1
|
Overview of Immobilized Enzymes' Applications in Pharmaceutical, Chemical, and Food Industry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:27-63. [PMID: 31939114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of immobilized enzymes in industry is becoming a routine process for the manufacture of many key compounds in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industry. Some enzymes like lipases are naturally robust and efficient, can be used for the production of many different molecules, and have found broad industrial applications. Some more specific enzymes, like transaminases, have required protein engineering to become suitable for applications in industrial manufacture. For all enzymes, the possibility to be immobilized and used in a heterogeneous form brings important industrial and environmental advantages such as simplified downstream processing or continuous process operations. Here, we present a series of large-scale applications of immobilized enzymes with benefits for the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and medical device industries, some of them hardly reported before.
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Isolation, characterization and identification of antibiofouling metabolite from mangrove derived Streptomyces sampsonii PM33. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12975. [PMID: 31506555 PMCID: PMC6736841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the production, bioassay guided isolation and identification of antibiofouling metabolite from mangrove derived actinobacterium, Streptomyces sampsonii (PM33). The actinobacterial strain PM33 yields maximum amount of antifouling compounds through agar surface fermentation. In optimization, carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose and xylose, are suitable for maximum production of the active compound. In addition, other compounds such as malt extract, glutamine, and sodium chloride concentrations (2.5, 5 and 7.5%) and parameters such as pH 7.0 and temperature range 30 °C to 40 °C enhanced the production of antifouling metabolite. The antifouling metabolite was extracted in ethyl acetate. TLC and bioautography was used to separate and detect the antifouling metabolite present in the crude extract. The physico chemical features revealed that the antifouling metabolite PM33 – B as taxifolin (C15H12O7). The purified taxifolin was found to be active against biofouling bacteria, algal spore germination and mollusc foot adherence, respectively. Toxicity nature of taxifolin was also determined by adopting zebrafish embryos. The taxifolin isolated from mangrove-derived Streptomyces sampsonii PM33 is a promising candidate for the development of eco-friendly antifouling preparation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen JH, Chen HT. Computational explanation for interaction between amino acid and nitrogen-containing graphene. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Liang Q, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Li H. Immobilization of Ulp1 protease on NHS-activated Sepharose: a useful tool for cleavage of the SUMO tag of recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1025-1031. [PMID: 28432497 PMCID: PMC7088063 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To fabricate an active and stable enzyme through covalent immobilization, a Ubl-specific protease (Ulp1) was used to cleave small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) fusion proteins. RESULTS We immobilized Ulp1 on N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-activated Sepharose with a coupling efficiency of 1.7 mg/ml. The immobilized Ulp1 maintains 95% substrate-cleavage ability and significantly enhances pH and thermal stability, especially can withstand pH of 10.5. Besides resistance against some small molecules, the immobilized Ulp1 can tolerate 15% (v/v) DMSO and 20% (v/v) ethanol. It can be reused for more than 15 batch reactions with 90% activity retention. This provides a fast purification system to quickly obtain cleaved recombinant proteins with 95% purity from cell lysates with the application of immobilized Ulp1. CONCLUSIONS Ulp1 used in immobilization form is a potentially useful tool for cleavage of SUMO-tagged proteins and may reduce time and cost of protein purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiujin Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhi Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singla P, Riyaz M, Singhal S, Goel N. Theoretical study of adsorption of amino acids on graphene and BN sheet in gas and aqueous phase with empirical DFT dispersion correction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5597-604. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07078c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Suitability of BN nanosheet/graphene towards the adsorption of amino acids established by dispersion corrected DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singla
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
| | - Mohd Riyaz
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
| | - Neetu Goel
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knierim C, Greenblatt CL, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Blocked bacteria escape by ATRP grafting of a PMMA shell on PVA microparticles. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:537-45. [PMID: 24288167 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the preparation and characterization of living composites consisting of poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) hydrogel microparticles with living bacteria and a shell of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The grafting of the PMMA shell is accomplished in the presence of living bacteria by surface polymerization of PMMA using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The PMMA shell prevents the uncontrolled bacterial escape from the hydrogel microparticles, which otherwise marks a major problem of these composites. The encapsulation of microparticles with living bacteria by PMMA retards bacteria escape upon contact to water for >20 d. The functionality of the PMMA shell is proven both by the release of fluorescein in buffer and an altered release time of bacteria in buffer solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Knierim
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Materials Science, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35042, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: II. Kinetics study and application. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Purification, partial characterization, and covalent immobilization-stabilization of an extracellular α-amylase from Aspergillus niveus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 58:495-502. [PMID: 23463193 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular amylase secreted by Aspergillus niveus was purified using DEAE fractogel ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The purified protein migrated as a single band in 5 % polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and 10 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited 4.5 % carbohydrate content, 6.6 isoelectric point, and 60 and 52 kDa molar mass estimated by SDS-PAGE and Bio-Sil-Sec-400 gel filtration column, respectively. The amylase efficiently hydrolyzed glycogen, amylose, and amylopectin. The end-products formed after 24 h of starch hydrolysis, analyzed by thin layer chromatography, were maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose, which classified the studied amylase as an α-amylase. Thermal stability of the α-amylase was improved by covalent immobilization on glyoxyl agarose (half-life of 169 min, at 70 °C). On the other hand, the free α-amylase showed a half-life of 20 min at the same temperature. The optima of pH and temperature were 6.0 and 65 °C for both free and immobilized forms.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mishra S, Scarano FJ, Calvert P. Entrapment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 3T3 fibroblast cells into blue light cured hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2829-38. [PMID: 22678829 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels, containing yeast cells or fibroblast cells, were fabricated using blue light-induced polymerization technique. The cell-loaded prepolymer formulation was comprised of poly(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (more than or equal to 50% v/v), 0.5 wt % Eosin Y and 0.5 wt % triethanolamine as the base oligomer, photo-initiator, and co-initiator, respectively. The two model cell lines, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts maintained high viability pre- and post-processing. Several bioassays have demonstrated the unaffected intracellular and extracellular activities of the cells entrapped within the hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the proliferation of S. cerevisiae cells that were entrapped and cultivated for 48 h in growth media, which validated the favorable microenvironment and nutrient transport in these gels. Upon entrapment, fibroblast cells remain viable upto 12 h, however they failed to attach within the crosslinked network, thus no further proliferation was observed. The tunable properties of this hydrogel system project it as a useful matrix for specialized biohybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, N. Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Immobilization of Mucor miehei Lipase onto Macroporous Aminated Polyethersulfone Membrane for Enzymatic Reactions. MEMBRANES 2012; 2:198-213. [PMID: 24958172 PMCID: PMC4021891 DOI: 10.3390/membranes2020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of enzymes is one of the most promising methods in enzyme performance enhancement, including stability, recovery, and reusability. However, investigation of suitable solid support in enzyme immobilization is still a scientific challenge. Polyethersulfone (PES) and aminated PES (PES–NH2) were successfully synthesized as novel materials for immobilization. Membranes with various pore sizes (from 10–600 nm) based on synthesized PES and PES–NH2 polymers were successfully fabricated to be applied as bioreactors to increase the immobilized lipase performances. The influence of pore sizes, concentration of additives, and the functional groups that are attached on the PES backbone on enzyme loading and enzyme activity was studied. The largest enzyme loading was obtained by Mucor miehei lipase immobilized onto a PES–NH2 membrane composed of 10% of PES–NH2, 8% of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and 5% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (872.62 µg/cm2). Hydrolytic activity of the immobilized lipases indicated that the activities of biocatalysts are not significantly decreased by immobilization. From the reusability test, the lipase immobilized onto PES–NH2 showed a better constancy than the lipase immobilized onto PES (the percent recovery of the activity of the lipases immobilized onto PES–NH2 and PES are 97.16% and 95.37%, respectively), which indicates that this novel material has the potential to be developed as a bioreactor for enzymatic reactions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Elferink VHM, Breitgoff D, Kloosterman M, Kamphuis J, van den Tweel WJJ, Meijer EM. Industrial developments in biocatalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19911100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Kallenberg A, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon R. Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase: The Key to Optimum Performance. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Pan JL, Syu MJ. Kinetic study on substrate and product inhibitions for the formation of 7-amino-3-deacetoxy cephalosporanic acid from cephalosporin G by immobilized penicillin G acylase. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Mohy Eldin M, Schroën C, Janssen A, Mita D, Tramper J. Immobilization of penicillin G acylase onto chemically grafted nylon particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Lummer K, Rieks A, Galunsky B, Kasche V. pH dependence of penicillin amidase enantioselectivity for charged substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1433:327-34. [PMID: 10446381 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pH dependence of E (enantiomeric ratio or enantioselectivity, a quantitative measure for enzyme stereospecificity) was studied for penicillin amidase catalysed hydrolysis of charged enantiomeric substrates. Theoretical analysis shows that a pH dependence can only be observed around the pK values of groups in the active site whose ionisation control the enzyme activity. For charged substrates that may perturb these pK values, a pH dependence of E is also expected. This was experimentally verified around these pK values. The S'(1)-stereospecificity of penicillin amidase was studied for the hydrolysis of the enantiomeric phenylacetyl-S/R-Phe and for the racemic phenylacetyl-S,R-PhG. The S(1)-stereospecificity was investigated for the hydrolysis of the enantiomeric S/R-PhG-NH(2). The observed pH modulation of E (more than 3-fold for the studied substrates in the pH range 4.5-9) was found to be a result of compensatory effects for binding and catalysis. The ratios k(cat, S)/k(cat,R) and K(m,S)/K(m,R) for the hydrolysis of the enantiomeric phenylacetyl-Phe were found to decrease from 1000 to 10 and from 0.1 to 0.01, respectively in the pH range 5-8. The dependence was stronger for the S'(1)- than for the S(1)-subsite. This is probably due to the stronger influence of the substrate carboxyl group in the S'(1)-subsite than that of the substrate amino group in the S(1)-subsite on the pK of the N-terminal Ser B1 that is essential for the activity. The observed pH dependence of E was used to discuss the importance of ground-state interactions for discrimination between enantiomers and for enzyme catalysis in general. The experimental results conform to the split site model according to which a better binding must not be fundamentally inhibitory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lummer
- Department of Biotechnology II, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestr. 15, D-21071, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carelli A, Borghi A, Carrano L, Gastaldo L, Marinelli F. Biotransformation of the lipoglycopeptide antibiotic A40926 byActinoplanes teichomyceticus cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
.Grabski AC, Coleman PL, Drtina GJ, Burgess RR. Immobilization of manganese peroxidase fromLentinula edodes on azlactone-functional polymers and generation of Mn3+ by the enzyme-polymer complex. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02788748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Farid MA, El Diwany AI, El Enshasy HA. Production of oxytetracycline and rifamycins B and SV with cells immobilized on glass wool. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Gbewonyo K, Buckland BC, Lilly MD. Development of a large-scale continuous substrate feed process for the biotransformation of simvastatin byNocardia s.p. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 37:1101-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260371116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Constantinides A, Mehta N. Periodic operation of immobilized live cell bioreactor for the production of candicidin. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 37:1010-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260371105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
Many advantages have been claimed over the years for the use of immobilised cells, both as enzyme systems and as whole viable cell systems for complete fermentation reactions. However, few of the claims have been fully substantiated, and may not even be entirely justified. Most research is involved with single applications and the best that can be hoped for is some evidence that immobilised cells in each of these individual cases display some advantage over the equivalent free cell system. The purpose of this review is to assess the merits of viable cell immobilisation in the light of published literature and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to the generally unanticipated, but widely observed enhanced stability of immobilised cell fermentation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Dervakos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heise S, Manecke G, Schroeter-Kermani C, Kleinkauf H. Covalent coupling of gramicidin S synthetase 2 to water-soluble copolymers. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 32:400-3. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260320322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Preparation and applications of immobilized microorganisms: a survey of recent reports. J Microbiol Methods 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(88)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Kasche V, Haufler U, Markowsky D, Melnyk S, Zeich A, Galunsky B. Penicillin amidase from E. coli. Enzyme heterogeneity and stability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 501:97-102. [PMID: 3300503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb45692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Vandamme EJ, Van Loo J, Machtelinckx L, De Laporte A. Microbial Sucrose Phosphorylase: Fermentation Process, Properties, and Biotechnical Applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Liou JK, Rousseau I. Mathematical model for internal pH control in immobilized enzyme particles. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986; 28:1582-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260281017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
30
|
Kasche V. Mechanism and yields in enzyme catalysed equilibrium and kinetically controlled synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics, peptides and other condensation products. Enzyme Microb Technol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
31
|
|