield by 2 mg g(-1) per year on average; the maximum was 10.4+/-1.9 mg g(-1) (665 days storage). Within a batch, similar yields were obtained between individual fresh plants, and from frozen versus fresh leaves. After homogenisation for 1 min, 90% of debris particles were smaller than 12 microm, half under 5 microm and 10% less than 1 microm. Homogenate (4% dry weight) was rheologically complex, exhibiting shear thinning with hysteresis at low shear rates which bears on subsequent processing. At shear rates above 200 s(-1), its apparent viscosity was 0.02 N s m(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M E K Nichols
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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7
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Dessens JT, Lomonossoff GP. Mutational analysis of the putative catalytic triad of the cowpea mosaic virus 24K protease. Virology 1991; 184:738-46. [PMID: 1887592 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90444-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of action of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) 24K protease, a full-length cDNA clone of bottom component (B) RNA has been constructed from which RNA can be transcribed in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase. Translation of the resulting RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate leads to the synthesis of a 200 kDa product (the 200K protein) which cleaves itself in a manner identical to that of the product translated from B RNA isolated from virions. Site-directed mutagenesis of the full-length clone was used to examine the effects of altering individual amino acids in the 24K protease on its activity. The results obtained are consistent with the prediction that the 24K protease is structurally similar to the trypsin-like family of serine proteases and suggest that His40, Glu76, and Cys166 comprise the active site. Substitution of Cys166 by a serine residue results in an enzyme with reduced catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Dessens
- Department of Virus Research, John Innes Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
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8
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Abstract
Recently D.D. Dunigan, R.G. Dietzgen, J.E. Schoelz, and M. Zaitlin (Virology 165, 310-312, 1988) demonstrated that a small proportion of the subunits of tobacco mosaic virus particles were conjugated with the small protein ubiquitin. We have now detected ubiquitinated conjugates in immunoblots of virion preparations of several other plant viruses, using anti-human ubiquitin antiserum. Based on their polyacrylamide gel migrations, plant virus-associated ubiquitin-immunoreactive proteins were considered to be possible virus structural protein-ubiquitin conjugates of the following viruses: barley stripe mosaic, brome mosaic, cowpea mosaic (two proteins), cowpea severe mosaic (two proteins), and satellite panicum mosaic. Ubiquitinated conjugates were not detected in immunoblots of preparations of cucumber mosaic virus and Cymbidium mosaic virus. The significance of ubiquitinated viral proteins remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hazelwood
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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9
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Holness CL, Lomonossoff GP, Evans D, Maule AJ. Identification of the initiation codons for translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component RNA using site-directed mutagenesis of an infectious cDNA clone. Virology 1989; 172:311-20. [PMID: 2773321 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA copy of CPMV M RNA has been cloned downstream of a phage lambda promoter in the plasmid pPMI. Transcripts obtained from this clone can be translated in vitro and replicated in cowpea mesophyll protoplasts in the presence of viral B RNA. We have constructed a series of site-directed mutants of this clone to investigate the mechanism of translation of CPMV M RNA. The results obtained confirm that the AUG at position 161 is used to direct the synthesis of a 105K protein in vitro and the detection of a 58K protein in infected cowpea protoplasts suggests that it is also used in vivo. The synthesis of the 95K protein can be initiated from either of the AUGs at positions 512 and 524, though synthesis of this protein does not appear to be essential for CPMV replication in protoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Holness
- John Innes Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
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10
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Vos P, Jaegle M, Wellink J, Verver J, Eggen R, Van Kammen A, Goldbach R. Infectious RNA transcripts derived from full-length DNA copies of the genomic RNAs of cowpea mosaic virus. Virology 1988; 165:33-41. [PMID: 3388776 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A set of full-length DNA copies of both M and B RNA of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) was cloned downstream of a phage T7 promoter. Upon in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase, M and B RNA-like transcripts were obtained from these DNA copies with only two additional nucleotides at the 5' end and five extra nucleotides at the 3' end in comparison to natural viral RNA. In cowpea protoplasts the transcripts of several cDNA clones of B RNA were able to replicate leading to detectable synthesis of viral RNA and proteins. Transcripts of M cDNA clones inoculated together with these B RNA transcripts were also expressed, although the number of protoplasts in which both transcripts were expressed was very low. Preliminary infectivity tests with mutagenized RNA transcripts indicate essential roles of the B RNA-encoded 24K and 32K polypeptides in viral RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Sonenberg N. Cap-binding proteins of eukaryotic messenger RNA: functions in initiation and control of translation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 35:173-207. [PMID: 3065823 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Vartapetian AB, Bogdanov AA. Proteins covalently linked to viral genomes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 34:209-51. [PMID: 3326040 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Wellink J, Rezelman G, Goldbach R, Beyreuther K. Determination of the Proteolytic Processing Sites in the Polyprotein Encoded by the Bottom-Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus. J Virol 1986; 59:50-8. [PMID: 16789257 PMCID: PMC253037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.59.1.50-58.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottom-component RNA (B-RNA) of cowpea mosaic virus is expressed by the production of a ∼200,000-dalton polyprotein (200K polyprotein), from which the functional proteins are formed by specific proteolytic cleavages. Partial amino-terminal sequences of the various B-RNA-encoded proteins have now been determined. Comparison of the information obtained with the B-RNA sequence allowed the localization of the coding regions for these proteins on B-RNA, the calculation of their precise molecular weights, and the determination of the cleavage sites at which they are released from the polyprotein precursor. Sequence analysis of the 32K protein, which is derived from the amino-terminal end of the 200K polyprotein, indicated that the AUG codon at nucleotide position 207 of the RNA sequence is the translation initiation codon. Sequence analysis of the 170K, 110K, 87K, 84K, 60K, and 58K proteins revealed the existence of three types of cleavage site in the 200K polyprotein: glutamine-serine (two sites), glutamine-methionine (one site), and glutamine-glycine (one site) amino acid pairs. The nature of these cleavage sites suggested that two different viral proteases are involved in the processing of the B-RNA-encoded polyprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wellink
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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The structure of cowpea mosaic virus replicative form RNA. Virology 1985; 144:351-62. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/1985] [Accepted: 03/25/1985] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Peng XX, Shih DS. Proteolytic processing of the proteins translated from the bottom component RNA of cowpea mosaic virus. The primary and secondary cleavage reactions. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Daubert SD, Bruening G. Detection of Genome-Linked Proteins of Plant and Animal Viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-470208-0.50015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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17
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Translation of bottom component RNA of cowpea mosaic virus in reticulocyte lysate: faithful proteolytic processing of the primary translation product. Virus Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(84)90033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Goldbach R, Rezelman G. Orientation of the Cleavage Map of the 200-Kilodalton Polypeptide Encoded by the Bottom-Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus. J Virol 1983; 46:614-9. [PMID: 16789243 PMCID: PMC255164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.46.2.614-619.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic organization of the bottom-component RNA of cowpea mosaic virus was studied. In vivo, this RNA encodes at least eight different polypeptides of 170, 110, 87, 84, 60, 58, 32, and 4 kilodaltons (K), the last polypeptide representing the genome-bound protein VPg. In rabbit reticulocyte lysates, bottom-component RNA is translated into a 200K polypeptide which is then processed to give the 32 and 170K polypeptides also found in vivo. By pulse-labeling the 200K primary translation product, we now show that the 32 and 170K polypeptides are derived from the NH
2
-terminal and COOH-terminal parts of this polypeptide, respectively. Comparison of the proteolytic peptide patterns of 170K polypeptides synthesized in vitro and pulse-labeled at either the NH
2
-terminal or the COOH-terminal end with the patterns of the 170 and 110K polypeptides found in vivo demonstrates that the order within the 200K primary translation product of cowpea mosaic virus bottom-component RNA is as follows: NH
2
-32K polypeptide-58K polypeptide-VPg-24K polypeptide-87K polypeptide-COOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goldbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Goldbach R, Rezelman G, Zabel P, van Kammen A. Expression of the Bottom-Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus: Evidence that the 60-Kilodalton VPg Precursor Is Cleaved into Single VPg and a 58-Kilodalton Polypeptide. J Virol 1982; 42:630-5. [PMID: 16789223 PMCID: PMC256888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.42.2.630-635.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cowpea protoplasts infected with cowpea mosaic virus, a bottom-component (B) RNA-encoded 60-kilodalton (60K) polypeptide is synthesized, which is membrane-bound and represents the direct precursor to the genome-bound protein VPg. The relationship between this VPg precursor and other B-RNA-encoded polypeptides was studied. Digestion of the B-RNA-encoded 170K and 84K polypeptides with
Staphylococcus aureus
protease V8 and subsequent analysis of the generated peptides with antiserum against VPg showed that a VPg sequence resides internally in these polypeptides. Furthermore, a new B-RNA-encoded polypeptide was detected, with a size of 58K, which differed from the 60K polypeptide only in the lack of VPg sequences. A model is presented in which the 60K VPg precursor is generated from the 200K primary translation product from B RNA and further processed to a 58K polypeptide and single VPg.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goldbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Zumbé A, Stähli C, Trachsel H. Association of a Mr 50,000 cap-binding protein with the cytoskeleton in baby hamster kidney cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:2927-31. [PMID: 7045875 PMCID: PMC346321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.9.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody directed against eukaryotic mRNA 5'-cap-binding protein (anti-CBP antibody) was used to localize cap-binding protein (CBP) in BHK-21 baby hamster kidney cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. It was found that the antibody reacts with a fibrous network extending through the cytoplasm in a radial arrangement. The network behaves like intermediate filaments in colchicine-treated cells, suggesting a direct or indirect linkage of CBP with intermediate filaments. The association of CBP with a cytoskeletal element was further confirmed by isolation of proteins from Triton X-100-extracted cells and identification of CBP in the cytoskeletal fraction with anti-CBP antibody. The major polypeptide reacting with anti-CBP antibody is a Mr 50,000 component. Tryptic peptide mapping showed that this polypeptide is related to a Mr 24,000 polypeptide identified as CBP in earlier experiments [Sonenberg, N., Morgan, M. A., Testa, D., Colonna, R. J. & Shatkin, A. J. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4843-4847].
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21
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Schröder G, Schröder J. Hybridization selection and translation of T-DNA encoded mRNAs from octopine tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00333789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zabel P, Moerman M, van Straaten F, Goldbach R, van Kammen A. Antibodies Against the Genome-Linked Protein VPg of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Recognize a 60,000-Dalton Precursor Polypeptide. J Virol 1982; 41:1083-8. [PMID: 16789217 PMCID: PMC256847 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.41.3.1083-1088.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have prepared a rabbit antiserum specifically directed against the genome-linked protein (VPg) of cowpea mosaic virus by injecting an hydrolysate of purified virion RNA. Using this antiserum as a probe in combination with “Western” (protein) blots of subcellular fractions of cowpea mosaic virus-infected cowpea (
Vigna unguiculata
) cells, we have detected a bottom component RNA-encoded, 60,000-dalton polypeptide which is membrane bound and presumably represents the immediate precursor of VPg.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zabel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Sonenberg N, Trachsel H. Probing the function of the eukaryotic 5'-cap structure using monoclonal antibodies to cap-binding proteins. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1982; 21:65-88. [PMID: 6754270 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152821-8.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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25
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Sonenberg N, Skup D, Trachsel H, Millward S. In vitro translation in reovirus- and poliovirus-infected cell extracts. Effects of anti-cap binding protein monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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26
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Goldbach RW, Schilthuis JG, Rezelman G. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro translation of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 99:89-94. [PMID: 7236272 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Rezelman G, Goldbach R, Van Kammen A. Expression of Bottom Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus in Cowpea Protoplasts. J Virol 1980; 36:366-73. [PMID: 16789203 PMCID: PMC353653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.366-373.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon inoculation of cowpea protoplasts with the bottom component of cowpea mosaic virus, at least six virus-induced proteins (with sizes of 170, 110, 87, 84, 60, and 32 kilodaltons) are synthesized, but not the capsid proteins (37 and 23 kilodaltons). These bottom-component-induced proteins were studied with respect to their genetic origin and mode of synthesis. The analyses were based on their electrophoretic peptide patterns resulting from partial digestion with
Staphylococcus aureus
protease V8. Comparison of the peptide patterns of the virus-induced proteins with those of the cowpea mosaic virus RNA-coded polypeptides produced in rabbit reticulocyte lysate showed that the 170- and 32-kilodalton polypeptides, which are the first viral products in cowpea mosaic virus-infected cells, were actually coded by the bottom component RNA of the virus. The 110-, 87-, and 84-kilodalton polypeptides, and possibly the 60-kilodalton polypeptide, appeared to have amino acid sequences in common with the 170-kilodalton polypeptide, demonstrating that they were virus coded as well. The results indicated that cowpea mosaic virus bottom component RNA was translated in vivo into a single 200-kilodalton polyprotein from which probably all bottom-component-specific proteins arose by three successive cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rezelman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Stanley J, Goldbach R, Van Kammen A. The genome-linked protein of cowpea mosaic virus is coded by RNA from the bottom component. Virology 1980; 106:180-2. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/1980] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Goldbach R, Rezelman G, van Kammen A. Independent replication and expression of B-component RNA of cowpea mosaic virus. Nature 1980. [DOI: 10.1038/286297a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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31
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Skup D, Millward S. Reovirus-induced modification of cap-dependent translation in infected L cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:152-6. [PMID: 6244540 PMCID: PMC348226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.1.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The translational apparatus in cell-free extracts prepared from L cells infected with reovirus undergoes a time-dependent transition from cap dependence to cap independence. Extracts from uninfected L cells translate capped reovirus mRNA at high efficiency and synthesize the expected three size classes of reovirus polypeptides, and the translation is sensitive to m7G(5')ppp. This same extract translates uncapped mRNA at a much lower efficiency. In contrast, extracts from infected L cells translate uncapped reovirus mRNA at high efficiency and synthesize the correct three size classes of polypeptides, and the translation is not sensitive to inhibition by m7G(5')ppp. Infected cell extracts translate capped mRNA at reduced efficiency (a,proximately 25%), the translation is not sensitive to inhibition by m7G(5')ppp, and the correct three size classes of viral polypeptides are not synthesized. These observations may explain how reovirus takes over the host translational apparatus.
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Stanley J, Van Kammen A. Nucleotide sequences adjacent to the proteins covalently linked to the cowpea mosaic virus genome. Sequence determination after labelling in vitro using RNA ligase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 101:45-9. [PMID: 116852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of the first 17 nucleotides of cowpea mosaic virus middle and bottom RNAs adjacent to the covalently-linked proteins have been determined. Sequences of the oligonucleotides, produced by complete T1 RNase digestion, were established after labelling of the 3' termini in vitro using RNA ligase. Both sequences are A/U-rich, the first nine nucleotides being identical.
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Pelham HR. Synthesis and proteolytic processing of cowpea mosaic virus proteins in reticulocyte lysates. Virology 1979; 96:463-77. [PMID: 462814 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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The presence of a cap structure at the 5′-end of barley stripe mosaic virus RNA. Virology 1979; 95:208-10. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/1979] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Leung DW, Browning KS, Heckman JE, RajBhandary UL, Clark JM. Nucleotide sequence of the 5' terminus of satellite tobacco necrosis virus ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1979; 18:1361-6. [PMID: 427118 DOI: 10.1021/bi00574a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) with phosphomonoesterase followed by heat denaturation and treatment with polynucleotide kinase in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP yields a STNV [5'-32P]RNA containing a homogeneous 5' terminus. Analyses of this STNV [5'-32P]RNA yield the sequence of the first 42 nucleotides from the 5'terminus of STNV RNA. This nucleotide sequence contains the translation initiation AUG codon starting at position 30 from the 5' terminus as indicated by match of subsequent nucleotides with the genetic code assignments for the N-terminal amino acids of STNV coat protein in the 5'-terminal sequence ppAGUAAAGACAGGAAACUU-UACUGACUAACAUGGCAAAACAAC. An interesting feature of this sequence is its potential to form a hairpin loop structure involving perfect Watson-Crick base pairing between the first seven nucleotides and nucleotides at positions 16--22.
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Bergmann J, Trachsel H, Sonenberg N, Shatkin A, Lodish H. Characterization of rabbit reticulocyte factor(s) that stimulates the translation of mRNAs lacking 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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38
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39
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40
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Daubert SD, Bruening G, Najarian RC. Protein bound to the genome RNAs of cowpea mosaic virus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 92:45-51. [PMID: 215411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Stanley J, Rottier P, Davies JW, Zabel P, Van Kammen A. A protein linked to the 5' termini of both RNA components of the cowpea mosaic virus genome. Nucleic Acids Res 1978; 5:4505-22. [PMID: 745988 PMCID: PMC342769 DOI: 10.1093/nar/5.12.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the presence of a protein covalently bound to the 5' termini of both M and B RNA components of CPMV. The protein is found to be linked in both cases to the 5' phosphate of the dinucleotide pUpAp, derived by ribonuclease digestion of the RNA. The intact protein is not required for infectivity or for in vitro translation of the RNA in cell-free extracts.
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Asselbergs FA, Peters WH, van Venrooij WJ, Bloemendal H. Inhibition of translation of lens mRNAs in a messenger dependent reticulocyte lysate by cap analogues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 520:577-87. [PMID: 718914 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate forms a highly efficient and completely mRNA-dependent cell-free system. In this system the functioning of the cap on eukaryotic mRNAs was explored by blocking cap recognition with cap analogues. Translation of capped mRNAs was severely inhibited, while translation of uncapped mRNAs was unaffected. It is concluded that this cell-free system can be used for screening cap dependence in the translation of specific mRNAs, like calf lens mRNAs. At 1.2 mM m7G5'p, 0.16 mM m7G5'pp or 0.16 m7G5'ppp5'G, translation of all lens mRNAs was totally inhibited. At lower concentrations the sensitivity to cap analogues was different for the various species of lens crystallin messenger. gamma-Crystallin mRNA showed relatively the lowest response. The translation of added polyribosomes was also inhibited by the cap analogue. It is concluded that translation of all crystallin messengers is cap-dependent.
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Sonenberg N, Shatkin AJ, Ricciardi RP, Rubin M, Goodman RM. Analysis of terminal structures of RNA from potato virus X. Nucleic Acids Res 1978; 5:2501-12. [PMID: 673859 PMCID: PMC342180 DOI: 10.1093/nar/5.7.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5'-end structure of potato virus X RNA was determined following enzymatic methylation in vitro. A single 3H-methyl group was introduced into the 2'-position of the 5'-penultimate residue and the end structure was determined as m7GpppG(m)pAp(Xp)3G. This part of the RNA apparently is involved in binding to ribosomes since it can be partially protected against RNase digestion by wheat germ 40S ribosomes. PVX RNA was not retained by poly(U)-sepharose, indicating that it does not contain a 3'-terminal poly(A) tract.
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45
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Gross HJ, Kroath H, Janda HG, Jungwirth C. Analysis of the methylated 'cap' structures of vaccinia mRNA by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Mol Biol Rep 1978; 4:105-10. [PMID: 683182 DOI: 10.1007/bf00775970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two different twodimensional cellulose thinlayer separations for blocked, methylated mRNA 5'-termini are described. They allow rapid analysis even of complex mixtures of mRNA "cap" structures on the basis of their methyl group content and base composition. These simple procedures are especially useful for the analysis of [3H-methyl]-labeled mRNA in combination with tritium fluorography. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the methylated "cap" structures of in vitro labeled Vaccinia "core" mRNA is presented. The presence of methylated "cap" structures in Vaccinia RNA increases the in vitro translation efficiency of methylated Vaccinia RNA over Vaccinia RNA transcribed in the absence of a methyl group donor.
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Seal SN, Schmidt A, Tomaszewski M, Marcus A. Inhibition of noncapped mRNA translation by the cap analogue, 7-methylguanosine-5'-phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:553-9. [PMID: 208566 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Levis R, Penman S. 5'-terminal structures of poly(A)+ cytoplasmic messenger RNA and of poly(A)+ and poly(A)- heterogeneous nuclear RNA of cells of the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. J Mol Biol 1978; 120:487-515. [PMID: 418182 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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