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Gan X, Wilson MW, Beyett TS, Wen B, Sun D, Larsen SD, Tesmer JJG, Saltiel AR, Showalter HD. Synthesis of deuterium-labelled amlexanox and its metabolic stability against mouse, rat, and human microsomes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:202-208. [PMID: 30828860 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program toward making analogues of amlexanox (1), currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, we have synthesized derivative 5 in which deuterium has been introduced into two sites of metabolism on the C-7 isopropyl function of amlexanox. The synthesis of 5 was completed in an efficient three-step process utilizing reduction of key olefin 7b to 8 by Wilkinson's catalyst to provide specific incorporation of di-deuterium across the double bond. Compound 5 displayed nearly equivalent potency to amlexanox (IC50 , 1.1μM vs 0.6μM, respectively) against recombinant human TBK1. When incubated with human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, amlexanox (1) and d2 -amlexanox (5) were stable (t1/2 > 60 minutes) with 1 showing marginally greater stability relative to 5 except for rat liver microsomes. These data show that incorporating deuterium into two sites of metabolism does not majorly suppress Cyp-mediated metabolism relative to amlexanox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Gan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tyler S Beyett
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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2
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Adlof RO, Emken EA. Preparation of methyl 8c,11c-eicosadienoate-17,17,18,18-d4, methyl 8c,11c,14c-eicosatrienoate-17,17,18,18-d4 and methyl 5c,8c,11c-eicosatrienoate-17,17,18,18-d4. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580240613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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4
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Adlof RO, Emken EA. Preparation of methyl 8c, 11c-octadecadienoate-17,17,18,18-d4 and methyl 8c,11c,14c-octadecatrienoate-17,17,18,18-d4. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580230205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Bretillon L, Loreau O, Sébédio JL, Taran F. In vivo oxidation of [9-14C] cyclic fatty acids derived from linolenic acid in the rat. REPRODUCTION, NUTRITION, DEVELOPMENT 2006; 46:189-93. [PMID: 16597424 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2006008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heating oils and fats may lead to cyclization of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as for example linolenic acid. Cyclohexenyl and cyclopentenyl fatty acids are subsequently present in some edible oils and these are suspected to induce metabolic disorders. In a previous experiment using [1-14C] labeled molecules, we published that these cyclic fatty acids are beta oxidized to the same extent as linolenic acid, at least for the first cycle of beta oxidation. However, it is possible that the presence of a ring could alter the ability of the organism to fully oxidize the molecule. In order to test this hypothesis, we assessed the oxidative metabolism of cyclic fatty acids carrying a 14C atom at the vicinity of the ring. For this purpose, rats were force-fed from 1.1 to 1.3 MBq of a representative fraction of dietary cyclohexenyl cyclic fatty acid monomers of [9-14C] 9-(6-propyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-non-8-enoic acids and 14CO2 production was monitored for 24h. The animals were then necropsied and the radioactivity was determined in different tissues. No consistent radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2 24h after administration of the molecules. Sixty percent of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 30% in the gastrointestinal tract. By combining our previous data on the oxidation of [1-14C] cyclic fatty acids and the present results, we suggest that cyclohexenyl fatty acids are first beta oxidized in a similar way as linolenic acid and that the remaining molecule carrying the ring is detoxified and eliminated in the urine and feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bretillon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR FLAVIC, équipe Oeil et Nutrition, Dijon, France.
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6
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Broustal G, Loreau O. Stereocontrolled synthesis of (7E,9Z)-[9,10-2H]-conjugated linoleic acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Loreau O, Chardigny JM, Sébédio JL, Noël JP. Stereoselective synthesis of (6Z,10E,12Z)-octadeca-6,10,12-trienoic acid, (8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosa-8,12,14-trienoic acid, and their [1-14C]-radiolabeled analogs. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 124:135-45. [PMID: 12818739 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To study the metabolic fate of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, we synthesized, in seven steps, from 1-heptyne, (6Z,10E,12Z)-octadeca-6,10,12-trienoic acid, (8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosa-8,12,14-trienoic acid, and their [1-(14)C]-analogs. In the case of (6Z,10E,12Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, a series of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between 1-heptyne and (E)-1,2-dichloro-ethene, a coupling reaction with a Grignard reagent and cleavage of the dioxolane gave (E)-dodec-4-en-6-ynal 3. Stereoselective Wittig reaction between aldehyde 3 and triphenyl-[5-(tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-pentyl]-phosphonium provided a dienyne. Stereocontrolled reduction of the triple bond and replacement of the tetrahydropyranyl group by a bromine gave (5Z,9E,11Z)-1-bromo-heptadeca-5,9,11-triene 10. Formation of the alkenyl lithium derivative and carbonation with CO(2) furnished (6Z,10E,12Z)-octadecatrienoic acid. (8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosa-8,12,14-trienoic acid was obtained by the same route but using triphenyl-[5-(tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-heptyl]-phosphonium iodide for the Wittig reaction. [1-(14)C]-analogs were obtained from the bromides by carbonation with (14)CO2. In all cases, chemical or radiochemical purities were found to be better than 95% after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (>99% after additional purification by RP-HPLC). Metabolism studies in animals are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Loreau
- CEA/Saclay, Service de Marquage Moleculaire et de Chimie Bioorganique, Bât. 547, F-91 191 Cedex Gif sur Yvette, France.
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8
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Loreau O, Maret A, Chardigny JM, Sébédio JL, Noël JP. Sequential substitution of 1,2-dichloro-ethene: a convenient stereoselective route to (9Z,11E)-, (10E,12Z)- and (10Z,12Z)-. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 110:57-67. [PMID: 11245835 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are present in human foods derived from milk or ruminant meat. To study their metabolism, (9Z,11E)-, (10E,12Z)- and (10Z,12Z)-[1-(14)C]-octadecadienoic acids with high radiochemical and isomeric purities (>98%) were prepared by stereoselective multi-step syntheses involving sequential substitution of 1,2-dichloro-ethene. In the case of the (9Z,11E) isomer, a first metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between (E)-1,2-dichloro-ethene and 2-non-8-ynyloxy-tetrahydro-pyran, obtained from 7-bromo-heptan-1-ol, gave a conjugated chloroenyne. A second coupling reaction with hexylmagnesium bromide provided a heptadecenynyl derivative. Stereoselective reduction of the triple bond and bromination afforded (7E,9Z)-17-bromo-heptadeca-7,9-diene. Formation of the Grignard reagent and carbonation with 14CO(2) gave (9Z,11E)-[1-(14)C]-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (overall yield from 7-bromo-heptan-1-ol, 14.4%). (10E,12Z)- and (10Z,12Z)-[1-(14)C]-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acids were synthesized by the same methodology using 1-heptyne, 8-bromo-octan-1-ol and, respectively, (E)-1,2-dichloro-ethene and its (Z) isomer (overall yield from 8-bromo-octan-1-ol, 13.1% (10E,12Z); 17.2% (10Z,12Z)). Impurities (<2% if present) were identified as being (E,E) CLA isomers and were removed by RP-HPLC. Metabolism studies in animal are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Loreau
- CEA/Saclay, Service des Molécules Marquées, Bât. 547, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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9
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Loreau O, Maret A, Poullain D, Chardigny JM, Sébédio JL, Beaufrère B, Noël JP. Large-scale preparation of (9Z,12E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid, (9Z,12Z,15E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid and their [1-(13)C] all-cis isomers. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 106:65-78. [PMID: 10878236 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several grams of labelled trans linoleic and linolenic acids with high chemical and isomeric purities (>97%) have been prepared for human metabolism studies. A total of 12.5 g of (9Z, 12E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and 6.3 g of (9Z,12Z, 15E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid were obtained in, respectively, seven steps (7.8% overall yield) and 11 steps (7% overall yield) from 7-bromo-heptan-1-ol. The trans bromo precursors used for the labelling were synthesised by using copper-catalysed couplings. The trans fatty acids were then obtained via the nitrile derivatives. A total of 23.5 g of (9Z,12Z)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9, 12-dienoic acid and 10.4 g of (9Z,12Z,15Z)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12, 15-trienoic acid were prepared in five steps in, respectively, 32 and 18% overall yield. Large quantities of bromo and chloro precursors were synthesised from the commercially available acid according to Barton's procedure. In all cases, the main impurities (>0.5%) of each labelled fatty acid have been characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Loreau
- CEA/Saclay, Service des Molécules Marquées, Bât. 547, F-91191 Cedex, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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10
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Cheng C, Gross ML. Fragmentation mechanisms of oxofatty acids via high-energy collisional activation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1998; 9:620-627. [PMID: 9879374 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(98)00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Upon high-energy collisional activation, oxofatty-acid ions undergo fragmentations to produce a unique pattern of product ions by which the position of the ketone is revealed. The reactions occurring in the vicinity of the ketone, which are the subject of this article, produce a spectral pattern that is not symmetrical. Although cleavages of alpha, beta, and gamma C-C bonds occur on the side proximal to the charge site, giving alpha, beta, and gamma ions, respectively, there is only a gamma' ion formed on the side distal to the charge site. The resulting lack of symmetry seemingly contradicts the concept that the reactions are independent of the charge (i.e., that they are charge remote). To eliminate any interaction between the charge and the reaction site, oxofatty acids were linked to glycyrrhetic acid, a steroid with a rigid polycyclic system. The fragmentation pattern remains the same, indicating that the effect does not depend on charge but rather on the ketone. Isotopic labeling and MS/MS/MS studies confirm that the fragmentations of C-C bonds in the vicinity of the ketone are complex, charge-remote processes. Formation of [M-H-H2O]- and [M-H-CO2]- anions and the ion that is formed by homolytic cleavage of the beta bond at the side distal to the charge, however, are charge directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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11
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Adlof R. Preparation of methyl cis-9, trans-11- and trans-9, trans-11-octadecadienoate-17,17,18,18-d4, two of the isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Qin D, Byun HS, Bittman R. Synthesis of Half-Deuterated Palmitic and Palmitoleic Acids from THF-d8. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo961423f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597
| | - Hoe-Sup Byun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597
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13
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Synthesis of (9Z,12Z,15E)- and (9E,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acids and their [1-14C]-radiolabelled analogs. Chem Phys Lipids 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Baenziger JE, Smith IC, Hill RJ. Biosynthesis and characterization of a series of deuterated cis,cis-octadeca-6,9-dienoic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 1990; 54:17-23. [PMID: 2361230 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(90)90055-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[4,4-2H2]-, [5,5-2H2)-, [6-2H]-, [7-2H]-, [8,8-2H2)-, [11,11-2H2]-, [14,14-2H2]- and [18,18,18-2H3]-cis,cis-octadeca-6,9-dienoic (isolinoleic) acid were synthesized by supplementing cultures of the protozoan Tetrahymena with the corresponding deuterated cis-octadeca-9-enoic (oleic) acids. The cultures were harvested, the deuterated isolinoleic acids isolated and analyzed for purity by GC and TLC, and the structure and the level and position of deuteration of each fatty acid determined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The 13C resonances of all 18 carbons were also assigned based upon alpha-carbon deuterium isotope shifts and by comparison of the spectra to those of other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results illustrate the utility of a biological approach for the synthesis of deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids in yields suitable for 2H-NMR studies of membranes and possibly human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Baenziger
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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15
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Jin SJ, Tserng KY. Identification of isomeric unsaturated medium-chain dicarboxylic acids in human urine. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Preparation of methylcis-9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoate-15,16-d 2 and methylcis-9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoate-6,6,7,7-d 4. Lipids 1988; 23:280-5. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02537333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1987] [Accepted: 11/10/1987] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Emken EA. Selective hydrogenation with tris(triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium (I) catalyst: Preparation of octadecenoate isomers. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02663080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Emken
- Northern Regional Research Center; ARS/USDA1815 N. University St. 616O4 Peoria IL
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18
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Harada T, Maeda H, Oku A. Hydride abstraction and regioselective insertion reaction at β C-H bond of alkyllithium by ethyl(phenylthio)methylene carbenoid. Tetrahedron Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)99034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Synthesis and properties of Mono-, Di- and trienoic fatty esters containing a 12,13 double bond. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02679784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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