Immobilization of enzymes on crosslinked gelatin particles activated with various forms and complexes of titanium(IV) species

The application of conventional or magnetic materials to support immobilization of amylolytic enzymes for batch and continuous operation of starch hydrolysis processes

In the production of ethanol, starches are converted into reducing sugars by liquefaction and saccharification processes, which mainly use soluble amylases. These processes are considered wasteful operations as operations to recover the enzymes are not practical economically so immobilizations of amylases to perform both processes appear to be a promising way to obtain more stable and reusable enzymes, to lower costs of enzymatic conversions, and to reduce enzymes degradation/contamination. Although many reviews on enzyme immobilizations are found, they only discuss immobilizations of α-amylase immobilizations on nanoparticles, but other amylases and support types are not well informed or poorly stated. As the knowledge of the developed supports for most amylase immobilizations being used in starch hydrolysis is important, a review describing about their preparations, characteristics, and applications is herewith presented. Based on the results, two major groups were discovered in the last 20 years, which include conventional and magnetic-based supports. Furthermore, several strategies for preparation and immobilization processes, which are more advanced than the previous generation, were also revealed. Although most of the starch hydrolysis processes were conducted in batches, opportunities to develop continuous reactors are offered. However, the continuous operations are difficult to be employed by magnetic-based amylases.

Immobilization of carbohydrases on epoxide-, isocyanate-, acid chloride-, and carboxylic acid-activated plastic supports

Methods for the covalent immobilization of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase on to epoxide-, isocyanate-, acid chloride-, and carboxylic acid-activated plastic supports have been optimized. The effects of the following parameters have been examined: coupling time, pH, and temperature; availability of the free essential reacting groups on the supports; porosity of the supports; and enzyme loading. Properties of the immobilized enzymes, such as coupled activity and operational stability were assessed.