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Palma-Guerrero J, Chancellor T, Spong J, Canning G, Hammond J, McMillan VE, Hammond-Kosack KE. Take-All Disease: New Insights into an Important Wheat Root Pathogen. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:836-848. [PMID: 33752966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Take-all disease, caused by the fungal root pathogen Gaeumannomyces tritici, is considered to be the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. Here we review the advances in take-all research over the last 15 years, focusing on the identification of new sources of genetic resistance in wheat relatives and the role of the microbiome in disease development. We also highlight recent breakthroughs in the molecular interactions between G. tritici and wheat, including genome and transcriptome analyses. These new findings will aid the development of novel control strategies against take-all disease. In light of this growing understanding, the G. tritici-wheat interaction could provide a model study system for root-infecting fungal pathogens of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
| | - Tania Chancellor
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jess Spong
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Gail Canning
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jess Hammond
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Vanessa E McMillan
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of sexual reproduction in the ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that is named after the specialized sacs or "asci" that hold the sexual spores. They have therefore also been referred to as the Sac Fungi due to these characteristic structures that typically contain four to eight ascospores. Ascomycetes are morphologically diverse and include single-celled yeasts, filamentous fungi, and more complex cup fungi. The sexual cycles of many species, including those of the model yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the filamentous saprobes Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, and Podospora anserina, have been examined in depth. In addition, sexual or parasexual cycles have been uncovered in important human pathogens such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, as well as in plant pathogens such as Fusarium graminearum and Cochliobolus heterostrophus. We summarize what is known about sexual fecundity in ascomycetes, examine how structural changes at the mating-type locus dictate sexual behavior, and discuss recent studies that reveal that pheromone signaling pathways can be repurposed to serve cellular roles unrelated to sex.
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Lebreton L, Gosme M, Lucas P, Guillerm-Erckelboudt AY, Sarniguet A. Linear relationship between Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) genotypic frequencies and disease severity on wheat roots in the field. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:492-9. [PMID: 17222147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate potential links existing between Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) population structure and disease development during polyetic take-all epidemics in sequences of Ggt host cereals, seven epidemics in fields with different cropping histories were monitored during the seasons 2001/2002 (two fields), 2002/2003 (two fields) and 2003/2004 (three fields). Take-all incidence and severity were measured at stem elongation and Ggt populations were characterized. The 73 isolates collected in the two fields in 2001/2002 were distributed into two multilocus genotypes, G1 and G2 according to amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. A monolocus molecular marker amplified by F-12 random amplification polymorphism DNA primer sizing between 1.9 and 2.0 kb that gave strictly the same distinction between the two multilocus genotypes was further applied to measure G1/G2 frequencies among Ggt populations in all fields (266 isolates). The ratios of G1 to G2 differed between fields with different cropping histories. A linear relationship between G2 frequency among Ggt populations and disease severity at stem elongation was measured during the three cropping seasons. When take-all decline was observed, G2 frequencies were low in first wheat crops, highest in short-term sequences and intermediate in longer sequences of consecutive crops of Ggt host cereals. This pattern could be the result of population selection by environmental conditions, in particular by microbial antagonism during the parasitic phase of the fungus. In order to better understand take-all epidemic dynamics, the distinction between these two genotypes could be a basis to develop models that link approaches of quantitative epidemiology and advances in population genetics of Ggt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lebreton
- INRA UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
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Lebreton L, Lucas P, Dugas F, Guillerm AY, Schoeny A, Sarniguet A. Changes in population structure of the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici during continuous wheat cropping. Environ Microbiol 2004; 6:1174-85. [PMID: 15479250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to assess the genetic structure of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) populations and test the hypothesis of an association between disease level in the field with changes in pathogen populations. A long-term wheat monoculture experiment, established since 1994, generated different take-all epidemics with varying the number of wheat crop successions in the 1999-2000 cropping season. Genetic polymorphism in Ggt populations was investigated over natural, local epidemics. Four populations of 30 isolates were isolated from necrotic wheat roots in a first, third, fourth, and sixth wheat crop in the same year. Each Ggt isolate was characterized with RAPD (Random Amplification Polymorphism DNA) markers and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) fingerprinting. Seventeen multilocus genotypes based on the combination of RAPD and AFLP markers were identified among all these populations. The 120 isolates were divided into two main groups, G1 and G2, according to bootstrap values higher than 86%, except for an unique isolate from the third wheat crop. Within each group, populations ranged between 93 and 100% similarity. Both groups included isolates collected from the first, third, fourth or sixth wheat crop. However, G1 group profiles dominated amongst isolates sampled in the first and the sixth wheat crops, whereas G2 group profiles largely dominated amongst isolates collected from the third and fourth wheat crops. Aggressiveness of group G2 (38%) was significantly greater than that of G1 (29.5%). These results suggest that changes in Ggt population structure occur during continuous wheat cropping. The distinction of two Ggt groups provides a simple basis for further spatio-temporal analysis of Ggt population during polyetic take-all decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lebreton
- INRA UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
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Freeman J, Ward E. Gaeumannomyces graminis, the take-all fungus and its relatives. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2004; 5:235-252. [PMID: 20565593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Take-all, caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. Many years of intensive research, reflected by the large volume of literature on take-all, has led to a considerable degree of understanding of many aspects of the disease. However, effective and economic control of the disease remains difficult. The application of molecular techniques to study G. graminis and related fungi has resulted in some significant advances, particularly in the development of improved methods for identification and in elucidating the role of the enzyme avenacinase as a pathogenicity determinant in the closely related oat take-all fungus (G. graminis var. avenae). Some progress in identifying other factors that may be involved in determining host range and pathogenicity has been made, despite the difficulties of performing genetic analyses and the lack of a reliable transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Freeman
- Wheat Pathogenesis Programme, Plant-Pathogen Interactions Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK
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Heavily-melanized variants of the sexual Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici are non-pathogenic and indistinguishable from the asexual, Phialophora state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756202006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Genetic drift and host-mediated selection cause genetic differentiation among Gaeumannomyces graminis populations infecting cereals in southern Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(08)61948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT We developed a method for inducing sexual outcrosses in the homothallic Ascomycete fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum). Strains were marked with different nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutations, and vegetative compatibility groups served as additional markers in some crosses. Strains with complementary nit mutations were cocultured on carrot agar plates. Ascospores from individual perithecia were plated on a minimal medium (MM) containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Crosses between different nit mutants segregated in expected ratios (3:1 nit(-):nit(+)) from heterozygous perithecia. Analysis of vegetative compatibility groups of progeny of two crosses indicated two and three vegetative incompatibility (vic) genes segregating, respectively. For rapid testing of sexual recombination between nit mutants, perithecia were inverted over MM to deposit actively discharged ascospores. Development of proto-trophic wild-type colonies was taken as evidence of sexual recombination. Strains of G. zeae group 2 from Japan, Nepal, and South Africa, and from Indiana, Kansas, and Ohio in the United States were sexually interfertile. Four group 1 strains were not interfertile among themselves or with seven group 2 strains. Attempts to cross G. zeae with representatives of F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. crookwellense, F. oxysporum, and three mating populations of G. fujikuroi were not successful.
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Characterization of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in Gaeumannomyces graminis and correlation of rDNA variation with G. graminis varieties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Epstein L, Kaur S, Goins T, Kwon YH, Henson JM. Production of hyphopodia by wild-type and three transformants of Gaeumannomyces graminisvar. graminis. Mycologia 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1994.12026375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Epstein
- Hilgard Hall, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Hilgard Hall, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Tresa Goins
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Young H. Kwon
- Hilgard Hall, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joan M. Henson
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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Pilgeram AL, Goins T, Henson JM. The fate of integrated DNA inGaeumannomyces graministransformants. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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