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Mallette AJ, Shilpa K, Rimer JD. The Current Understanding of Mechanistic Pathways in Zeolite Crystallization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3416-3493. [PMID: 38484327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Zeolite catalysts and adsorbents have been an integral part of many commercial processes and are projected to play a significant role in emerging technologies to address the changing energy and environmental landscapes. The ability to rationally design zeolites with tailored properties relies on a fundamental understanding of crystallization pathways to strategically manipulate processes of nucleation and growth. The complexity of zeolite growth media engenders a diversity of crystallization mechanisms that can manifest at different synthesis stages. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of classical and nonclassical pathways associated with the formation of (alumino)silicate zeolites. We begin with a brief overview of zeolite history and seminal advancements, followed by a comprehensive discussion of different classes of zeolite precursors with respect to their methods of assembly and physicochemical properties. The following two sections provide detailed discussions of nucleation and growth pathways wherein we emphasize general trends and highlight specific observations for select zeolite framework types. We then close with conclusions and future outlook to summarize key hypotheses, current knowledge gaps, and potential opportunities to guide zeolite synthesis toward a more exact science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kumari Shilpa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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LU J, BARTHOLOMEEUSEN E, SELS B, SCHRYVERS D. Internal architecture of coffin-shaped ZSM-5 zeolite crystals with hourglass contrast unravelled by focused ion beam-assisted transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 2016; 265:27-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. LU
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | | | - B.F. SELS
- COK; KU Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - D. SCHRYVERS
- EMAT; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
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Lupulescu AI, Rimer JD. In situ imaging of silicalite-1 surface growth reveals the mechanism of crystallization. Science 2014; 344:729-32. [PMID: 24833388 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The growth mechanism of silicalite-1 (MFI zeolite) is juxtaposed between classical models that postulate silica molecules as primary growth units and nonclassical pathways based on the aggregation of metastable silica nanoparticle precursors. Although experimental evidence gathered over the past two decades suggests that precursor attachment is the dominant pathway, direct validation of this hypothesis and the relative roles of molecular and precursor species has remained elusive. We present an in situ study of silicalite-1 crystallization at characteristic synthesis conditions. Using time-resolved atomic force microscopy images, we observed silica precursor attachment to crystal surfaces, followed by concomitant structural rearrangement and three-dimensional growth by accretion of silica molecules. We confirm that silicalite-1 growth occurs via the addition of both silica molecules and precursors, bridging classical and nonclassical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Lupulescu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
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Lu J, Roeffaers MBJ, Bartholomeeusen E, Sels BF, Schryvers D. Intergrowth of components and ramps in coffin-shaped ZSM-5 zeolite crystals unraveled by focused ion beam-assisted transmission electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:42-49. [PMID: 24188095 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam (FIB), and transmission electron microscopy are combined to study the intergrowth of 90° rotational components and of ramps in coffin-shaped ZSM-5 crystals. The 90° rotational boundaries with local zig-zag features between different intergrowth components are observed in the main part of crystal. Also a new kind of displacement boundary is described. At the displacement boundary there is a shift of the unit cells along the boundary without a change in orientation. Based on lamellae prepared with FIB from different positions of the ramps and crystal, the orientation relationships between ramps and the main part of the crystal are studied and the three-dimensional morphology and growth mechanism of the ramp are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Lu
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bert F Sels
- COK, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Valtchev V, Bozhilov K, Smaihi M, Tosheva L. Room temperature synthesis: an efficient way for studying the zeolite formation. MOLECULAR SIEVES: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL ZEOLITE SYMPOSIUM (3RD FEZA) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(05)80324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Synthesis of zeolites and zeotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(05)80006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Valtchev VP, Bozhilov KN. Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Formation of FAU-Type Zeolite at Room Temperature. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048341c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin P. Valtchev
- Laboratoire de Matériaux Minéraux, UMR-7016 CNRS, ENSCMu, Université de Haute Alsace, 3, rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Krassimir N. Bozhilov
- Laboratoire de Matériaux Minéraux, UMR-7016 CNRS, ENSCMu, Université de Haute Alsace, 3, rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Kirschhock CEA, Ravishankar R, Jacobs PA, Martens JA. Aggregation Mechanism of Nanoslabs with Zeolite MFI-Type Structure. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992272y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. A. Kirschhock
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - R. Ravishankar
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - P. A. Jacobs
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J. A. Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Kirschhock CEA, Ravishankar R, Looveren LV, Jacobs PA, Martens JA. Mechanism of Transformation of Precursors into Nanoslabs in the Early Stages of MFI and MEL Zeolite Formation from TPAOH−TEOS−H2O and TBAOH−TEOS−H2O Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. A. Kirschhock
- Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - R. Ravishankar
- Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - L. Van Looveren
- Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - P. A. Jacobs
- Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J. A. Martens
- Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse, K.U. Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Watson JN, Iton LE, Keir RI, Thomas JC, Dowling TL, White JW. TPA−Silicalite Crystallization from Homogeneous Solution: Kinetics and Mechanism of Nucleation and Growth. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971531l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 0200; Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; and School of Physics and Electronic Systems Engineering, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Lennox E. Iton
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 0200; Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; and School of Physics and Electronic Systems Engineering, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Roland I. Keir
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 0200; Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; and School of Physics and Electronic Systems Engineering, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - John C. Thomas
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 0200; Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; and School of Physics and Electronic Systems Engineering, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Trevor L. Dowling
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 0200; Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; and School of Physics and Electronic Systems Engineering, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - John W. White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 0200; Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; and School of Physics and Electronic Systems Engineering, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
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Schoeman BJ. A high temperature in situ laser light-scattering study of the initial stage in the crystallization of TPA-silicalite-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-2449(96)00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Three-dimensional real-time observation of growth and dissolution of silicalite crystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(97)80571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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