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Rezhdo O, West R, Kim M, Ng B, Saphier S, Carrier RL. Mathematical model of intestinal lipolysis of a long-chain triglyceride. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.592066. [PMID: 38746383 PMCID: PMC11092624 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.592066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are an important component of food and oral drug formulations. Upon release into gastrointestinal fluids, triglycerides, common components of foods and drug delivery systems, form emulsions and are digested into simpler amphiphilic lipids (e.g., fatty acids) that can associate with intestinal bile micelles and impact their drug solubilization capacity. Digestion of triglycerides is dynamic and dependent on lipid quantity and type, and quantities of other components in the intestinal environment (e.g., bile salts, lipases). The ability to predict lipid digestion kinetics in the intestine could enhance understanding of lipid impact on the fate of co-administered compounds (e.g., drugs, nutrients). In this study, we present a kinetic model that can predict the lipolysis of emulsions of triolein, a model long-chain triglyceride, as a function of triglyceride amount, droplet size, and quantity of pancreatic lipase in an intestinal environment containing bile micelles. The model is based on a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism coupled with quantitative analysis of partitioning of lipolysis products in colloids, including bile micelles, in solution. The agreement of lipolysis model predictions with experimental data suggests that the mechanism and proposed assumptions adequately represent triglyceride digestion in a simulated intestinal environment. In addition, we demonstrate the value of such a model over simpler, semi-mechanistic models reported in the literature. This lipolysis framework can serve as a basis for modeling digestion kinetics of different classes of triglycerides and other complex lipids as relevant in food and drug delivery systems.
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Cieh NL, Mokhtar MN, Baharuddin AS, Mohammed MAP, Wakisaka M. Progress on Lipase Immobilization Technology in Edible Oil and Fat Modifications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2172427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ng Lin Cieh
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhari Samsu Baharuddin
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Afandi P. Mohammed
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Minato Wakisaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Omar KA, Gounga ME, Liu R, Mlyuka E, Wang X. Effects of microbial lipases on hydrolyzed milk fat at different time intervals in flavour development and oxidative stability. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 53:1035-46. [PMID: 27162383 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interest in application of biocatalysis during natural milk fat flavours development has increased rapidly and lipases have become the most studied group in the development of bovine milk fat flavours. Lipozyme-435, Novozyme-435 and Thermomyces lanuginosus Immobilized (TL-IM) lipases were used to hydrolyze anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and anhydrous buffalo milk fat (ABF) and their volatile flavouring compounds were identified by solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) and then compared at three hydrolysis intervals. Both AMF and ABF after lipolysis produced high amount of butanoic and hexanoic acids and other flavouring compounds; however, highest amount were produced by Lipozyme-435 and Novozyme-435 followed by TL-IM. The hydrolyzed products were assessed by Rancimat-743 for oxidative stability and found both that, for AMF and ABF treated butter oil, Lipozyme-435 and TL-IM were generally more stable compared to Novozyme-435. For both AMF and ABF treated butter oil, Lipozyme-435 was observed to cause no further oxidation consequences which indicates Lipozyme-435 was stable during hydrolysis at 55 °C for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamis Ali Omar
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ; Department of Food Safety and Quality, Zanzibar Food and Drugs Board, P. O. Box 3595, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Mahamadou Elhadji Gounga
- Département des Sciences et Techniques de Productions Végétales, Faculté d'Agronomie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université Dan Dicko Dan Koulodo de Maradi, BP 465, Maradi, Niger
| | - Ruijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Erasto Mlyuka
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
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Stergiou PY, Foukis A, Filippou M, Koukouritaki M, Parapouli M, Theodorou LG, Hatziloukas E, Afendra A, Pandey A, Papamichael EM. Advances in lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1846-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Separation of FFA from Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil Hydrolysate by Means of Membrane Processing. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Hermansyah H, Wijanarko A, Kubo M, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Yonemoto T. Rigorous kinetic model considering positional specificity of lipase for enzymatic stepwise hydrolysis of triolein in biphasic oil–water system. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 33:787-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B. A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1298-315. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Ting W, Tung K, Giridhar R, Wu W. Application of binary immobilized Candida rugosa lipase for hydrolysis of soybean oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Hermansyah H, Kubo M, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Yonemoto T. Mathematical model for stepwise hydrolysis of triolein using Candida rugosa lipase in biphasic oil–water system. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Hill CG, Ghannouchi JS, Lopez-Hernandez A, Garcia HS. Selectivity Aspects of Lipolysis of Milkfat (Butteroil) by Immobilized Pregastric Esterases from Kid Goats and Lambs. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb08899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Chipasa KB, Medrzycka K. Behavior of lipids in biological wastewater treatment processes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:635-45. [PMID: 16491352 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipids (characterized as oils, greases, fats and long-chain fatty acids) are important organic components of wastewater. Their amount, for example, in municipal wastewater is approximately 30-40% of the total chemical oxygen demand. The concern over the behavior of lipids in biological treatment systems has led to many studies, which have evaluated their removal, but still the exact behavior of lipids in these processes is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of how lipids/fatty acids affect both aerobic and anaerobic processes and specific methods that have been used in an attempt to enhance their removal from wastewater. Overall, the literature shows that lipids/fatty acids are readily removed by biological treatment methods, inhibitory to microbial growth as well as the cause of foaming, growth of filamentous bacteria and floc flotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Chipasa
- Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952, Gdansk, Poland.
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Zeng L, Luo K, Gong Y. Preparation and characterization of dendritic composite magnetic particles as a novel enzyme immobilization carrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Stability analysis ofBacillus stearothermopilus L1 lipase fused with a cellulose-binding domain. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Panzavolta F, Soro S, D’Amato R, Palocci C, Cernia E, Russo M. Acetylenic polymers as new immobilization matrices for lipolytic enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Deng HT, Xu ZK, Huang XJ, Wu J, Seta P. Adsorption and Activity of Candida rugosa Lipase on Polypropylene Hollow Fiber Membrane Modified with Phospholipid Analogous Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:10168-73. [PMID: 15518509 DOI: 10.1021/la0484624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have recently been made toward the study of interactions of phospholipid with various enzymes. It seems that phospholipids may be directly involved in regulating the enzyme activity. In this work, three phospholipid analogous polymers (PAPs), containing hydrophobic octyloxy, dodecyloxy, and octadecyloxy groups (abbreviated as 8-PAP, 12-PAP, and 18-PAP, respectively), were tethered on polypropylene hollow fiber microfiltration membrane (PPHFMM) to create a biocompatible interface for lipase immobilization. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized on these PPHFMMs by adsorption. The adsorption capacity, activity, and thermal stability of enzyme on the PAP-modified PPHFMMs were compared with those of enzyme on the nascent ones. It was found that, as for the PAP-modified PPHFMMs, the adsorption capacities of lipase are lower than that of the nascent ones, while the activity retention of immobilized lipase increases from 57.5% to 74.1%, 77.5%, and 83.2% respectively for the 8-PAP-, 12-PAP-, and 18-PAP-modified PPHFMMs. In addition, the experimental results of thermal stability show that the residual activity of the immobilized lipase at 50 degrees C for 2 h is 62% for the 8-PAP-modified PPHFMM, 59% for the 12-PAP-modified PPHFMM, and 66% for the 18-PAP-modified PPHFMM, which are also higher than that of the nascent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Deng
- Institute of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Deng HT, Xu ZK, Liu ZM, Wu J, Ye P. Adsorption immobilization of Candida rugosa lipases on polypropylene hollow fiber microfiltration membranes modified by hydrophobic polypeptides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Deng HT, Xu ZK, Wu J, Ye P, Liu ZM, Seta P. A comparative study on lipase immobilized polypropylene microfiltration membranes modified by sugar-containing polymer and polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Hwang S, Lee KT, Park JW, Min BR, Haam S, Ahn IS, Jung JK. Stability analysis of Bacillus stearothermophilus L1 lipase immobilized on surface-modified silica gels. Biochem Eng J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(03)00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Hill C, Ghannouchi S, Garcia H. Lipolysis of Butter Oil by an Immobilized Kid Goat Pregastric Esterase. J Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Lessard LP, Hill CG. Production of lipolyzed butteroil by a calf pregastric esterase immobilized in a hollow fiber reactor: III. Effect of glycerol. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:323-33. [PMID: 12115421 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis of butter oil in a hollow fiber reactor containing an immobilized calf pregastric esterase was studied at 40 degrees C, a pH of 6.0, and glycerol concentrations of 0, 150, and 500 g/L in the buffer solution. The concentrations of 10 fatty acid species in the lipolyzed product were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The rate of loss of enzyme activity and the relative selectivities of this esterase depended on the glycerol concentration. By contrast, the overall rate of release of fatty acids was not affected by the glycerol concentration. Loss of enzyme activity was modeled using first-order kinetics. The models for deactivation and reaction kinetics were fit simultaneously to the data. The model was successful in describing the rates of release of all 10 fatty acid species for a range of space times from 0 to 25 h. The parameters of the model were tested for dependence on glycerol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 53706, USA
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22
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Simplified kinetics and thermodynamics of geraniol acetylation by lyophilized cells of Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Hill CG, Ghannouchi S, Garcia HS. Lipolysis of butter oil by immobilized lamb pregastric esterase: I. Uniresponse kinetics-pH and temperature effects. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:1034-43. [PMID: 11384029 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lamb pregastric esterase, immobilized by physical adsorption on microporous polypropylene in a hollow fiber reactor, has been employed to effect the continuous hydrolysis of the triglycerides in butter oil. Experimental data were obtained at temperatures from 35 to 45 degrees C and pH values from 5.5 to 6.5. The overall rate of hydrolysis was fastest at 40 degrees C and a pH of 6.0. Nonlinear regression methods were employed to determine the kinetic parameters of rate expressions based on a generic Ping-Pong Bi Bi mechanism. The best nonlinear fit of the data was consistent with a mechanism that assumes that acylation of the enzyme is the rate-limiting step in the hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
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Xu X, Balchen S, Jonsson G, Adler-Nissen J. Production of structured lipids by lipase-catalyzed interesterification in a flat membrane reactor. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-000-0164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Concentrates of DHA from fish oil by selective esterification of cholesterol by immobilized isoforms of lipase from Candida rugosa. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:443-450. [PMID: 10938424 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two lipases (Lip A and Lip B), were purified from a commercial lipase preparation produced by Candida rugosa and partially characterized. The purified lipases were immobilized on Duolite A 568 and used in the selective esterification of cholesterol with free fatty acids from sardine fish oil. The results showed that Lip A and Lip B preferentially esterified saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids allowing a 3.4-fold (Lip B, 24 h) and 4-fold (Lip A, 10 h) enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid in the remaining free fatty acid fraction. Selectivity towards eicosapentaenoic acid was less pronounced. By this selective esterification docosahexaenoic acid was concentrated from 7.4 to 32% with a recovery of 95% of its initial content in sardine fish oil.
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Paiva AL, Balcão VM, Malcata FX. Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by immobilized lipases*. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:187-204. [PMID: 10899543 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the kinetics of several modes of immobilization of lipases, on the mechanisms of reactions of activation of immobilized lipases, and on the kinetics and mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by immobilized lipases. A comprehensive overview of the state of the art pertaining to structural features of lipases is provided as an aid to understand immobilization, interfacial activation, and catalytic performance. General rate expressions are duly derived; more frequent simplifying assumptions are stated and the results thereof listed. Physicochemical and statistical significance of parameters in rate expressions fitted to experimental data are also discussed whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- AL Paiva
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Lessard LP, Hill CG. Effect of pH on the production of lipolyzed butter oil by a calf pregastric esterase immobilized in a hollow-fiber reactor: I. uniresponse kinetics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 69:183-95. [PMID: 10861397 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000720)69:2<183::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A calf pregastric esterase immobilized in a hollow-fiber reactor was employed to hydrolyze milkfat, thereby producing a lipolyzed butteroil. The reaction kinetics can be modeled by a two-parameter model of the general Michaelis-Menten form based on a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism; the rate of enzyme deactivation can be modeled as a first-order reaction. The initial concentration of accessible glyceride bonds, [G](O), was estimated by complete saponification of the substrate butteroil as 2400 mM. An extra sum of squares test indicated that not only the parameters of the kinetic generalized Michaelis-Menten model, but also the deactivation-rate constant varied significantly with pH. The optimum pH, for lypolysis is near 6.0 at a temperature of 40 degrees C because at this pH the rate of deactivation of the esterase is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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28
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Customizing lipases for biocatalysis: a survey of chemical, physical and molecular biological approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Decreasing consumption of high fat milk and dairy products is driving the dairy industry to seek other uses for increasing surplus of milkfat. Enzyme catalyzed modification of milkfat using lipases is receiving particular attention. This review examines lipase-mediated modification of milkfat. Especial attention is given to industrial applications of lipases for producing structured and modified milkfat for improved physical properties and digestibility, reduced caloric value, and flavor enhancement. Features associated with reactions such as hydrolysis, transesterification, alcoholysis and acidolysis are presented with emphasis on industrial feasibility, marketability and environmental concerns. Future prospects for enzyme catalyzed modification of milk fat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Balcão
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200 Porto, Portugal
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31
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32
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Fatty acid specificity of immobilized kid goat pre-gastric esterase: Effects of pH. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of studies reported in the literature pertaining to reactors containing lipases in immobilized forms, in a way that helps the reader direct a bibliographic search and develop an integrated perspective of the subject. Highlights are given to industrial applications of lipases (including control and economic considerations), as well as to methods of immobilization and configurations of reactors in which lipases are used. Features associated with immobilized lipase kinetics such as enzyme activities, adsorption properties, optimum operating conditions, and estimates of the lumped parameters in classical kinetic formulations (Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme action and first-order model for enzyme decay) are presented in the text in a systematic tabular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Balcão
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto
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35
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Garcia H, Yang B, Parkin K. Continuous reactor for enzymic glycerolysis of butteroil in the absence of solvent. Food Res Int 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(95)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Immobilization of pregastric esterases in a hollow fiber reactor for continuous production of lipolysed butteroil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0023-6438(95)94035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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39
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MARANGONI ALEJANDROG. Candida and Pseudomonas Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Butteroil in the Absence of Organic Solvents. J Food Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb08199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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