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Lin J, Lv H, Wang T, Tao H, Zhong Y, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Xie F, Zhuang G, Xu C, Chu Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Song T. The global distribution of the macrolide esterase EstX from the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily. Commun Biol 2024; 7:781. [PMID: 38944651 PMCID: PMC11214618 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics, pivotal in clinical therapeutics, are confronting resistance challenges mediated by enzymes like macrolide esterases, which are classified into Ere-type and the less studied Est-type. In this study, we provide the biochemical confirmation of EstX, an Est-type macrolide esterase that initially identified as unknown protein in the 1980s. EstX is capable of hydrolyzing four 16-membered ring macrolides, encompassing both veterinary (tylosin, tidipirosin, and tilmicosin) and human-use (leucomycin A5) antibiotics. It uses typical catalytic triad (Asp233-His261-Ser102) from alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily for ester bond hydrolysis. Further genomic context analysis suggests that the dissemination of estX is likely facilitated by mobile genetic elements such as integrons and transposons. The global distribution study indicates that bacteria harboring the estX gene, predominantly pathogenic species like Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are prevalent in 74 countries across 6 continents. Additionally, the emergence timeline of the estX gene suggests its proliferation may be linked to the overuse of macrolide antibiotics. The widespread prevalence and dissemination of Est-type macrolide esterase highlight an urgent need for enhanced monitoring and in-depth research, underlining its significance as an escalating public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Lin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lv
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongkun Tao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Tang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, 610081, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changwen Xu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tao Song
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China.
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Webb HE, Angulo FJ, Granier SA, Scott HM, Loneragan GH. Illustrative examples of probable transfer of resistance determinants from food animals to humans: Streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin. F1000Res 2017; 6:1805. [PMID: 29188021 PMCID: PMC5686510 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12777.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials contributes to selection and dissemination of bacterial resistance determinants that may be transferred to humans and constitute a global public health concern. Because of the continued emergence and expansion of antimicrobial resistance, combined with the lack of novel antimicrobial agents, efforts are underway to preserve the efficacy of current available life-saving antimicrobials in humans. As a result, uses of medically important antimicrobials in food animal production have generated debate and led to calls to reduce both antimicrobial use and the need for use. This manuscript, commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) to help inform the development of the WHO guidelines on the use of medically important antimicrobials in food animals, includes three illustrations of antimicrobial use in food animal production that has contributed to the selection-and subsequent transfer-of resistance determinants from food animals to humans. Herein, antimicrobial use and the epidemiology of bacterial resistance are described for streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin. Taken together, these historical and current narratives reinforce the need for actions that will preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie E. Webb
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Frederick J. Angulo
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, F-94701, France
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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van Hoek AHAM, Mevius D, Guerra B, Mullany P, Roberts AP, Aarts HJM. Acquired antibiotic resistance genes: an overview. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:203. [PMID: 22046172 PMCID: PMC3202223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review an overview is given on antibiotic resistance (AR) mechanisms with special attentions to the AR genes described so far preceded by a short introduction on the discovery and mode of action of the different classes of antibiotics. As this review is only dealing with acquired resistance, attention is also paid to mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons, which are associated with AR genes, and involved in the dispersal of antimicrobial determinants between different bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H. A. M. van Hoek
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the EnvironmentUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dik Mevius
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen URLelystad, Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentBerlin, Germany
| | - Peter Mullany
- Department of Microbial Diseases, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Adam Paul Roberts
- Department of Microbial Diseases, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Henk J. M. Aarts
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the EnvironmentUtrecht, Netherlands
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4
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Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC, Collignon P. Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6:733-50. [PMID: 18847409 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.5.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms for the efficient evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Modern food production facilitates the emergence and spread of resistance through the intensive use of antimicrobial agents and international trade of both animals and food products. The main route of transmission between food animals and humans is via food products, although other modes of transmission, such as direct contact and through the environment, also occur. Resistance can spread as resistant pathogens or via transferable genes in different commensal bacteria, making quantification of the transmission difficult. The exposure of humans to antimicrobial resistance from food animals can be controlled by either limiting the selective pressure from antimicrobial usage or by limiting the spread of the bacteria/genes. A number of control options are reviewed, including drug licensing, removing financial incentives, banning or restricting the use of certain drugs, altering prescribers behavior, improving animal health, improving hygiene and implementing microbial criteria for certain types of resistant pathogens for use in the control of trade of both food animals and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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5
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Insights into the environmental resistance gene pool from the genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant environmental isolate Escherichia coli SMS-3-5. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6779-94. [PMID: 18708504 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00661-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant pathogens of clinical and agricultural importance is a global public health concern. While antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine is known to contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, the impact of microbial communities and mobile resistance genes from the environment in this process is not well understood. Isolated from an industrially polluted aquatic environment, Escherichia coli SMS-3-5 is resistant to a record number of antimicrobial compounds from all major classes, including two front-line fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin), and in many cases at record-high concentrations. To gain insights into antimicrobial resistance in environmental bacterial populations, the genome of E. coli SMS-3-5 was sequenced and compared to the genome sequences of other E. coli strains. In addition, selected genetic loci from E. coli SMS-3-5 predicted to be involved in antimicrobial resistance were phenotypically characterized. Using recombinant vector clones from shotgun sequencing libraries, resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamide/trimethoprim was assigned to a single mosaic region on a 130-kb plasmid (pSMS35_130). The remaining plasmid backbone showed similarity to virulence plasmids from avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains. Individual resistance gene cassettes from pSMS35_130 are conserved among resistant bacterial isolates from multiple phylogenetic and geographic sources. Resistance to quinolones was assigned to several chromosomal loci, mostly encoding transport systems that are also present in susceptible E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli SMS-3-5 is therefore dependent both on determinants acquired from a mobile gene pool that is likely available to clinical and agricultural pathogens, as well, and on specifically adapted multidrug efflux systems. The association of antimicrobial resistance with APEC virulence genes on pSMS35_130 highlights the risk of promoting the spread of virulence through the extensive use of antibiotics.
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6
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Ahmed AM, Shimamoto T. A plasmid-encoded class 1 integron carryingsat, a putative phosphoserine phosphatase gene andaadA2from enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliO159 isolated in Japan. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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7
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Schroeder CM, White DG, Meng J. Retail meat and poultry as a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli. Food Microbiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(03)00074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Werner G, Hildebrandt B, Witte W. Aminoglycoside-streptothricin resistance gene cluster aadE-sat4-aphA-3 disseminated among multiresistant isolates of Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3267-9. [PMID: 11600397 PMCID: PMC90823 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.11.3267-3269.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-two Enterococcus faecium isolates of different origins highly resistant to nourseothricin and streptomycin were studied. Sequencing of a genomic fragment from two isolates identified a gene cluster, aadE-sat4-aphA-3, which has been isolated recently in staphylococci and Campylobacter coli. Patterns of digested PCR products of aadE-sat4-aphA-3 were identical for all isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Werner
- Wernigerode Branch, Robert Koch-Institute, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
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9
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Aarestrup FM. Association between the consumption of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and the occurrence of resistant bacteria among food animals. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 12:279-85. [PMID: 10493603 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)90059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are used in food animals for therapy and prophylaxis of bacterial infections and in feed to promote growth. The use of antimicrobial agents for food animals may cause problems in the therapy of infections by selecting for resistance among bacteria pathogenic for animals or humans. The emergence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes following the use of antimicrobial agents is relatively well documented and it seems evident that all antimicrobial agents will select for resistance. However, current knowledge regarding the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in food animals, the quantitative impact of the use of different antimicrobial agents on selection for resistance and the most appropriate treatment regimens to limit the development of resistance is incomplete. Surveillance programmes monitoring the occurrence and development of resistance and consumption of antimicrobial agents are urgently needed, as is research into the most appropriate ways to use antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine to limit the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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10
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Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC. The effects of antibiotic usage in food animals on the development of antimicrobial resistance of importance for humans in Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. Microbes Infect 1999; 1:639-44. [PMID: 10611741 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(99)80064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern food animal production depends on use of large amounts of antibiotics for disease control. This provides favourable conditions for the spread and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter and E. coli O157. The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance to antimicrobials used in human therapy is increasing in human pathogenic Campylobacter and E. coli from animals. There is an urgent need to implement strategies for prudent use of antibiotics in food animal production to prevent further increases in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in food-borne human pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter and E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Aarestrup
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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11
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Abstract
A global or European strategy should be developed to deal with increasing antimicrobial resistance. This strategy includes surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and monitoring of the use of antimicrobial agents in animals and humans. In animals, surveillance should be focussed on potential transfer of resistant, zoonotic, food-born pathogens and resistance genes to humans. In humans the surveillance should be clinically relevant. Guidelines for rational therapy should be implemented and 'antibiotic teams' should be installed in each hospital to evaluate the prescription of antibiotics and its compliance with guidelines. Keeping animals for food production involves the responsibility for their well being. This includes treatment of infections. However, the use of feed additive, growth-promoting antimicrobials related to therapeutics in human medicine, should be banned immediately. Research aimed at intervention strategies for antimicrobial resistance should be given a high priority with adequate financing both nationally and in Europe. Well co-ordinated European research programmes should have priority; this includes the need to install a European multidisciplinary scientific advisory group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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12
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Pukall R, Tschäpe H, Smalla K. Monitoring the spread of broad host and narrow host range plasmids in soil microcosms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Tietze E, Brevet J. Nucleotide sequence of the bacterial streptothricin resistance gene sat3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1263:176-8. [PMID: 7640311 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(95)00103-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the sat3 gene which encodes resistance of enteric bacteria to the antibiotic streptothricin is reported. A protein with a molecular mass of about 23 kDa is expressed from this gene. The sat3 gene is not obviously related to any one of the streptothricin resistance determinants identified so far among Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tietze
- Robert-Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
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14
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15
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Zähringer U, Voigt W, Seltmann G. Nourseothricin (streptothricin) inactivated by a plasmid pIE636 encoded acetyl transferase of Escherichia coli: location of the acetyl group. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 110:331-4. [PMID: 8394835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains harbouring the plasmid pIE636 are able to synthesize acetylcoenzyme A: streptothricin acetyltransferase (ACSAT). The (enzymatic) N-acetylation of streptothricin F is known to contribute significantly towards the loss of antibacterial activity. 13C-NMR analysis of [14C]N-acetyl-labelled streptothricin F, produced by ACSAT-catalysed acetylation of streptothricin F and subsequent purification by various chromatographical steps, unequivocally revealed streptothricin F to be acetylated at the beta-amino group (C16) (and not at the epsilon-amino group (C19)).
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zähringer
- Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Institut für Experimentelle Biologie und Medizin, FRG
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16
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Krügel H, Fiedler G, Smith C, Baumberg S. Sequence and transcriptional analysis of the nourseothricin acetyltransferase-encoding gene nat1 from Streptomyces noursei. Gene 1993; 127:127-31. [PMID: 8486278 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90627-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the nucleotide (nt) sequence of nat1, a gene encoding nourseothricin (Nc) acetyltransferase (AT) from Streptomyces noursei, and its transcriptional start point (tsp). The nt sequence upstream from the coding region is completely different from that of the stat gene (encoding streptothricin AT) from Streptomyces lavendulae [S. Horinouchi, K. Furuya, M. Nishiyama, H. Suzuki and T. Beppu, J. Bacteriol. 169 (1987) 1929-1937], even though the nt sequences of the two genes and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the two enzymes show a high degree of similarity. Another stat gene, derived from a Gram-negative plasmid, showed only deduced aa similarity, but not nt sequence similarity, to the above two. A database search for related aa sequences did not reveal any clear-cut homologies to other types of protein. A multiple aa sequence alignment of several ATs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Krügel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hans Knöll Institute for Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany
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SMALLA K, PRAGER R, ISEMANN M, PUKALL R, TIETZE E, ELSAS JDVAN, TSCHÄPE H. Distribution of streptothricin acetyltransferase encodi determinants among environmental bacteria. Mol Ecol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1993.tb00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Böttcher I, Jacob J. The occurrence of high-level streptothricin resistance in thermotolerant campylobacters isolated from the slurry of swine and the environment. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1992; 277:467-73. [PMID: 1338941 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on the occurrence of streptothricin resistance (MIC > 400 micrograms/ml) in Campylobacter spp. The majority of resistant strains has been typed as C. coli by biotyping and SDS disc electrophoresis of bacterial whole cell proteins. The resistance to streptothricin was strongly connected with resistance to kanamycin (100%) and tetracycline (80%). As an important source of streptothricin-resistant Campylobacter strains we localized slurry of swine previously fed with feed containing streptothricins. Additionally, such strains could also be isolated from river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Böttcher
- Federal Health Office, Institute for Water-, Soil and Air Hygiene, Bad Elster, Germany
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19
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Seltmann G. Resistance of Escherichia coli to nourseothricin (streptothricin): sensitization of resistant strains by abolition of its outer membrane resistance. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1992; 276:143-51. [PMID: 1313718 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The polycationic antibiotic, nourseothricin, represents a mixture of several streptothricins, mainly D and F. The molecular weight of the latter compound amounts to 486. Obviously, although very slowly, it can pass the outer membrane via the porin pores. It has been shown earlier that nourseothricin is able to generate some kind of channels into the outer membrane through which it can pass the cell wall. On the other hand, there were indications that resistant strains containing a streptothricin-inactivating acetyl transferase possess an additional protecting system, namely a reduced penetrability of the outer membrane. In this study, it could be shown that such strains indeed could be rendered sensitive by damaging the barrier function of the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Seltmann
- Robert-Koch-Institut des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Wernigerode
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20
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Bennett PM, Hawkey PM. The future contribution of transposition to antimicrobial resistance. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18 Suppl A:211-21. [PMID: 1679786 DOI: 10.1016/0195-6701(91)90026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is commonplace in clinical bacterial isolates. Many of the resistance genes are transposon-borne and have the potential for rapid dispersal throughout the bacterial kingdom. Resistance genes are constantly subject to mutation and reassortment. Given appropriate selection pressure, the new resistance determinants can emerge rapidly to pose significant treatment problems. It seems likely that in the future bacterial resistance will continue to be a problem, both with respect to current antibiotics and to new ones and that transposon-borne resistance genes will continue to figure prominently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, UK
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21
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Tietze E, Brevet J. The trimethoprim resistance transposon Tn7 contains a cryptic streptothricin resistance gene. Plasmid 1991; 25:217-20. [PMID: 1656477 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(91)90015-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transposon Tn7 codes for a trimethoprim resistance and for a streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance function of the bacterial host cells. Cloning of a restriction fragment of Tn7 into the vector plasmid pUC19 reveals the presence in Tn7 of an additional potential resistance determinant. A streptothricin resistance gene, which appears cryptic in the original Tn7 context becomes activated in the recombinant plasmid upon supplying the promoter function of the lacZ system of pUC19. These results together with previously published sequence data further disclose the modular character in the resistance gene regions of Tn7-like transposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tietze
- Institut des Sciences Végétales, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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22
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Tietze E, Tschäpe H, Golubev AV. DNA probes for studying streptothricin resistance evolution in enteric bacteria. J Basic Microbiol 1990; 30:279-87. [PMID: 2166786 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Probes for the detection of streptothricin resistance genes have been derived from recombinant plasmids. These include the streptothricin resistance gene probe sat 1/2 derived from Tn 1826 and specific for both the sat-1 determinant of Tn 1825 and the sat-2 determinant of Tn 1826, and the probe sat D derived from and specific for the sat-1 determinant of transposon Tn 1825. A third streptothricin resistance gene probe, sat 3, represents the streptothricin resistance determinant sat-3 of the IncQ R plasmid pIE639. Hybridization studies did not reveal any sequence homology between sat-3 and the transposon-localized sat-1 and sat-2 determinants. Moreover, non of the different sat-determinants isolated from plasmids of gram negative bacteria hybridized with the analogous resistance determinant of Streptomyces noursei, which had been cloned and named nat by Krügel et al. (Gene, 1988, 62, 209-214). The sat 1/2 probe in combination with the sat D probe proved to be suitable for the identification and the differentiation of sat-1 and sat-2 determinants in different genetic environments. Streptothricin resistance genes related to those present on transposons Tn 1825 and Tn 1826 have been detected by hybridization with the probe sat 1/2 on plasmids isolated a long time ago before the application of streptothricins. The sat-3 determinant appears to be exclusively associated with the IncQ plasmid pIE639.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tietze
- Institut für Experimentelle Epidemiologie, Wernigerode, G.D.R
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Tietze E, Tschäpe H, Voigt W. Characterization of new resistance plasmids belonging to incompatibility group IncQ. J Basic Microbiol 1989; 29:695-706. [PMID: 2698955 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620291013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
New IncQ R plasmids, pIE639 and pIE723, are characterized and compared to the prototype IncQ plasmid RSF1010. Additional resistance determinants not common on other R plasmids are located on small stretches of DNA interspacing essential regions at different positions in an otherwise unchanged core of IncQ plasmid DNA. The contribution of IncQ plasmids to resistance evolution in bacteria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tietze
- Institut für Experimentelle Epidemiologie, Wernigerode, DDR
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24
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Seltmann G. Resistance of Escherichia coli to nourseothricin (streptothricin): reduced penetrability of the cell wall as an additional, possibly unspecific mechanism. J Basic Microbiol 1989; 29:449-61. [PMID: 2557408 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620290716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of E. coli strains to the antibiotic nourseothricin is known to be caused by an acetyltransferase acetylating the beta-lysine chain of the antibiotic. In addition, most of the resistant strains exhibit reduced penetrability of the outer membrane, presumably caused by a reduced amount of available negative charges. This was shown using crystal violet, Congo red, or the hydrophobic antibiotic novobiocin as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Seltmann
- Institute of Experimental Epidemiology, Wernigerode, DDR
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25
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Seltmann G. Biochemical aspects of the resistance to nourseothricin (streptothricin) of Escherichia coli strains. J Basic Microbiol 1989; 29:547-59. [PMID: 2559963 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620290820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In most cases Escherichia coli strains phenotypically resistant against nourseothricin (streptothricin) harbour a plasmid which codes for an acetyltransferase. This enzyme transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A to an amino group of the beta-lysine (peptide) chain of the antibiotic, thus inactivating it. Additionally, the penetrability for nourseothricin of the cell wall is drastically reduced in a high percentage of the resistant strains. Both resistance mechanisms seem to be independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Seltmann
- Institute of Experimental Epidemiology, Wernigerode, DDR
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26
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Krügel H, Fiedler G, Haupt I, Sarfert E, Simon H. Analysis of the nourseothricin-resistance gene (nat) of Streptomyces noursei. Gene X 1988; 62:209-17. [PMID: 2835292 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene (nat) conferring resistance to the streptothricin antibiotic nourseothricin (Nc) was cloned from the producer Streptomyces noursei into Streptomyces lividans on the vector pIJ702 to form pNAT1. The nat gene was localized on a 1-kb SalI-MboI fragment, which also carries the nat promoter. Divergent promoter activity from the nat promoter region was identified on the cloned fragment using promoter probe plasmids pIJ486 and pIJ487. The nat gene is not expressed from its own promoter in Escherichia coli as shown by its failure to promote cat expression in promoter-less plasmid pBB100 and by the expression of NcR in only one orientation, when cloned in pUC19. In S. lividans 7A, harbouring plasmid pNAT1, an Nc-acetylating activity (NAT) was associated with the cloned resistance gene. The substrate specificity of NAT correlated well with the substrate range of the acetyltransferase in S. noursei and Tn1825-determined streptothricin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, an extract of S. lividans carrying pNAT1 showed specific serological cross-reactivity with an extract of E. coli carrying Tn1825.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Krügel
- Central Institute of Microbiology and Experimental Therapy, Academy of Sciences of GDR, Jena
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27
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Tietze E, Brevet J, Tschäpe H, Voigt W. Cloning and preliminary characterization of the streptothricin resistance determinants of the transposons Tn1825 and Tn1826. J Basic Microbiol 1988; 28:129-36. [PMID: 2845048 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620280116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptothricin resistance determinants have been cloned from the transposons Tn1825 and Tn1826 to the vector plasmid pUC8. The recombinant plasmids were characterized with respect to their physical structure. The resistance properties of their hosts were characterized with respect to the minimal inhibitory concentration of streptothricin and the activity of the streptothricin acetyltransferase. The proteins encoded by the cloned resistance determinants were analysed in a maxicell system. The results of our investigations suggest that the resistance to streptothricin is mediated by the activity of a streptothricin acetyltransferase with both, Tn1825 and Tn1826. However, the resistance determinant of Tn1825 is more complex than Tn1826 and additional functions involved in realizing the resistance phenotype must be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tietze
- Institut für Experimentelle Epidemiologie, DDR, Wernigerode
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28
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Tietze E, Brevet J, Tschäpe H. Relationships among the streptothricin resistance transposons Tn1825 and Tn1826 and the trimethoprim resistance transposon Tn7. Plasmid 1987; 18:246-9. [PMID: 2832865 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(87)90067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The streptothricin resistance transposons Tn1825 and Tn1826 are closely related, based on physical and genetic characteristics, to the trimethoprim resistance transposon Tn7. These transposons may be considered to be members of a transposon family sharing in common the transposition functions and a basic streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance determinant but differing from one another with respect to particular additional resistance genes inserted to the left of the aadA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tietze
- Institut für Experimentelle Epidemiologie, Wernigerode, German Democratic Republic
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29
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Seltmann G, Wolter EJ. Effect of nourseothricin (streptothricin) on the outer membrane of sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli strains. J Basic Microbiol 1987; 27:139-46. [PMID: 3040961 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620270305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nourseothricin (streptothricin) causes disturbances (perforations) in the outer membrane of sensitive E. coli strains allowing lysozyme and deoxycholate, but not the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase to penetrate. EDTA slightly increases, but Mg++ ions slightly decrease this effect. The cell walls of three from four nourseothricin-resistant strains do not become permeable under these conditions, but remain sensitive against TRIS/EDTA. Nourseothricin is supposed to pass the outer membrane of sensitive bacteria via some kind of "self-promoting" pathway. This way can (but need not) be blocked in resistant strains.
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30
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31
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Hummel R, Tschäpe H, Witte W. Spread of plasmid-mediated nourseothricin resistance due to antibiotic use in animal husbandry. J Basic Microbiol 1986; 26:461-6. [PMID: 3033194 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620260806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After using of the streptothricin antibiotic nourseothricin in animal husbandry for growth promotion, plasmid-borne resistance to streptothricin could be observed in E. coli from nourseothricin fed pigs, from employees in pig farms and from their family members. Moreover, streptothricin resistance plasmids also occurred in E. coli of man without any contact to pig farms (gut flora and even urinary tract infections). However, these individuals live in villages and towns of the territory where nourseothricin was applied to pigs. Similar streptothricin resistance plasmids belonging to different incompatibility groups were found in both E. coli from pigs and E. coli from human beings. As no coselection of resistance to drugs indispensable for therapeutic use in man was observed, the application of nourseothricin in animal husbandry has not clinical implication for human medicine yet. Nevertheless, this problem remains under further investigation.
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32
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Haupt I, Thrum H, Noack D. Self-resistance of the nourseothricin-producing strain Streptomyces noursei. J Basic Microbiol 1986; 26:323-8. [PMID: 3027297 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620260604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nourseothricin producer Streptomyces noursei is resistant to its own antibiotic in submerged as well as in surface culture. The strain shows no cross-resistance to miscoding inducing aminoglycoside antibiotics. Cell free extracts of Streptomyces noursei inactivate nourseothricin by enzymatic acetylation. The pattern of cross-resistance of Streptomyces noursei correlates well with the substrate specificity of the nourseothricin acetyltransferase. Furthermore, the acetyltransferase activity parallels the resistance level in nourseothricin-producing strains and nonproducing mutants. The results suggest that the nourseothricin acetyltransferase is important in the self-defence strategy of the nourseothricin-producing strain.
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33
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Seltmann G. [Nourseothricin (streptothricin) inactivated by plasmid pIE 636-encoded acetyltransferase: detection of N-acetyl-beta-lysine in the inactivated product]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1985; 260:421-2. [PMID: 3010602 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(85)80061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nourseothricin (streptothricin) can be inactivated by an acetyl transferase synthesized by E. coli strains containing plasmid pIE 636. Nourseothricin inactivated in the presence of 14C-acetyl-coenzyme A was purified and submitted to partial acidic hydrolysis. By electrophoresis of the hydrolysate a 14C-containing substance moving only slowly towards the cathode could be isolated. This substance after complete hydrolysis yields only unlabelled beta-lysine.
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34
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Seltmann G, Wolter EJ. Localization of a streptothricin acetyl transferase in cells of Escherichia coli K-12. J Basic Microbiol 1985; 25:197-201. [PMID: 2989481 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620250310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptothricin acetyl transferase coded for by plasmids pIE636 and pIE637 in Escherichia coli K-12 was found to be located at the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane.
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