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Kojić V, Bohač M, Bafti A, Pavić L, Salamon K, Čižmar T, Gracin D, Juraić K, Leskovac M, Capan I, Gajović A. Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Films with Polyvinylpyrrolidone Additive for Active Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells, Enhanced Stability and Electrical Conductivity. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164594. [PMID: 34443115 PMCID: PMC8401150 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we studied the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilization additive on optical and electrical properties of perovskite formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) polycrystalline thin films on ZnO nanorods (ZNR). FAPI (as an active layer) was deposited from a single solution on ZNR (low temperature processed electron transport layer) using a one-step method with the inclusion of an anti-solvent. The role of PVP in the formation of the active layer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements to observe the effect on morphology, while X-ray diffraction was used as a method to study the stability of the film in an ambient environment. The effect of the PVP additive on the optical and electrical properties of the perovskite thin films was studied via photoluminescence, UV-Vis measurements, and electrical impedance spectroscopy. We have demonstrated that PVP inclusion in solution-processed perovskite FAPI thin films prevents the degradation of the film in an ambient atmosphere after aging for 2 months. The inclusion of the PVP also improves the infiltration of FAPI perovskite into ZnO nanostructures, increases electrical conductivity and radiative recombination of the photo-generated charge carriers. These results show promising information for promoting PVP stabilized FAPI perovskites for the new generation of photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Kojić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Mario Bohač
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Arijeta Bafti
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Luka Pavić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Krešimir Salamon
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Tihana Čižmar
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Davor Gracin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Krunoslav Juraić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Mirela Leskovac
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ivana Capan
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Andreja Gajović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.K.); (M.B.); (L.P.); (K.S.); (T.Č.); (D.G.); (K.J.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Panžić I, Juraić K, Krstulović N, Šantić A, Belić D, Blažeka D, Plodinec M, Mandić V, Macan J, Hammud A, Ivanov D, Plaisier J, Willinger MG, Gracin D, Gajović A. ZnO@TiO 2 Core Shell Nanorod Arrays with Tailored Structural, Electrical, and Optical Properties for Photovoltaic Application. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213965. [PMID: 31683868 PMCID: PMC6864808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ZnO has prominent electron transport and optical properties, beneficial for photovoltaic application, but its surface is prone to the formation of defects. To overcome this problem, we deposited nanostructured TiO2 thin film on ZnO nanorods to form a stable shell. ZnO nanorods synthesized by wet-chemistry are single crystals. Three different procedures for deposition of TiO2 were applied. The influence of preparation methods and parameters on the structure, morphology, electrical and optical properties were studied. Nanostructured TiO2 shells show different morphologies dependent on deposition methods: (1) separated nanoparticles (by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in Ar), (2) a layer with nonhomogeneous thickness (by PLD in vacuum or DC reactive magnetron sputtering), and (3) a homogenous thin layer along the nanorods (by chemical deposition). Based on the structural study, we chose the preparation parameters to obtain an anatase structure of the TiO2 shell. Impedance spectroscopy shows pure electron conductivity that was considerably better in all the ZnO@TiO2 than in bare ZnO nanorods or TiO2 layers. The best conductivity among the studied samples and the lowest activation energy was observed for the sample with a chemically deposited TiO2 shell. Higher transparency in the visible part of spectrum was achieved for the sample with a homogenous TiO2 layer along the nanorods, then in the samples with a layer of varying thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Panžić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Krunoslav Juraić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikša Krstulović
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Šantić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Domagoj Belić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Damjan Blažeka
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Milivoj Plodinec
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vilko Mandić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Macan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Adnan Hammud
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Danail Ivanov
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jasper Plaisier
- Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34012 Basovizza (TS), Italy.
| | - Marc Gregor Willinger
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- ETH Zürich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Davor Gracin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andreja Gajović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Muchuweni E, Sathiaraj T, Nyakotyo H. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide thin films for optoelectronic applications. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00285. [PMID: 28413834 PMCID: PMC5384418 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-ring structured zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis and their structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the films’ hexagonal wurtzite phase with a preferred (002) grain orientation. The mean crystallite size calculated on the basis of the Debye-Scherrer model was 24 nm and a small dislocation density of 1.7×10−3 nm−2 was obtained, indicating the existence of few lattice defects and good crystallinity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed the film’s granular nature composed of rod-shaped and spherical nanoparticles which agglomerated to form micro-ring like film clusters on the film surface. The average transmittance in the visible region, optical band gap and Urbach energy were approximately 75–80%, 3.28 eV and 57 meV, respectively. The refractive index and extinction coefficient were determined using Swanepoel’s envelope method. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of small amounts of residual tensile stress and low density of defects in the ZnO thin films. This was consistent with XRD analysis. A low sheet resistivity (6.03×101 Ωcm) and high figure of merit (4.35×10−6 Ω−1) were obtained for our films indicating their suitability in optoelectronic applications.
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Nishino J, Ohshio S, Kamata K. Preparation of Zinc Oxide Films by Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-363-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractZnO and Al-doped ZnO films prepared using a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP-CVD) method were studied. The films were prepared on fused quartz substrates using bis(2,4-pentanedionato)zinc and tris(2,4-pentanedionato)aluminum which are inexpensive and stable source materials. The highly c-axis oriented ZnO films were grown on the substrates above 500°C. The minimum electrical resistivity of ρ=6.5×10−5Ωm was obtained for the ZnO film, and of ρ = 3.5×10−5Ωm was obtained for the ZnO:Al film.
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Habas SE, Platt HAS, van Hest MFAM, Ginley DS. Low-Cost Inorganic Solar Cells: From Ink To Printed Device. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6571-94. [PMID: 20973478 DOI: 10.1021/cr100191d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Habas
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Heather A. S. Platt
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Maikel F. A. M. van Hest
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David S. Ginley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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López Ibáñez R, Romero R, Martín F, Ramos-Barrado JR, Leinen D. ZnO thin films on aluminized steel by spray pyrolysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gregory BW, Norton ML, Stickney JL. Thin-layer electrochemical studies of the underpotential deposition of cadmium and tellurium on polycrystalline Au, Pt and Cu electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(90)80054-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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