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In utero heat stress alters postnatal phenotypes in swine. Theriogenology 2020; 154:110-119. [PMID: 32540511 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal environment influences offspring health and development, and this is readily apparent when considering the well-described effects of maternal nutrition and stress on the postnatal metabolism, neural function, and stress response of progeny. Moreover, in laboratory species, sheep, and humans, the effects of in utero heat stress on offspring development have been described in detail for >50 years. Despite our extensive knowledge of the postnatal phenotypes elicited by in utero stressors, the carryover effects of in utero heat stress in pigs have only recently begun to be elucidated. The effects of climate change on increasing global temperatures, combined with greater metabolic heat production in modern swine, has increased heat stress susceptibility in pigs. Greater heat stress susceptibility can negatively affect swine welfare and performance and may impact future generations of pigs through in utero heat stress. Pigs exposed to in utero heat stress develop a variety of postnatal phenotypes that prevent profitable production, and compromise health, and welfare in commercial production systems. Specifically, in utero heat stress alters the postnatal stress response, core body temperature, response to an immune challenge, and is teratogenic. In addition, in utero heat stress changes postnatal body composition through reduced lean and increased adipose tissue accretion rates, respectively. Furthermore, in utero heat stress reduces piglet birth weight, body weight gain, and reproductive efficiency. Although the economic impact of in utero heat stress in pigs has yet to be determined, it likely rivals the postnatal consequences of heat stress and is a threat to the global sustainability of swine production.
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Johnson JS, Baumgard LH. PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Postnatal consequences of in utero heat stress in pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:962-971. [PMID: 30534960 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal heat stress negatively impacts pig productivity and well-being as animals attempt to manage the resultant strain response. This is especially true when postnatal heat stress is combined with production stressors (e.g., mixing, weaning, transport, handling, and isolation) that have the potential to increase disease occurrence, morbidity and mortality. While pigs can utilize adaptive physiological mechanisms to compensate, these are often unfavorable to efficient livestock production. Specifically, postnatal heat stress decreases weight gain, reduces growth and production efficiency, alters carcass composition, and increases morbidity and mortality. Consequently, decreased animal performance constrains profitability and affects economic sustainability. In addition to the negative effects of postnatal heat stress, prenatal heat stress has long-term consequences that may compromise future piglet well-being and performance. Pigs gestated under heat stress conditions have an increased postnatal stress response and an increase in maintenance energy requirements. Furthermore, prenatal heat stress decreases swine birth weight, and increases teratogenicity, core body temperature set-point, and alters postnatal body composition (more adipose tissue and less skeletal muscle). Taken together, the effects of heat stress during pre- and postnatal pig development negatively influences productivity and well-being, a scenario that threatens the sustainability of global swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
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Davenport MH, Yoo C, Mottola MF, Poitras VJ, Jaramillo Garcia A, Gray CE, Barrowman N, Davies GA, Kathol A, Skow RJ, Meah VL, Riske L, Sobierajski F, James M, Nagpal TS, Marchand AA, Slater LG, Adamo KB, Barakat R, Ruchat SM. Effects of prenatal exercise on incidence of congenital anomalies and hyperthermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:116-123. [PMID: 30337347 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between exercise and incidence of congenital anomalies and hyperthermia. DESIGN Systematic review with random-effects meta-analysis . DATA SOURCES Online databases were searched from inception up to 6 January 2017. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies of all designs were eligible (except case studies and reviews) if they were published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone ["exercise-only"] or in combination with other intervention components [e.g., dietary; "exercise + co-intervention"]), comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise) and outcome (maternal temperature and fetal anomalies). RESULTS This systematic review and meta-analysis included 'very low' quality evidence from 14 studies (n=78 735) reporting on prenatal exercise and the odds of congenital anomalies, and 'very low' to 'low' quality evidence from 15 studies (n=447) reporting on maternal temperature response to prenatal exercise. Prenatal exercise did not increase the odds of congenital anomalies (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.95, I2=0%). A small but significant increase in maternal temperature was observed from pre-exercise to both during and immediately after exercise (during: 0.26°C, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.40, I2=70%; following: 0.24°C, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.31, I2=47%). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that moderate-to-vigorous prenatal exercise does not induce hyperthermia or increase the odds of congenital anomalies. However, exercise responses were investigated in most studies after 12 weeks' gestation when the risk of de novo congenital anomalies is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Courtney Yoo
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle F Mottola
- R Samuel McLaughlin Foundation-Exercise and Pregnancy Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Children's Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Casey E Gray
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Barrowman
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory A Davies
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amariah Kathol
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel J Skow
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victoria L Meah
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Laurel Riske
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frances Sobierajski
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marina James
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Taniya S Nagpal
- R Samuel McLaughlin Foundation-Exercise and Pregnancy Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Children's Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andree-Anne Marchand
- Department of Anatomy, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linda G Slater
- John W Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristi B Adamo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruben Barakat
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie-May Ruchat
- Department of Human Kinetics, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada
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Jensen PM, Sørensen M. Differences in human birth weight and corollary attributes as a result of temperature regime. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40:385-95. [PMID: 23803160 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.786757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth weight (BW) is an important attribute of human populations affecting post-natal mortality and later life morbidity, such as diabetes and reduced cognitive skills. BW is influenced by many factors, whereof temperature regime represents an important factor. METHODS By applying a generalized linear model, the impact of temperatures, altitude, nutrition, age at motherhood and other potential causes for BW variation were evaluated in more than 60 countries worldwide. National IQ scores were analysed in the same model. RESULTS This study identified a model explaining 2/3 of the global variation in BW. This model suggests that BW will decrease by 0.44-1.05% per °C increase in temperature under projected climate change. National IQ scores revealed a close relationship between IQ and BW. However, the model of IQ variation did not appear robust when challenged with variables not correlated with BW. CONCLUSION Climate change will affect BW, but it cannot be assumed that other human attributes such as IQ will change because (i) BW, in mainly being sensitive to intra-uterine conditions in the last quarter of pregnancy, is a poor predictor of intra-uterine conditions as such and (ii) developmental plasticity may require post-natal stimuli to unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Jensen
- Department for Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark and
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Abstract
An episode of hyperthermia is not uncommon during pregnancy. The consequences depend on the extent of temperature elevation, its duration, and the stage of development when it occurs. Mild exposures during the preimplantation period and more severe exposures during embryonic and fetal development often result in prenatal death and abortion. Hyperthermia also causes a wide range of structural and functional defects. The central nervous system (CNS) is most at risk probably because it cannot compensate for the loss of prospective neurons by additional divisions by the surviving neuroblasts and it remains at risk at stages throughout pre- and postnatal life. In experimental animals the most common defects are of the neural tube, microphthalmia, cataract, and micrencephaly, with associated functional and behavioral problems. Defects of craniofacial development including clefts, the axial and appendicular skeleton, the body wall, teeth, and heart are also commonly found. Nearly all these defects have been found in human epidemiological studies following maternal fever or hyperthermia during pregnancy. Suggested future human studies include problems of CNS function after exposure to influenza and fever, including mental retardation, schizophrenia, autism, and cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall J Edwards
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Although maternal fever has been implicated as a human teratogen in several studies, no prospective study has adequately addressed the full spectrum of birth outcomes following such exposure in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not maternal fever is associated with an increased risk for structural malformations, prematurity, growth retardation, or pregnancy loss. Using a prospective cohort study design, we ascertained women who had called the California Teratogen Information Service and Clinical Research Program between 1979-1996 with questions regarding fever in a current pregnancy. Of these women, 115 who reported a fever of at least 38.9 degrees C lasting for at least 24 h (high fever group) and 147 women who reported a fever of either less than 38.9 degrees C or lasting less than 24 h (low fever group) were enrolled in the cohort. An additional 298 pregnant women who reported having no fever at any time in pregnancy were enrolled in a control group. All pregnancies were followed in a similar fashion, and outcomes were compared among the three groups. The combined prevalence of all major structural malformations was increased, but not significantly so, in the offspring of women who had a high fever in the first trimester of pregnancy compared to those with a lower fever or to controls (relative risk 1.80 for high fever group compared to controls; 95% confidence interval, 0.54, 6.03; relative risk 1.21 for low fever group compared to controls; 95% confidence interval, 0.36, 4.03). However, 2/34 or 5.9% of women who had a high fever during the critical period for neural tube closure carried fetuses with anencephaly compared to none in the low fever group or controls. Specific minor defects were found more frequently in the high fever group compared to controls and were consistent with the pattern of defects previously reported in a retrospective case series. In addition, stillbirth occurred more frequently in the high fever group compared to controls (2.6% vs. 0%). These data support the conclusion that high maternal fever early in pregnancy is a human teratogen. Women who experience fevers of 38.9 degrees C or higher for extended periods of time in the first month of pregnancy should be considered at increased risk for neural tube defects and should be provided appropriate counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92103, USA
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Edwards MJ. Hyperthermia as a teratogen: a review of experimental studies and their clinical significance. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1986; 6:563-82. [PMID: 2881371 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperthermia is teratogenic in birds, all the common laboratory animals, farm animals, and primates and satisfies defined criteria as a teratogen, its study as a human teratogen has been neglected. Homeothermic animals, including humans, can experience body temperature elevations induced by febrile infections, heavy exercise and hot environments which exceed the thresholds (1.5-2.5 degrees C elevation) which are known to cause a syndrome of embryonic resorptions, abortions, and malformations in experimental animals. Hyperthermia is particularly damaging to the central nervous system, and if a threshold exposure occurs at the appropriate stages of embryonic development, exencephaly, anencephaly, encephalocoele, micrencephaly, microphthalmia, neurogenic talipes, and arthrogryposis can be produced in a high proportion of exposed embryos, the incidence and type of defect depending on the species and strain within species, the stage of development, and the severity of hyperthermic exposure. Other defects which can be induced experimentally include exomphalos, hypoplasia of toes and teeth, renal agenesis, vertebral anomalies, maxillary hypoplasia, facial clefting, cataract, coloboma, and heart and vascular defects. Proliferating cells are particularly sensitive to temperature elevations, resulting in arrest of mitotic activity and immediate death of cells in mitosis with threshold elevations (1.5-2.5 degrees C) and delayed death of cells probably in S phase with higher elevations (3.5 degrees C). In general, lower temperature elevations (2.5 degrees C) require longer durations of elevation to cause defects than a simple spike at a higher elevation (4.5 degrees C). The death of cells is largely confined to the brain and in the day 21 guinea pig embryo to the alar regions of the brain. Cell death probably accounts for most of the defects in the central nervous system, but microvascular disturbances leading to leakage, oedema and haemorrhage, placental necrosis, and infarction are other known effects of hyperthermia; and these are probably involved in the pathogenesis of many defects of the heart, limbs, kidneys, and body wall. Recent experiments have demonstrated protection of rat embryos in culture against a known teratogenic exposure by a brief nonteratogenic exposure given at least 15 min earlier. This protection is associated with the synthesis of heat-shock proteins, and temporary arrest of the cell proliferative cycle. Hyperthermia appears to be capable of causing congenital defects in all species and may act alone or synergistically with other agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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