A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of serum lidocaine using a nitrogen-phosphorus specific detector

Assessment of automated capillary electrophoresis for therapeutic and diagnostic drug monitoring: determination of bupivacaine in drain fluid and antipyrine in plasma

In an effort to evaluate the use of electrokinetic capillary technology for therapeutic and diagnostic drug monitoring, samples were analysed batchwise with an automated, high-throughput capillary electrophoretic instrument coupled to an inexpensive PC data acquisition and evaluation system. Examples studied included the capillary electrophoretic (HPCE) determination of bupivacaine in drain fluid collected after pulmonary surgery and the micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic (MECC) determination of antipyrine in human plasma. Analyses for antipyrine could be accomplished without any sample pretreatment whereas bupivacaine required extraction prior to analysis. Antipyrine determination was effected through external calibration using either peak areas, relative peak areas or peak heights. The intraday and interday reproducibilities (n = 15) of the evaluated concentrations were 1.5-3% and 5-6%, respectively. For bupivacaine, determination based on internal and external calibration employing peak areas and peak heights was investigated. The intraday and interday reproducibilities (n = 5) of bupivacaine concentrations were about 1% and 2%, respectively, for internal calibration and both about 5% for external calibration. The electrokinetic capillary data compared well with data obtained by gas chromatography (bupivacaine) and high-performance liquid chromatography (antipyrine).

Quantitative analysis of common anaesthetic agents

A summary of chromatographic (e.g. gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography) and non-chromatographic (e.g. radioimmunoassay, enzyme-multiplied immunoassay) analytical techniques suitable for the quantitative analysis of the most popular inhalational (halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane and nitrous oxide), intravenous (barbiturate, benzodiazepines, etomidate, althesin, morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, droperidol and ketamine) general and amide-type local (lidocaine, mepivacaine, etidocaine and bupivacaine) anaesthetic agents and some of their metabolites, in biological material, is described. In the case of inhalational anaesthetics attention is also payed to pollution measurement and breath-to-breath monitoring.

Drug level monitoring: cardiovascular drugs

Methods for the determination of cardiovascular drugs in blood and plasma are critically reviewed with emphasis on gas and liquid chromatographic techniques. The importance of the various procedures is discussed, in particular sample work-up where the conditions for isolation and derivatization of the compounds are decisive for the accuracy and precision of the methods. Compared with other assay techniques chromatographic methods are generally to be preferred owing to their better selectivity. In the review the following groups are discussed: digitalis glycosides, antiarrhythmic agents, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, vasodilating agents, antihypertensive compounds, and diuretics.