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Tang Y, Xu K, Zhao B, Zhang M, Gong C, Wan H, Wang Y, Yang Z. A novel electronic nose for the detection and classification of pesticide residue on apples. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20874-20883. [PMID: 35479381 PMCID: PMC9034013 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive pesticide residues are a serious problem faced by food regulatory authorities, suppliers, and consumers. To assist with this challenge, this work aimed to develop a method of detecting and classifying pesticide residue on fruit samples using an electronic nose, through the application of three different data-recognition algorithms. The apple samples carried various concentrations of two known pesticides, namely cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos. Data collection was performed using a PEN3 electronic nose equipped with 10 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors. In order to classify and analyze these pesticide residues on the apple samples, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machine (SVM) results were combined with sensor output responses to realize MOS sensor array data visualization. The results indicated that all three data-recognition algorithms accurately identified the pesticide residues in the apple samples, with the PCA algorithm exhibiting the best classification and discrimination ability. Consequently, this work has shown that the MOS electronic nose, in combination with data-recognition algorithms, can provide support for the rapid and non-destructive identification of pesticide residues in fruits and can provide an effective tool for the detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products. The MOS electronic nose in combination with data-recognition algorithms can provide an effective tool for the detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
| | - Kunli Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
| | - Meichao Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China.,Bureau of Science, Technology, Agriculture and Livestock MaoXian, Aba Qiang and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Sichuan 623200 China
| | - Chenhui Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
| | - Hailun Wan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
| | - Yuanhui Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
| | - Zepeng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Xihua Chengdu Sichuan 610039 China
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Polednak AP, Janerich DT. Uses of Available Record Systems in Epidemiologic Studies of Reproductive Toxicology. Am J Ind Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajim.1983.4.1-2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wellman SE, Kramer RE. Absence of DNA Binding Activity of Methyl Parathion and Chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 14:247-51. [DOI: 10.1080/15376520490434494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Masten SJ, Tian M, Upham BL, Trosko JE. Effect of selected pesticides and their ozonation by-products on gap junctional intercellular communication using rat liver epithelial cell lines. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:457-465. [PMID: 11459151 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The non-genotoxic effects of two commonly used pesticides, 1,1-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) and malathion, and one widely used commercial insect repellent N,N-diethy-m-toluamide (DEET) on gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) were determined using a rat liver epithelial cell line. Malathion and DDT reversibly inhibited GJIC in a treatment time- and dose-dependent manner at non-cytotoxic doses, whereas, DEET did not inhibit GJIC. Malathion was very reactive with ozone, while DEET and DDT did not react to any appreciable extent with ozone. The mixtures of ozonation products from malathion and DEET did not inhibit GJIC. The mixtures of ozonation by-products formed from DDT inhibited GJIC, but to a lesser extent than did DDT, itself. These results suggest that ozone can effectively remove malathion from solution without forming GJIC-toxic products, but is less effective in eliminating DEET and DDT from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Masten
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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Watanabe T, Manabe S, Ohashi Y, Okamiya H, Onodera H, Mitsumori K. Comparison of the Induction Profile of Hepatic Drug-metabolizing Enzymes Between Piperonyl Butoxide and Phenobarbital in Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 1998. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunao Manabe
- Laboratory Animal Science and Toxicology Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshihiko Ohashi
- Laboratory Animal Science and Toxicology Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Hideaki Okamiya
- Safety Research Laboratories, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PB) is used as a pesticide synergist and food additive. Its chemically induced mutagenicity was found in cultured human RSa cells by determination of ouabain-resistant (Ouar) phenotypic mutation, with the highest frequency at the concentration of 0.2 microgram/ml. Moreover, K-ras codon 12 mutations in genomic DNA, analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and differential dot-blot hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled probes, were detected in RSa cells 6 days after exposure to PB (0.03-0.40 microgram/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, Japan
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Abstract
The no-effect limit dose (NELD) of three commonly used pesticides with respect to their cytogenetic toxicity was determined in a number of test systems using a sufficient number of lower doses to characterize the dose-effect relationship. For lindane, malathion and metacid, this dose was 3.2, 7.0 and 3.0 mg/litre, respectively, for mitosis inhibition and 9.0, 55 and 60 mg/litre, respectively, for chromosome clastogeny in onion root-tip cells. For chromosome clastogeny in mice bone marrow cells, the NELDs of the three pesticides were 1.6, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively. These values for dominant lethals and X-chromosome-linked recessive lethals in Drosophila were 20 and 5 micrograms lindane/litre, 2 and 3.5 micrograms malathion/litre and 4 and 5.5 micrograms metacid/litre, respectively. Thus, the NELDs are not only pesticide specific but also organism specific, tissue specific and even damage specific. Furthermore, the NELD values determined are so small that the real human exposure to pesticides cannot be reduced below these levels without compromising the effectiveness of pesticides in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Bhagalpur University, India
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Dwivedi C, Tabbert J. Effects of methoxychlor on skin tumor development. Toxicol Lett 1994; 74:235-40. [PMID: 7871547 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides increase the incidence of liver cancer through a multistage process involving tumor promotion. Mirex, an organochlorine pesticide has been shown to be a tumor promoter in mouse skin. In the present study, the effects of methoxychlor, a commonly used organochlorine pesticide, on the development of papillomas in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin and induction of mouse epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity were investigated and compared with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a well-known tumor promoter. Methoxychlor neither caused tumor development nor induced epidermal ODC activity. However, TPA resulted in 100% tumor incidence and 8.8 tumors per mouse after 20 weeks of promotion, and induced epidermal ODC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dwivedi
- College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
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Velázquez A, Xamena N, Creus A, Marcos R. Mutagenic evaluation of the organophosphorus insecticides methyl parathion and triazophos in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1990; 31:313-25. [PMID: 2123939 DOI: 10.1080/15287399009531458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The possible genotoxic effects of the organophosphorus insecticides methyl parathion and triazophos were evaluated by their ability to induce gene and chromosome mutations in male germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL), total and partial sex-chromosome losses (SCL), and non-disjunction (ND) assays were conducted. The routes of administration included adult feeding, injection, and larval feeding. Methyl parathion was unable to induce point mutations or chromosome mutations, although a small increase in the frequency of non-disjunction was detected after larval treatment. Triazophos induced point mutations when assayed in the SLRL test and induced a weak increase in the non-disjunction frequency, but gave negative results in the SCL test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Velázquez
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Xamena N, Velázquez A, Batiste-Alentorn M, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity studies with four organophosphorus insecticides using the unstable white-zeste system of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1988; 204:251-6. [PMID: 3125427 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(88)90096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the suitability of the unstable white-zeste system in Drosophila melanogaster by testing 4 organophosphorus insecticides for potential genotoxic activity: dimethoate, fenitrothion, malathion, and methyl parathion. In view of the high sensitivity to insecticides of the unstable zeste strain used in this assay and the negative results obtained in this work, the white-zeste system does not appear to be sufficiently accurate for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of specifically toxic chemicals, like insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Xamena
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Shakoori AR, Ali SS, Saleem MA. Effects of six months' feeding of cypermethrin on the blood and liver of albino rats. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 1988; 3:59-71. [PMID: 2466999 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.2570030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A cypermethrin-mixed diet was fed uninterrupted to male albino rats for six months to evaluate toxicity in nontarget organisms. The rats consumed cypermethrin at a dose of 420 mg active ingredient (AI) per kilogram body weight per day. At the end of the stipulated period, the blood and liver were analyzed for insecticidal toxicity. The hemoglobin content and white blood cell (WBC) count remained unaltered, while the red blood cell (RBC) count and packed-cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly. The blood serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), and amylase activities were elevated 61%, 30%, and 46%, respectively, after six months of insecticide feeding, suggesting liver and possibly pancreas malfunction. The glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities, on the other hand, decreased 37% and 40%, respectively. The blood serum protein and free amino acids (FAA) content increased 12% and 31%, respectively, while cholesterol content decreased 49%. Consequent to cypermethrin administration the hepatic GOT, LDH, and ICDH activities increased 250%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. The soluble proteins, FAA, and glucose contents exhibited significant increases of 28%, 61%, and 71%, respectively. Histological changes were marked by hypertrophied hepatic cells and nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Shakoori
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Chapter 8 Teratogenicity of Pesticides and Other Environmental Pollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(09)70074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Abstract
The science of teratology is discussed from a regulatory point of view. A brief history of this branch of toxicology is presented with emphasis on specific instances of the inadvertent production of birth defects in humans as a result of exposure to exogenous agents. The basic principles of teratology are elucidated as a means of understanding current test protocols and their scientific rationale. A typical, general protocol is given and some of the major shortcomings of such a bioassay are presented. Among these shortcomings are the problems of significance of fetal toxicity and lack of a postnatal component to the teratology test system. The teratogenic and/or fetotoxic potential of selected pesticides are examined with special reference to the bioassay problems alluded to. Pesticides discussed include cacodylic acid, endrin, benomyl, ETU, nitrofen, and mirex. Finally, a brief discussion of a proposed teratology screen using pregnant laboratory animals is presented.
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Report of ICPEMC task group 5 on the differentiation between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(84)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tsushimoto G, Chang CC, Trosko JE, Matsumura F. Cytotoxic, mutagenic, and cell-cell communication inhibitory properties of DDT, lindane, and chlordane on Chinese hamster cells in vitro. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1983; 12:721-729. [PMID: 6197034 DOI: 10.1007/bf01060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Creus A, Xamena N, Marcos R. Sensitivity of different strains of Drosophila melanogaster to endosulfan and malathion. Toxicol Lett 1983; 16:323-30. [PMID: 6407155 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Four Drosophila melanogaster populations, two of them (ER1 and ER2) previously selected for adult resistance to endosulfan, were examined for response to endosulfan and malathion treatment. Both insecticides were fed to larvae and adult males and females to test their toxic capacity. Our results show that malathion is more toxic than endosulfan, that adult males are more sensitive to both insecticides than females, and that resistance of ER1 and ER2 strains is restricted to the insecticide to which they had been exposed previously (endosulfan).
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Wildemauwe C, Lontie JF, Schoofs L, van Larebeke N. The mutagenicity in procaryotes of insecticides, acaricides, and nematicides. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1983; 89:129-78. [PMID: 6359308 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5601-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Polednak AP, Janerich DT. Uses of available record systems in epidemiologic studies of reproductive toxicology. Am J Ind Med 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gordon JE, Shy CM. Agricultural chemical use and congenital cleft lip and/or palate. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1981; 36:213-21. [PMID: 6271079 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1981.10667627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A case-control study utilizing vital records and ecologic, surrogate exposure measures was conducted in Iowa and Michigan. The study hypothesis anticipated an excess risk of clefts among fetuses exposed during the peak agricultural chemical use period (April through November) coincident with their first trimester of gestation. To examine this hypothesis, multiple regression techniques were used to aid identification of potential confounders; additional analyses, stratified on the potential confounders, were performed using two chemical exposure indices. The major findings of these analyses suggest: (1) an agricultural chemical effect (using the multiple exposure index) controlling for season of conception; (2) no independent effect of season of conception (thus the null hypothesis is not rejected); and (3) little chemical/season interaction. These results imply that if exposures to agricultural chemicals are, in fact, risk factors for clefts, an expanded model that accounts for multiple pesticidal exposures may be more sensitive than consideration of season of exposure, as originally hypothesized.
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Maslansky CJ, Williams GM. Evidence for an epigenetic mode of action in organochlorine pesticide hepatocarcinogenicity: a lack of genotoxicity in rat, mouse, and hamster hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1981; 8:121-30. [PMID: 7328699 DOI: 10.1080/15287398109530056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity was not elicited by any of a variety of organochlorine pesticides tested in the hepatocyte primary culture (HPC)/DNA repair assay utilizing hepatocytes from the rat, mouse, and hamster. DNA repair was observed in response to the positive control in all three systems. Thus the tumorigenicity of the organochlorine pesticides appears to reflect an epigenetic mechanism, probably involving a promotional effect resulting from a disruption in intercellular communication.
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