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Man PK, Cheung KL, Sangsiri N, Shek WJ, Wong KL, Chin JW, Chan TT, So RHY. Blood Pressure Measurement: From Cuff-Based to Contactless Monitoring. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10102113. [PMID: 36292560 PMCID: PMC9601911 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) determines whether a person has hypertension and offers implications as to whether he or she could be affected by cardiovascular disease. Cuff-based sphygmomanometers have traditionally provided both accuracy and reliability, but they require bulky equipment and relevant skills to obtain precise measurements. BP measurement from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals has become a promising alternative for convenient and unobtrusive BP monitoring. Moreover, the recent developments in remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) algorithms have enabled new innovations for contactless BP measurement. This paper illustrates the evolution of BP measurement techniques from the biophysical theory, through the development of contact-based BP measurement from PPG signals, and to the modern innovations of contactless BP measurement from rPPG signals. We consolidate knowledge from a diverse background of academic research to highlight the importance of multi-feature analysis for improving measurement accuracy. We conclude with the ongoing challenges, opportunities, and possible future directions in this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Kwan Man
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kit-Leong Cheung
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nawapon Sangsiri
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilfred Jin Shek
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Kwan-Long Wong
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Wei Chin
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Tai Chan
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard Hau-Yue So
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Žikić D, Žikić K. Wave propagation through a viscous fluid-filled elastic tube under initial pressure: theoretical and biophysical model. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:365-374. [PMID: 35618857 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The velocity of propagation of pulse waves through the arteries is one of the indicators of the health of the cardiovascular system. By measuring the pulse wave velocity, cardiologists estimate the elasticity of the blood vessel walls and the changes that occur with aging. When the Moens-Korteweg equation is used in analysis, it leads to an erroneous assessment. This paper presents the solution of Navier-Stokes equations for propagation of pulse waves through an elastic tube filled with viscous fluid under initial pressure. The equation for pulse wave velocity depending on viscosity, density and initial fluid pressure, density and elasticity of the wall and geometry of the tube is derived. The results of the equation were compared with experimental results measured using a biophysical model of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Žikić
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Katarina Žikić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Stojadinović B, Tenne T, Zikich D, Rajković N, Milošević N, Lazović B, Žikić D. Effect of viscosity on the wave propagation: Experimental determination of compression and expansion pulse wave velocity in fluid-fill elastic tube. J Biomech 2015; 48:3969-3974. [PMID: 26454712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The velocity by which the disturbance travels through the medium is the wave velocity. Pulse wave velocity is one of the main parameters in hemodynamics. The study of wave propagation through the fluid-fill elastic tube is of great importance for the proper biophysical understanding of the nature of blood flow through of cardiovascular system. The effect of viscosity on the pulse wave velocity is generally ignored. In this paper we present the results of experimental measurements of pulse wave velocity (PWV) of compression and expansion waves in elastic tube. The solutions with different density and viscosity were used in the experiment. Biophysical model of the circulatory flow is designed to perform measurements. Experimental results show that the PWV of the expansion waves is higher than the compression waves during the same experimental conditions. It was found that the change in viscosity causes a change of PWV for both waves. We found a relationship between PWV, fluid density and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stojadinović
- Biophysics Institute, School of Medicine, Belgrade University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamar Tenne
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Dragoslav Zikich
- Ella Institute for Melanoma Treatment and Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nemanja Rajković
- Biophysics Institute, School of Medicine, Belgrade University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Milošević
- Biophysics Institute, School of Medicine, Belgrade University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Lazović
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology Department, University Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Žikić
- Biophysics Institute, School of Medicine, Belgrade University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Abstract
Wave intensity analysis is a time domain method for studying waves in elastic tubes. Testing the ability of the method to extract information from complex pressure and velocity waveforms such as those generated by a wave passing through a mismatched elastic bifurcation is the primary aim of this research. The analysis provides a means for separating forward and backward waves, but the separation requires knowledge of the wave speed. The PU-loop method is a technique for determining the wave speed from measurements of pressure and velocity, and investigating the relative accuracy of this method is another aim of this research. We generated a single semi-sinusoidal wave in long elastic tubes and measured pressure and velocity at the inlet, and pressure at the exit of the tubes. In our experiments, the results of the PU-loop and the traditional foot-to-foot methods for determining the wave speed are comparable and the difference is on the order of 2.9+/-0.8%. A single semi-sinusoidal wave running through a mismatched elastic bifurcation generated complicated pressure and velocity waveforms. By using wave intensity analysis we have decomposed the complex waveforms into simple information of the times and magnitudes of waves passing by the observation site. We conclude that wave intensity analysis and the PU-loop method combined, provide a convenient, time-based technique for analysing waves in elastic tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Khir
- Department of Bioengineering, Physiological Flow Studies Group, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Pythoud F, Stergiopulos N, Meister JJ. Modeling of the wave transmission properties of large arteries using nonlinear elastic tubes. J Biomech 1994; 27:1379-81. [PMID: 7798288 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new, simple way of constructing elastic tubes which can be used to model the nonlinear elastic properties of large arteries. The tube models are constructed from a silicon elastomer (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning), which exhibits a nonlinear behavior with increased stiffness at high strains. Tests conducted on different tube models showed that, with the proper choice of geometric parameters, the elastic properties, in terms of area-pressure relation and compliance, can be similar to that of real arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pythoud
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Ecublens
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Papageorgiou GL, Jones NB. Hydraulic input impedance measurements in physical models of the arterial wall. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 1989; 11:471-7. [PMID: 2811346 DOI: 10.1016/0141-5425(89)90042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A white noise method was used to measure the hydraulic input impedance and transmission characteristics in physical models of an arterial system made of single, unbranched latex tubes. The experimentally obtained impedance curves show a rise in modulus and a positive phase at high frequencies in the absence of wave reflections. Using the impedance moduli in the presence of wave reflections, wave velocity and attenuation were calculated. The influence of wall nonlinearity on hydraulic impedance was also examined. It is concluded that, in the model used neither wave reflections nor wall nonlinearity can account for the deviations of the experimental impedance curves from the theoretically predicted ones. Impedance moduli in the presence of reflections may be used to study transmission characteristics (wave velocity and attenuation) of the model.
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Papageorgiou GL, Jones NB. Physical modelling of the arterial wall. Part 1: Testing of tubes of various materials. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 1987; 9:153-6. [PMID: 3573755 DOI: 10.1016/0141-5425(87)90027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tubes of various elastic materials were tested using a purpose-built apparatus to select those most appropriate for physical simulation of the arterial wall. The influences of temperature and longitudinal stress were measured in selected tubes. It was found that the static elasticity of latex tubes is close to that of the arterial wall for intraluminal pressures corresponding to the lower range of intra-arterial pressures.
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