The pregnant psychiatric inpatient: a missed opportunity

Mothers with a serious mental illness: a critical review of the literature

The desire to mother in women with a serious mental illness (SMI) is increasingly recognized by health care professionals. Defining women with an SMI strictly in terms of cause, course, and treatment overshadows the diversity of their role as a mother. A review of the literature reveals that limited published research exists on the subjective experiences of mothers with an SMI. Often, the reviewed studies reinforce mothers as pathological. Viewed as lacking mothering abilities, they are not recognized as mothers. This article critically examines how the literature about mothers with an SMI has contributed to their marginalized position. To this end, a literature review was undertaken and examined from Oliver's theoretical notion of subjectivity from the marginalized or "othered" position. Subjectivity based on witnessing a mother's self-identity creates possibilities that are not exclusionary because of her difference secondary to illness.

Achieving the goal of evidence-based psychiatric rehabilitation practices for mothers with mental illnesses

There is a growing commitment to evidence-based practices in mental health. There is no well-articulated evidence base for interventions for mothers with mental illnesses. Parenthood is common among women with mental illnesses. Women themselves report motherhood is an important role. The risks of parental mental illness to children have been demonstrated; the challenges that motherhood brings to people with mental illnesses have been described. Because outcomes for both children and adults are multiply determined, there are many intervention opportunities. Recommendations for intervention are drawn from a focus group study and from the existing literature on parent training and support, exemplary programs for mothers with mental illnesses, and other evidence-based psychosocial interventions. The value of a psychiatric rehabilitation approach is highlighted. Challenges in documenting and testing interventions for mothers with mental illness include resource allocation and research innovation.

Sequelae of abortion and relinquishment of child custody among women with major psychiatric disorders

A growing number of women with major psychiatric disorders frequently consider the choice of abortion or relinquishment of the custody of children. Psychological reactions to abortion and relinquishment of custody were assessed and contrasted among 119 hospitalized women of M age 40 yr. and psychiatric patients. An original questionnaire was developed to assess emotional symptoms, psychiatric signs, attitudes, and satisfaction with the decision regarding the loss of a fetus or child. As hypothesized, reported sequelae of relinquishments of custody were rated as significantly more severe than sequelae of abortion. Dissatisfaction with choice, negative attitudes, religious affiliation, and involuntary removal of a child from custody were predictive of distress following abortion or relinquishment. The findings show that increased efforts are needed to help women with psychiatric difficulties cope with reproductive planning and losses.

The effects of dual diagnosis on pregnancy and parenting

The desire to give birth and nurture can be significant for women with mental illness and substance-abuse disorders, despite the many internal and external barriers to the effective achievement of these desires. This article provides information on the effect of coexisting mental illness and alcohol or other drug dependency on pregnancy from a medical, obstetric, psychiatric, and psychologic perspective. The article also explores the effect on parenting and highlights the need to assess for parental competency in this population. Treatment planning, including the use of psychotropic medication and the need for collaboration between providers is discussed.

Management and care of mentally ill mothers of young children: an innovative program

The literature identifies seriously mentally ill (SMI) mothers of young children as being at-risk for frequent psychiatric hospitalization because of preexisting impairment in adjustment and coping compounded by the additional strains of motherhood. Economic hardship, lack of information, and social isolation are some factors that may cause stress in relation to parenting. This article discusses the nature and extent of parenting problems experienced by SMI mothers of young children receiving treatment in a hospital-based, community-focused case management program. Intervention strategies are described that focus on reducing rehospitalization by decreasing the intensity and duration of maternal role strain.

Research in pregnancy and mental illness: testing old wives' hypotheses

Methodological challenges encountered in evaluating the relationships between life stress, mental illness and pregnancy outcome are identified and several studies on the relationships between pregnancy and childbirth and psychosocial factors, including life stresses, major psychiatric disorders, and puerperal depression, are reviewed. Certain methodological pitfalls are illustrated by showing how relationships between psychiatric diagnosis, severity of psychiatric symptomatology, life stresses, strains specific to the pregnancy, amount of intervention received and outcome of keeping or losing the infant have been explored. Five stages of research are identified and particular difficulties encountered at each stage are described with application to the authors' longitudinal study.

Comorbidity in pregnant patients in a psychiatric inpatient setting

The impact of substance abuse on mental illness is substantial. The consequences of comorbidity on pregnant women has not been previously reviewed. This paper discusses the implications of interrelationship of substance use and mental illness on pregnancy. We present data from a retrospective study of pregnant women admitted for psychiatric care, reviewing the relationships of comorbidity to their demographic, psychiatric, and obstetrical histories and follow-up prenatal care.

Ethically justified guidelines for family planning interventions to prevent pregnancy in female patients with chronic mental illness

OBJECTIVE

This article proposes ethically justified clinical guidelines for family planning interventions to prevent pregnancy in female patients.

STUDY DESIGN

We reviewed literature on family planning and consequences of pregnancy in patients with chronic mental illness and related that literature to ethical principles.

RESULTS

Patients with chronic mental illness are ethically unique because they have chronically and variably impaired autonomy. Existing guidelines and proposals for family planning interventions for mentally retarded patients are shown not to apply to such patients.

CONCLUSION

Three sets of guidelines for three groups of patients, representing the continuum of chronically and variably impaired autonomy, are proposed: (1) a set of guidelines for patients who can achieve thresholds of autonomy, (2) a set of guidelines for patients irreversibly near thresholds of autonomy, and (3) a set of guidelines for patients irreversibly below thresholds of autonomy. These guidelines should contribute significantly to the quality of obstetric and gynecologic care for female patients with chronic mental illness.

Chronic mental illness and perinatal outcome

A retrospective review of pregnant women admitted to a state psychiatric facility and to an acute university psychiatric unit compares various characteristics of the two populations. No major significant differences were noted in demographic, psychiatric, or obstetric characteristics. It was hypothesized that the patients from the state facility would have a better perinatal outcome secondary to an opportunity for closer prenatal follow-up. No differences were noted in perinatal outcomes between the two facilities. Significantly poorer perinatal outcomes were noted in the combined group of psychiatric patients when compared were noted in the combined group of psychiatric patients when compared with the state of Oregon's birth-outcome statistics. The importance of prenatal care in this high-risk population is discussed, and specific recommendations are offered.