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Li D, Lu B, Huang Z, Xu P, Zheng H, Yin Y, Xu H, Liu X, Chen L, Lou Y, Zhang X, Xiong F. A novel melphalan polymeric prodrug: preparation and property study. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:928-35. [PMID: 25037433 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of melphalan (Me), an anticancer drug for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, has been limited due to its poor water solubility, rapid elimination and lack of target specificity. To solve these problems, O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan-peptide-melphalan conjugates were synthesized and characterized. All polymeric prodrugs showed satisfactory water solubility. It was found that the molecular weight of O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan (O,N-CMCS) and the peptide spacer played a crucial role in controlling the drug content, diameter and drug release properties of O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan-peptide-melphalan conjugates. The studies of in vitro drug release and cell cytotoxicity by MTT assay revealed that, employing the polymeric conjugation strategy and using the peptides glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) as a spacer, the conjugates have good cathepsin X-sensitivity and lower toxicity and the drug release behavior improved remarkably. In conclusion, O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan-peptide-melphalan conjugates could be promising prodrugs for anticancer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Peihu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yihua Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Haixing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Yiceng Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xueqiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Fuliang Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Ma J, Wang S, Zhao M, Deng XS, Lee CK, Yu XD, Liu B. Therapeutic potential of cladribine in combination with STAT3 inhibitor against multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:255. [PMID: 21679466 PMCID: PMC3141773 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cladribine or 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) is a well-known purine nucleoside analog with particular activity against lymphoproliferative disorders, such as hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Its benefits in multiple myeloma (MM) remain unclear. Here we report the inhibitory effects of cladribine on MM cell lines (U266, RPMI8226, MM1.S), and its therapeutic potential in combination with a specific inhibitor of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Methods MTS-based proliferation assays were used to determine cell viability in response to cladribine. Cell cycle progression was examined by flow cytometry analysis. Cells undergoing apoptosis were evaluated with Annexin V staining and a specific ELISA to quantitatively measure cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments. Western blot analyses were performed to determine the protein expression levels and activation. Results Cladribine inhibited cell proliferation of MM cells in a dose-dependent manner, although the three MM cell lines exhibited a remarkably different responsiveness to cladribine. The IC50 of cladribine for U266, RPMI8226, or MM1.S cells was approximately 2.43, 0.75, or 0.18 μmol/L, respectively. Treatment with cladribine resulted in a significant G1 arrest in U266 and RPMI8226 cells, but only a minor increase in the G1 phase for MM1.S cells. Apoptosis assays with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining indicated that cladribine induced apoptosis of U266 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained with an apoptotic-ELISA showing that cladribine dramatically promoted MM1.S and RPMA8226 cells undergoing apoptosis. On the molecular level, cladribine induced PARP cleavage and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Meanwhile, treatment with cladribine led to a remarkable reduction of the phosphorylated STAT3 (P-STAT3), but had little effect on STAT3 protein levels. The combinations of cladribine and a specific STAT3 inhibitor as compared to either agent alone significantly induced apoptosis in all three MM cell lines. Conclusions Cladribine exhibited inhibitory effects on MM cells in vitro. MM1.S is the only cell line showing significant response to the clinically achievable concentrations of cladribine-induced apoptosis and inactivation of STAT3. Our data suggest that MM patients with the features of MM1.S cells may particularly benefit from cladribine monotherapy, whereas cladribine in combination with STAT3 inhibitor exerts a broader therapeutic potential against MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- International Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Edler M, Jakubowski N, Linscheid M. Quantitative determination of melphalan DNA adducts using HPLC - inductively coupled mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:507-16. [PMID: 16541389 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
For the quantification of Melphalan DNA adducts, an analytical approach based on the detection of phosphorus using liquid chromatography combined with inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed. In reaction mixtures of native 2'-deoxynucleotides-5'-monophosphates and Melphalan, which were separated using reversed phase chromatography, phosphate adducts were found as the most abundant modifications. Besides the phosphate adducts, several base alkylated adducts were observed. In calf thymus DNA incubated with Melphalan and enzymatically digested using Nuclease P1, the phosphate adducts as well as monoalkylated dinucleotides were found. The most abundant single Melphalan adduct observed in DNA was a ring-opened adenosine monophosphate. Some dinucleotide adducts and the adenosine adduct were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edler
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Ghias K, Ma C, Gandhi V, Platanias LC, Krett NL, Rosen ST. 8-Amino-adenosine induces loss of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and Akt kinase: role in induction of apoptosis in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:569-77. [PMID: 15827330 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a slowly proliferating B-cell malignancy that accumulates apoptosis-resistant and replication-quiescent cell populations, posing a challenge for current chemotherapeutics that target rapidly replicating cells. Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease in need of new therapeutic approaches. The purine nucleoside analogue, 8-amino-adenosine (8-NH2-Ado), exhibits potent activity in preclinical studies, inducing apoptosis in several multiple myeloma cell lines. This cytotoxic effect requires phosphorylation of 8-NH2-Ado to its triphosphate form, 8-amino-ATP, and results in a concomitant loss of endogenous ATP levels. Here, we show the novel effect of 8-NH2-Ado on the phosphorylation status of key cellular signaling molecules. Multiple myeloma cells treated with 8-NH2-Ado exhibit a dramatic loss of phosphorylation of several important signaling proteins, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt kinase. Cells depleted of ATP independent of 8-NH2-Ado do not exhibit the same decrease in phosphorylation of vital cellular proteins. Therefore, the significant shifts in endogenous ATP pools caused by 8-NH2-Ado treatment cannot account for the changes in phosphorylation levels. Instead, 8-NH2-Ado may influence the activity of select regulatory protein kinases and/or phosphatases, with preliminary data suggesting that protein phophatase 2A activity is affected by 8-NH2-Ado. The distinctive effect of 8-NH2-Ado on the phosphorylation status of cellular proteins is a novel phenomenon for a nucleoside analogue drug and is unique to 8-NH2-Ado among this class of drugs. The kinetics of 8-NH2-Ado-mediated changes in phosphorylation levels of critical prosurvival and apoptosis-regulating proteins suggests that the modulation of these proteins by dephosphorylation at early time points may be an important mechanistic step in 8-NH2-Ado-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom Ghias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Olson 8340, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. n-
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Krett NL, Davies KM, Ayres M, Ma C, Nabhan C, Gandhi V, Rosen ST. 8-Amino-adenosine is a potential therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1411.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of clonal B-cells that accounts for 10% of all hematologic malignancies. We have shown previously that a novel purine analogue, 8-chloro-adenosine, has significant activity for MM in preclinical studies. Objective: Using MM cell lines, we investigated the molecular mechanism of related congener of adenosine, 8-amino-adenosine (8-NH2-Ado). Methods: We employed biological and biochemical assays in MM cell lines to evaluate the clinical potential of 8-NH2-Ado. Results: In MM cell lines both sensitive and resistant to conventional chemotherapies, 8-NH2-Ado is cytotoxic, with IC50 ranging from 300 nmol/L to 3 μmol/L. A mouse leukemic cell line lacking adenosine kinase activity was resistant to 8-NH2-Ado, indicating that phosphorylation of 8-NH2-Ado to its triphosphate form is required for cytotoxicity. A 4-hour incubation of MM cells with 10 μmol/L analogue resulted in an accumulation of >7 mmol/L 8-NH2-ATP with a parallel decline in the endogenous ATP levels. Accumulation of 8-NH2-ATP was dependent on both exogenous concentration of 8-NH2-Ado and incubation time. The accumulation of 8-NH2-ATP was accompanied by a decrease in both RNA and DNA synthesis. The mechanism of 8-NH2-Ado-mediated cytotoxicity was due to apoptosis as measured by an increase in Annexin V binding, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in caspase activity, cleavage of caspase substrates, and an increase in cells with a sub-G1 DNA content. Conclusion: Based on these results, we conclude that 8-NH2-Ado may hold great potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Krett
- 1Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois and
| | - Katharine M. Davies
- 1Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois and
| | - Mary Ayres
- 2Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chunguang Ma
- 1Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois and
| | - Chadi Nabhan
- 1Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois and
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- 2Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven T. Rosen
- 1Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois and
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