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Kumar A, Kaur S, Chandel S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. Comparative cyto- and genotoxicity of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field radiations in root meristems of Allium cepa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109786. [PMID: 31698176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, tremendous increase in the use of wireless electronic gadgets, particularly the cell phones, has significantly enhanced the levels of electromagnetic field radiations (EMF-r) in the environment. Therefore, it is pertinent to study the effect of these radiations on biological systems including plants. We investigated comparative cytotoxic and DNA damaging effects of 900 and 1800 MHz EMF-r in Allium cepa (onion) root meristematic cells in terms of mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Onion bulbs were subjected to 900 and 1800 MHz (at power densities 261 ± 8.50 mW m-2 and 332 ± 10.36 mW m-2, respectively) of EMF-r for 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h. Root length declined by 13.2% and 12.3%, whereas root thickness was increased by 46.7% and 48.3% after 4 h exposure to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. Cytogenetic studies exhibited clastogenic effect of EMF-r as depicted by increased CAs and MI. MI increased by 36% and 53% after 2 and 4 h exposure to 900 MHz EMF-r, whereas it increased by 41% and 67% in response to 1800 MHz EMF-r. Aberration index was increased by 41%-266% and 14%-257% during 0.5-4 h of exposure to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively, over the control. EMF-r exposure decreased % head DNA (DNAH) and increased % tail DNA (DNAT) and olive tail moment (OTM) at both 900 and 1800 EMF-r. In 4 h exposure treatments, head DNA (%) declined by 19% and 23% at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. DNAT and OTM were increased by 2.3 and 3.7 fold upon exposure to 900 MHz EMF-r over that in the control, whereas 2.8 and 5.8 fold increase was observed in response to 1800 MHz EMF-r exposure for 4 h and the difference was statistically significant. The study concludes that EMF-r in the communication range (900 and 1800 MHz) adversely affect root meristems in plants and induce cytotoxic and DNA damage. EMF-r induced DNA damage was more pronounced at 1800 MHz than that at 900 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Barsar, Hamirpur, 174 305, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shalinder Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| | - Shikha Chandel
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| | | | - Ravinder Kumar Kohli
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; Central University of Punjab, City Campus, Mansa Road, Bathinda, 151 001, Punjab, India
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Combined Optimized Effect of a Highly Self-Organized Nanosubstrate and an Electric Field on Osteoblast Bone Cells Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7574635. [PMID: 31016196 PMCID: PMC6448337 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7574635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an electric field within specific intensity limits on the activity of human cells has been previously investigated. However, there are a considerable number of factors that influence the in vitro development of cell populations. In biocompatibility studies, the nature of the substrate and its topography are decisive in osteoblasts bone cells development. Further on, electrical field stimulation may activate biochemical paths that contribute to a faster, more effective self-adjustment and proliferation of specific cell types on various nanosubstrates. Within the present research, an electrical stimulation device has been manufactured and optimum values of parameters that led to enhanced osteoblasts activity, with respect to the alkaline phosphatase and total protein levels, have been found. Homogeneous electric field distribution induced by a highly organized titanium dioxide nanotubes substrate had an optimum effect on cell response. Specific substrate topography in combination with appropriate electrical stimulation enhanced osteoblasts bone cells capacity to self-adjust the levels of their specific biomarkers. The findings are of importance in the future design and development of new advanced orthopaedic materials for hard tissue replacement.
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Luo K, Luo C, Li G, Yao X, Gao R, Hu Z, Zhang G, Zhao H. High-voltage electrostatic field-induced oxidative stress: Characterization of the physiological effects in Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) across multiple generations. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 40:52-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Chen Luo
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research); University Nice Sophia Antipolis; Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Guangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Xinjian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Zuqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Gaisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Huiyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
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Harutyunyan H, Mkrtchyan V, Sukiasyan K, Sahakyan G, Poghosyan G, Soghomonyan A, Cherniavsky E, Bondarenko E, Shkumatov V. Effect of in vivo and in vitro exposure to electrostatic field on some hematological parameters in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:513-526. [PMID: 27530776 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the external electrostatic field (ESF) on some hematological parameters in rats. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out. In in vivo investigations, rats were exposed to ESF (200 kV/m) during short (1 h) and long periods (6 days, 6 h daily). For in vitro study, the blood of intact rats was exposed to ESF for 1 h. Blood hematology was measured using validated ABX Micros ESV 60 Veterinary Hematology Analyzer. DNA damage in blood leucocytes was detected by means of comet assay. ESF effect on blood cell count was mainly manifested in white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. Damage of WBC was shown both in vitro and in vivo despite alterations in the count. This means the observed increase in WBC count in some cases might be a result of WBC compensatory mobilization from the bone marrow. Red blood cell (RBC) count and related parameters were slightly affected by ESF. Nevertheless, alterations in the shape and size of RBC were manifested. All ESF effects were extinguished in 14 days after the end of exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:513-526, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayk Harutyunyan
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Biophysical Investigations, Scientific-Research Centre, Yerevan State Medical University After Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia.,Laboratory of Adenyline Compaunds Metabolism, H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Vahe Mkrtchyan
- Chair of Therapy Clinical Diagnostics and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Karine Sukiasyan
- Chair of Therapy Clinical Diagnostics and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Gohar Sahakyan
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Biophysical Investigations, Scientific-Research Centre, Yerevan State Medical University After Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Gayane Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Biophysical Investigations, Scientific-Research Centre, Yerevan State Medical University After Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Ani Soghomonyan
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Biophysical Investigations, Scientific-Research Centre, Yerevan State Medical University After Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Eugene Cherniavsky
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Drugs, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Ekaterina Bondarenko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Drugs, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Vladimir Shkumatov
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Drugs, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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Aydin M, Taspinar MS, Cakmak ZE, Dumlupinar R, Agar G. Static magnetic field induced epigenetic changes in wheat callus. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:504-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aydin
- Faculty of Agriculture; Department of Field Crops; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | | | - Zeynep Elibol Cakmak
- Faculty of Science and Arts; Department of Biology; Kırıkkale University; Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - Rahmi Dumlupinar
- Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Guleray Agar
- Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
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Wang L, Hoogcarspel SJ, Wen Z, van Vulpen M, Molkentine DP, Kok J, Lin SH, Broekhuizen R, Ang KK, Bovenschen N, Raaymakers BW, Frank SJ. Biological responses of human solid tumor cells to X-ray irradiation within a 1.5-Tesla magnetic field generated by a magnetic resonance imaging-linear accelerator. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:471-80. [PMID: 27434783 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Devices that combine magnetic resonance imaging with linear accelerators (MRL) represent a novel tool for MR-guided radiotherapy. However, whether magnetic fields (MFs) generated by these devices affect the radiosensitivity of tumors is unknown. We investigated the influence of a 1.5-T MF on cell viability and radioresponse of human solid tumors. Human head/neck cancer and lung cancer cells were exposed to single or fractionated 6-MV X-ray radiation; effects of the MF on cell viability were determined by cell plating efficiency and on radioresponsiveness by clonogenic cell survival. Doses needed to reduce the fraction of surviving cells to 37% of the initial value (D0s) were calculated for multiple exposures to MF and radiation. Results were analyzed using Student's t-tests. Cell viability was no different after single or multiple exposures to MRL than after exposure to a conventional linear accelerator (Linac, without MR-generated MF) in 12 of 15 experiments (all P > 0.05). Single or multiple exposures to MF had no influence on cell radioresponse (all P > 0.05). Cells treated up to four times with an MRL or a Linac further showed no changes in D0s with MF versus without MF (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, MF within the MRL does not seem to affect in vitro tumor radioresponsiveness as compared with a conventional Linac. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:471-480, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stan Jelle Hoogcarspel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zhifei Wen
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marco van Vulpen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David P Molkentine
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Kok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roel Broekhuizen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kie-Kian Ang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas W Raaymakers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Albuquerque WWC, Costa RMPB, Fernandes TDSE, Porto ALF. Evidences of the static magnetic field influence on cellular systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 121:16-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zhu S, Zhang J, Liu C, He Q, Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ, Tong J, Cao Y. Dominant lethal mutation test in male mice exposed to 900MHz radiofrequency fields. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 792:53-7. [PMID: 26433262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult male ICR mice were exposed to continuous wave 900MHz radiofrequency fields (RF) at 1.6mW/cm(2) power intensity (whole body average specific absorption rate of 0.731W/kg) for 4 hour/day for 15 days. At the end of exposure, each mouse was caged with 3 mature virgin female mice for mating. After 7 days, each male mouse was transferred to a fresh cage and mated with a second batch of 3 females. This process was repeated for a total of 4 consecutive weeks. Sham exposed male mice and those subjected to an acute 2Gy γ-irradiation (GR) were handled similarly and used as un-exposed and positive controls, respectively. All females were sacrificed on the 18th day of gestation and presumptive mating and, the contents in their uteri were examined. The overall observations during the 4 weeks of mating indicated that the un-exposed female mice mated to RF-exposed male mice showed no significant differences in the percentage of pregnancies, total implants, live implants and dead implants when compared with those mated with sham-exposed mice. In contrast, female mice mated with GR-exposed males showed a consistent pattern of significant differences in the above indices in each and all 4 weeks of mating. Thus, the data indicated an absence of mutagenic potential of RF exposure in the germ cells of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxing Zhu
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Chun Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Qina He
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Thomas J Prihoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive,San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Jian Tong
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Mondal PC, Fontanesi C, Waldeck DH, Naaman R. Field and chirality effects on electrochemical charge transfer rates: spin dependent electrochemistry. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3377-84. [PMID: 25752750 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work examines whether electrochemical redox reactions are sensitive to the electron spin orientation by examining the effects of magnetic field and molecular chirality on the charge transfer process. The working electrode is either a ferromagnetic nickel film or a nickel film that is coated with an ultrathin (5-30 nm) gold overlayer. The electrode is coated with a self-assembled monolayer that immobilizes a redox couple containing chiral molecular units, either the redox active dye toluidine blue O with a chiral cysteine linking unit or cytochrome c. By varying the direction of magnetization of the nickel, toward or away from the adsorbed layer, we demonstrate that the electrochemical current depends on the orientation of the electrons' spin. In the case of cytochrome c, the spin selectivity of the reduction is extremely high, namely, the reduction occurs mainly with electrons having their spin-aligned antiparallel to their velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- †Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- ‡Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - David H Waldeck
- §Department of Chemistry, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ron Naaman
- †Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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He J, Cao Z, Yang J, Zhao HY, Pan WD. Effects of static electric fields on growth and development of wheat aphid Sitobion aveanae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) through multiple generations. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 35:1-7. [PMID: 25188418 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.954288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insects show a variety of responses to electric fields and most of them are associated with immediate effects. To investigate the long-term effects of static electric field on the wheat aphid Sitbion avenae, the insert was exposed to 4 min of a static electric field at intensities of 0, 2, 4, or 6 kV/cm. Development effects over 30 consecutive generations of the insect were studied. The results showed that the electric field could exert adverse effects on the developmental duration and total longevity of S. avenae nymphs regardless of exposure intensities or generations. The effects appeared to be more intense and fluctuated at higher electric field intensities and more insect generations. The most favorable exposure for development was 6 kV/cm for 4 min while the most detrimental electric fields were 2 kV/cm for 4 min and 4 kV/cm for 4 min. Among the treatments, the first instar duration was significantly prolonged while the adult longevities were significantly shortened in the sixth generation. The intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate in the sixth generation were also the lowest among the 30 consecutive generations studied. Based on the results, the adverse effects of electric fields on insects may be used in the bio-control of pest insects in terms of pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Institute of Plant Protection & College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and.,b Beijing Key Lab of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Zhu Cao
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Institute of Plant Protection & College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Jie Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Institute of Plant Protection & College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Hui-Yan Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Institute of Plant Protection & College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- b Beijing Key Lab of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Bioeffects of static magnetic fields: oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, and cancer studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:602987. [PMID: 24027759 PMCID: PMC3763575 DOI: 10.1155/2013/602987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of static magnetic fields (SMFs) with living organisms is a rapidly growing field of investigation. The magnetic fields (MFs) effect observed with radical pair recombination is one of the well-known mechanisms by which MFs interact with biological systems. Exposure to SMF can increase the activity, concentration, and life time of paramagnetic free radicals, which might cause oxidative stress, genetic mutation, and/or apoptosis. Current evidence suggests that cell proliferation can be influenced by a treatment with both SMFs and anticancer drugs. It has been recently found that SMFs can enhance the anticancer effect of chemotherapeutic drugs; this may provide a new strategy for cancer therapy. This review focuses on our own data and other data from the literature of SMFs bioeffects. Three main areas of investigation have been covered: free radical generation and oxidative stress, apoptosis and genotoxicity, and cancer. After an introduction on SMF classification and medical applications, the basic phenomena to understand the bioeffects are described. The scientific literature is summarized, integrated, and critically analyzed with the help of authoritative reviews by recognized experts; international safety guidelines are also cited.
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Rikk J, Finn KJ, Liziczai I, Radák Z, Bori Z, Ihász F. Influence of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy on resting blood pressure in aging adults. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:165-72. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.776420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Miyakoshi Y, Kajihara C, Shimizu H, Yanagisawa H. Tempol suppresses micronuclei formation in astrocytes of newborn rats exposed to 50-Hz, 10-mT electromagnetic fields under bleomycin administration. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:138-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cakmak T, Cakmak ZE, Dumlupinar R, Tekinay T. Analysis of apoplastic and symplastic antioxidant system in shallot leaves: impacts of weak static electric and magnetic field. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1066-73. [PMID: 22647960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of electric and magnetic fields (EFs and MFs) on a biological organism vary depending on their application style, time, and intensities. High intensity MF and EF have destructive effects on plants. However, at low intensities, these phenomena are of special interest because of the complexity of plant responses. This study reports the effects of continuous, low-intensity static MF (7 mT) and EF (20 kV/m) on growth and antioxidant status of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) leaves, and evaluates whether shifts in antioxidant status of apoplastic and symplastic area help plants to adapt a new environment. Growth was induced by MF but EF applied emerged as a stress factor. Despite a lack of visible symptoms of injury, lipid peroxidation and H₂O₂ levels increased in EF applied leaves. Certain symplastic antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels increased in response to MF and EF applications. Antioxidant enzymes in the leaf apoplast, by contrast, were found to show different regulation responses to EF and MF. Our results suggest that apoplastic constituents may work as potentially important redox regulators sensing and signaling environmental changes. Static continuous MF and EF at low intensities have distinct impacts on growth and the antioxidant system in plant leaves, and weak MF is involved in antioxidant-mediated reactions in the apoplast, resulting in overcoming a possible redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Cakmak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Chekhun VF, Demash DV, Nalieskina LA. Evaluation of biological effects and possible mechanisms of action of static magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15407/fz58.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Coskun O, Comlekci S. The influence of pulsed electric field on hematological parameters in rat. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:862-6. [PMID: 22585932 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712446724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate whether or not pulsed electric field (PEF) affects some hematological parameters in rats. Sixteen healthy male Wistar rats weighting 150–200 g were used and were randomly divided into two groups. Exposure group ( n = 8) was exposed to a PEF (10 kV m−1 for 1 h d−1) for 10 consecutive days. The control group rats ( n = 8) were not exposed to PEF. The following hematological parameters were measured in both the groups: white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht) and platelets (PLTs). Some of the hematological parameters under investigation were similar in both the groups. Exposure group, exposed for 1 h d−1 during 10 consecutive days, induced a significant increase in the rates of WBC ( p < 0.05), RBC ( p < 0.05), Hb ( p < 0.05), Ht ( p < 0.05) and PLTs ( p < 0.05) in blood when compared with control. These results suggest that PEFs affect the hematological parameters in rat. Results of the parameters are statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Coskun
- Department of Biomedical Device Technology, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Comlekci
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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18
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Kavet R, Hooper C, Buffler P, Does M. The relationship between residential magnetic fields and contact voltage: a pooled analysis. Radiat Res 2011; 176:807-15. [PMID: 21988611 DOI: 10.1667/rr2719.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that residential exposure to contact currents may be more directly associated with the potential for an increased risk of leukemia in childhood than magnetic fields. Contact current exposure occurs when a child contacts a bathtub's water fixtures, which are usually contiguous with a residence's electrical ground, and when the drainpipe is conductive. The Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS) is the only epidemiological study known to address whether contact current may confound the reported association between residential magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. The study contributed contact voltage and magnetic-field data for over 500 residences of leukemia cases and control children. We combined these data with the results of previous measurement studies of contact voltage in other communities to conduct an analysis of the relationship of magnetic fields with contact voltage for a total sample of 702 residences. The Spearman correlation of magnetic field with contact voltage was 0.29 (Spearman, P < 0.0001). Magnetic-field and contact voltage data were both divided into tertiles, with an upper magnetic-field cutpoint of 0.3 μT suggested by values used in epidemiological results and an upper contact voltage cutpoint of 60 mV based on dosimetric considerations. Expressed as an exposure odds ratios (EOR), we report an association of contact voltage with magnetic fields of 15.1 (95% CI 3.6-61) as well as a statistically significant positive trend across magnetic-field strata (EOR of 4.2 per stratum with 95% CI 2.4-7.4). The associations appear to be large enough to support the possibility that contact current could be responsible for the association of childhood leukemia with magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kavet
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Jackson CW, Hunt E, Sharkh S, Newland PL. Static electric fields modify the locomotory behaviour of cockroaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:2020-6. [PMID: 21613518 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.053470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Static electric fields are found throughout the environment and there is growing interest in how electric fields influence insect behaviour. Here we have analysed the locomotory behaviour of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in response to static electric fields at levels equal to and above those found in the natural environment. Walking behaviour (including velocity, distance moved, turn angle and time spent walking) were analysed as cockroaches approached an electric field boundary in an open arena, and also when continuously exposed to an electric field. On approaching an electric field boundary, the greater the electric field strength the more likely a cockroach would be to turn away from, or be repulsed by, the electric field. Cockroaches completely exposed to electric fields showed significant changes in locomotion by covering less distance, walking slowly and turning more often. This study highlights the importance of electric fields on the normal locomotory behaviour of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Polidori E, Zeppa S, Potenza L, Martinelli C, Colombo E, Casadei L, Agostini D, Sestili P, Stocchi V. Gene expression profile in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to a 300 mT static magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:65-74. [PMID: 21755520 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In a previous investigation we reported that exposure to a moderate (300 mT) static magnetic field (SMF) causes transient DNA damage and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To better understand the response of HUVECs to the 300 mT SMF, a high-quality subtracted cDNA library representative of genes induced in cells after 4 h of static magnetic exposure was constructed. The global gene expression profile showed that several genes were induced after the SMF exposure. The characterized clones are involved in cell metabolism, energy, cell growth/division, transcription, protein synthesis, destination and storage, membrane injury, DNA damage/repair, and oxidative stress response. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed at 4 and 24 h on four selected genes. Their expression profiles suggest that HUVEC's response to SMF exposure is transient. Furthermore, compared to control cells, an up-regulation of several genes involved in cell growth and division was observed. This up-regulation is likely to be the cause of the slight, but significant, increase in cell proliferation at 12 h post-treatment. These results provide additional support to the notion that SMFs may be harmless to human health, and could support the rationale for their possible use in medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Polidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Italy.
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Koyu A, Naziroglu M, Ozguner F, Ramazan Yilmaz H, Uz E, Cesur G. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Modulates 1800 MHz Microwave-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Liver. Electromagn Biol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15368370500253787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Torricelli P, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Canè V, Giardino R. In VitroEvaluation of the Effects of Electromagnetic Fields used for Bone Healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379809030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Scarfi MR, Zeni O, Noce MD, Di Pietro R, Prisco F, Lioi MB, Franceschi C, Bersani F. 50-Hz, 1-mT Sinusoidal Magnetic Fields Do Not Affect Micronucleus Frequency and Cell Proliferation in Human Lymphocytes from Normal and Turner's Syndrome Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379709015661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. Genetic damage in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electro-magnetic fields: A meta-analysis of data from 87 publications (1990–2007). Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:196-213. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000902748575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Newland PL, Hunt E, Sharkh SM, Hama N, Takahata M, Jackson CW. Static electric field detection and behavioural avoidance in cockroaches. J Exp Biol 2008; 211:3682-90. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.019901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYElectric fields are pervasively present in the environment and occur both as a result of man-made activities and through natural occurrence. We have analysed the behaviour of cockroaches to static electric fields and determined the physiological mechanisms that underlie their behavioural responses. The behaviour of animals in response to electric fields was tested using a Y-choice chamber with an electric field generated in one arm of the chamber. Locomotory behaviour and avoidance were affected by the magnitude of the electric fields with up to 85% of individuals avoiding the charged arm when the static electric field at the entrance to the arm was above 8–10 kV m–1. Electric fields were found to cause a deflection of the antennae but when the antennae were surgically ablated, the ability of cockroaches to avoid electric fields was abolished. Fixation of various joints of the antennae indicated that hair plate sensory receptors at the base of the scape were primarily responsible for the detection of electric fields, and when antennal movements about the head–scape joint were prevented cockroaches failed to avoid electric fields. To overcome the technical problem of not being able to carry out electrophysiological analysis in the presence of electric fields, we developed a procedure using magnetic fields combined with the application of iron particles to the antennae to deflect the antennae and analyse the role of thoracic interneurones in signalling this deflection. The avoidance of electric fields in the context of high voltage power lines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Newland
- School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Edmund Hunt
- School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Suleiman M. Sharkh
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Noriyuki Hama
- Animal Behavior and Intelligence, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takahata
- Animal Behavior and Intelligence, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Christopher W. Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Hashish AH, El-Missiry MA, Abdelkader HI, Abou-Saleh RH. Assessment of biological changes of continuous whole body exposure to static magnetic field and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:895-902. [PMID: 17996303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The question whether static magnetic fields (SMFs) and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) cause biological effects is of special interest. We investigated the effects of continuous whole body exposure to both fields for 30 days on some liver and blood parameters in mice. Two exposure systems were designed; the first produced a gradient SMF while the second generated uniform 50 Hz ELF-EMF. The results showed a gradual body weight loss when mice were exposed to either field. This is coupled with a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of glucose, total protein and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum. A significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated in serum and liver paralleled with a significant elevation in hepatic γ-glutamyl transferase activity. The glutathione-S-transferase activity and lipid peroxidation level in the liver were significantly increased while a significant decrease in hepatic gluthathione content was recorded. A significant decrease in the counts of monocytes, platelets, peripheral lymphocytes as well as splenic total, T and B lymphocytes levels was observed for SMF and ELF-EMF exposed groups. The granulocytes percentage was significantly increased. The results indicate that there is a relation between the exposure to SMF or ELF-EMF and the oxidative stress through distressing redox balance leading to physiological disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Hashish
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Negishi T, Imai S, Shibuya K, Nishimura I, Shigemitsu T. Lack of promotion effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced malignant lymphoma/lymphatic leukemia in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:29-38. [PMID: 17694515 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New-born CD-1 mice were initiated with a single subcutaneous injection of 60 microg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) within 24 h after birth. After weaning, the mice were randomly divided into five groups of 100, 50 males and 50 females each. One group served as a cage control. The other four groups of mice were exposed to either 0 (sham-exposed), 7, 70, or 350 microT(rms) circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields (MFs) for 22 h/day, 7 days/week for 30 weeks. Animals were observed daily and the development of malignant lymphoma/lymphatic leukemia was examined histopathologically. The experiment was conducted twice. There was no observed sexual difference in the cumulative proportions of mice with malignant lymphoma/lymphatic leukemia and a 3-way analysis of deviance using the Cox regression model revealed no interactions between experiment, sex, or group. The cumulative proportions of mice with malignant lymphoma/lymphatic leukemia in the MF-exposed groups were not significantly higher than those in the sham-exposed group of each sex in individual experiments and in males and females combined in each experiment, and in all the animals from the two experiments combined. These data provide no evidence to support the hypothesis that power frequency MFs is a significant risk factor for hematopoietic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Negishi
- EMF Environment Sector, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko, Chiba, Japan.
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Seyyedi SS, Dadras MS, Tavirani MR, Mozdarani H, Toossi P, Zali AR. Proteomic analysis in human fibroblasts by continuous exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:4108-4112. [PMID: 19090288 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.4108.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most people are Exposed to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF). A number of studies have indicated association between exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and a variety of cancers. Recently some therapeutic techniques such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) have been used to study localization of brain function, connectively of brain regions and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders (rTMS utilize low frequency-electromagnetic field). Here, the effect of continuous ELF electromagnetic fields (3 Hz, sinusoidal, 3 h and 4 mT) on the protein expression of human fibroblast cells is investigated via proteomics. The comparison of the 2-DE separated proteins from the exposed and sham (control) cells showed that some protein expressions are affected by radiation. The two proteins that their expression are reduced about 50% are determined as alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT) and Transthyretin (TTR). As it is reported that the amounts of these proteins reduced in the pathological conditions it can be concluded that application of ELF-EMF in therapeutic aspects may be to accompanying with their side effects.
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Intermediate frequency magnetic fields do not have mutagenic, co-mutagenic or gene conversion potentials in microbial genotoxicity tests. Mutat Res 2007; 649:187-200. [PMID: 17997348 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We used bacterial mutation and yeast genotoxicity tests to evaluate the effects of intermediate frequency (IF; 2 kHz, 20 kHz and 60 kHz) magnetic fields (MFs) on mutagenicity, co-mutagenicity and gene conversion. We constructed a Helmholtz type exposure system that generated vertical and sinusoidal IF MFs, such as 0.91 mT at 2 kHz, 1.1 mT at 20 kHz and 0.11 mT at 60 kHz. Mutagenicity, co-mutagenicity and gene conversion assays were performed for each of the three MF exposure conditions. Mutagenicity testing was performed in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) and two strains of Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA and WP2 uvrA/pKM101) to cover a wide spectrum of point mutations. For co-mutagenicity tests, we used four sensitive test strains (TA98, TA100, WP2 uvrA and WP2 uvrA/pKM101) with five chemical mutagens (t-butyl hydroperoxide (BH, a hydroxyl free radical precursor), 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (AF2) and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG, DNA reactive reagents), benz[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2-aminoanthracene (2AA, DNA reactive promutagens). Gene conversion testing was performed in the yeast test strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae XD83. We also examined the effects on the repair process of DNA damage by UV irradiation. No statistically significant effects were observed between exposed and control groups in any of the genotoxicity tests, indicating that the IF MFs (0.91 mT at 2 kHz, 1.1 mT at 20 kHz or 0.11 mT at 60 kHz) do not have mutagenic or co-mutagenic potentials for the chemical mutagens tested under these experimental conditions. Our findings also indicate that these IF MFs do not induce gene conversion or affect the repair process of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells.
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Erdal N, Gürgül S, Celik A. Cytogenetic effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on Wistar rat bone marrow. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 630:69-77. [PMID: 17452120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) was investigated in Wistar rat tibial bone marrow cells, using the chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) test systems. In addition to these test systems, we also investigated the mitotic index (MI), and the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs). Wistar rats were exposed to acute (1 day for 4h) and long-term (4h/day for 45 days) to a horizontal 50Hz, 1mT uniform magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil system. Mitomycin C (MMC, 2mg/kg BW) was used as positive control. Results obtained by chromosome analysis do not show any statistically significant differences between the negative control and both acute and long-term ELF-MF exposed samples. When comparing the group mean CA of long-term exposure with the negative control and acute exposure, the group mean of the long-term exposed group was higher, but this was not statistically significant. However, the mean micronucleus frequency of the longer-term exposed group was considerably higher than the negative control and acutely exposed groups. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). The results of the MI in bone marrow showed that the averages of both A-MF and L-MF groups significantly decreased when compared to those in the negative control (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). No significant differences were found between the group mean MI of A-MF exposure with L-MF. We found that the average of PCEs/NCEs ratios of A-MF exposed group was significantly lower than the negative control and L-MF exposed groups (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). In addition, the group mean of the PCEs/NCEs ratios of L-MF was significantly lower than negative control (p<0.01). We also found that the MMC treated group showed higher the number of CA and the frequency of MN formation when compared to those in all other each groups (p-values of all each groups <0.01) and also MMC treated group showed lower MI and the PCEs/NCEs ratios when compared to those in all other each groups (p-values of all groups <0.01). These observations indicate the in vivo suspectibility of mammals to the genotoxicity potential of ELF-MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Erdal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, TR-33169 Mersin, Turkey.
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Schwenzer NF, Bantleon R, Maurer B, Kehlbach R, Herberts T, Claussen CD, Rodegerdts E. In vitro evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 tesla on clonogenic ability, proliferation, and cell cycle in human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Invest Radiol 2007; 42:212-7. [PMID: 17351426 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000255831.40115.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the influence of magnetic resonance (MR) at 3.0 T on clonogenic ability, proliferation, and cell cycle in an embryonic human cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells (human lung fibroblasts Hel 299) were exposed to the static magnetic field (3.0 T) of a magnetic resonance imager (MRI) and to a turbo spin echo sequence at 3.0 T within clinical limitations (specific absorption rate 0.92 W/kg). A special MR-compatible incubation system was used. A control group (sham-exposed) and a MRI group (exposed) were set up. We investigated 3 biologic endpoints: colony forming, cell cycle, and proliferation ability. The exposure time was 2 hours in each experiment. RESULTS In the statistical analysis, none of these tests showed relevant differences between the exposed and sham-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS No influences of the static field alone as well as a turbo spin echo sequence at 3.0 T on clonogenic ability, proliferation, or cell cycle in eugenic human lung fibroblasts were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Schwenzer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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Nuccitelli S, Cerella C, Cordisco S, Albertini MC, Accorsi A, De Nicola M, D'Alessio M, Radogna F, Magrini A, Bergamaschi A, Ghibelli L. Hyperpolarization of plasma membrane of tumor cells sensitive to antiapoptotic effects of magnetic fields. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1090:217-25. [PMID: 17384265 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1378.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical/physical agents able to prevent apoptosis are receiving much attention for their potential health hazard as tumor promoters. Magnetic fields (MFs), which have been shown to increase the occurrence of some tumors, reduce damage-induced apoptosis by a mechanism involving Ca2+ entry into cells. In order to discover the mechanism of such effect of MFs, we investigated the interference of MFs on cell metabolism and analyzed cell parameters that are involved in apoptotic signaling and regulation of Ca2+ fluxes. Here we show that different types (static and extremely low-frequency, ELF pulsating) of MFs of different intensities alter plasma membrane potential. Interestingly, MFs induce plasma membrane hyperpolarization in cells sensitive to the antiapoptotic effect of MFs, whereas cells that are insensitive showed a plasma membrane depolarization. These opposite effects suggest that protection against apoptosis and membrane potential modulation are correlated, plasma membrane hyperpolarization possibly being part of the signal transduction chain determining MFs' antiapoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nuccitelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
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Köylü H, Mollaoglu H, Ozguner F, Naziroglu M, Nazýroglu M, Delibas N, Delibab N. Melatonin modulates 900 Mhz microwave-induced lipid peroxidation changes in rat brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2006; 22:211-6. [PMID: 16898263 DOI: 10.1191/0748233706th263oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microwaves (MW) from cellular phones may affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, which may enhance lipid peroxidation levels of the brain, thus leading to oxidative damage. Melatonin is synthesized in and secreted by the pineal gland at night and exhibits anti-oxidant properties. Several studies suggest that supplementation with anti-oxidant can influence MW-induced brain damage. The present study was designed to determine the effects of MW on the brain lipid peroxidation system, and the possible protective effects of melatonin on brain degeneration induced by MW. Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: (1) sham-operated control group (N = 8); (2) study 900-MHz MW-exposed group (N = 8); and (3) 900-MHz MW-exposed+melatonin (100 microg/kg sc before daily MW exposure treated group) (N = 10). Cortex brain and hippocampus tissues were removed to study the levels of lipid peroxidation as malonyl dialdehyde. The levels of lipid peroxidation in the brain cortex and hippocampus increased in the MW group compared with the control group, although the levels in the hippocampus were decreased by MW+melatonin administration. The brain cortex lipid peroxidation levels were unaffected by melatonin treatment. We conclude that melatonin may prevent MW-induced oxidative changes in the hippocampus by strengthening the anti-oxidant defense system, by reducing oxidative stress products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halis Köylü
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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Delimaris J, Tsilimigaki S, Messini-Nicolaki N, Ziros E, Piperakis SM. Effects of pulsed electric fields on DNA of human lymphocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 22:409-15. [PMID: 16897439 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pulsed electric fields of low frequency (50 Hz) on DNA of human lymphocytes were investigated. The influence of additional external factors, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gamma-irradiation, as well as the repair efficiency in these lymphocytes, was also evaluated. The comet assay, a very sensitive and rapid method for detecting DNA damage at the single cells level was the method used. A significant amount of damage was observed after exposure to the electric fields, compared to the controls. After 2 h incubation at 37 degrees C, a proportion of damage was repaired. H2O2 and gamma-irradiation increased the damage to lymphocytes exposed to pulsed electric fields according to the dose used, while the amount of the repair was proportional to the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delimaris
- DNA Repair Laboratory, Institute of Biology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
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Dorsey WC, Ford BD, Roane L, Haynie DT, Tchounwou PB. Induced mitogenic activity in AML-12 mouse hepatocytes exposed to low-dose ultra-wideband electromagnetic radiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 2:24-30. [PMID: 16705798 PMCID: PMC3814693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2005010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultra–wideband (UWB) technology has increased with the use of various civilian and military applications. In the present study, we hypothesized that low-dose UWB electromagnetic radiation (UWBR) could elicit a mitogenic effect in AML-12 mouse hepatocytes, in vitro. To test this hypothesis, we exposed AML-12 mouse hepatocytes, to UWBR in a specially constructed gigahertz transverse electromagnetic mode (GTEM) cell. Cells were exposed to UWBR for 2 h at a temperature of 23°C, a pulse width of 10 ns, a repetition rate of 1 kHz, and field strength of 5–20 kV/m. UWB pulses were triggered by an external pulse generator for UWBR exposure but were not triggered for the sham exposure. We performed an MTT Assay to assess cell viability for UWBR-treated and sham-exposed hepatocytes. Data from viability studies indicated a time-related increase in hepatocytes at time intervals from 8–24 h post exposure. UWBR exerted a statistically significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent response in cell viability in both serum-treated and serum free medium (SFM) -treated hepatocytes. Western blot analysis of hepatocyte lysates demonstrated that cyclin A protein was induced in hepatocytes, suggesting that increased MTT activity after UWBR exposure was due to cell proliferation. This study indicates that UWBR has a mitogenic effect on AML-12 mouse hepatocytes and implicates a possible role for UWBR in hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. C. Dorsey
- Wildlife Biology Unit, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA. USA
| | - B. D. Ford
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. USA
| | - L. Roane
- Wildlife Biology Unit, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA. USA
| | - D. T. Haynie
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA. USA
| | - P. B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Correspondence to Dr. Paul B. Tchounwou.
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Luo Q, Yang J, Zeng QL, Zhu XM, Qian YL, Huang HF. 50-Hertz electromagnetic fields induce gammaH2AX foci formation in mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:673-80. [PMID: 16855210 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.052241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on DNA damage in mammals are still controversial. In the present study, the effects of EMFs on DNA damage in preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro were investigated by using gammaH2AX foci formation, a new sensitive indicator for detecting DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The data obtained demonstrated that EMFs decreased the cleavage rate of preimplantation mouse embryos. This decreasing effect of EMFs was related to the DNA-damaging effect indicated by the induction of gammaH2AX foci formation in preimplantation mouse embryos. The inducing effects of EMFs on gammaH2AX foci formation could be inhibited by the treatment of noise MFs or wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family inhibitor. Furthermore, the data obtained also showed that EMFs could activate the DNA damage-repair mechanism by recruiting repair factor Rad50 to the damaged DNA sites to repair the corresponding DNA damage. These findings suggest that EMFs could cause DNA damage in preimplantation embryos in vitro and that the adverse effects of EMFs on development might at least partly act through DNA damage. The DNA damage induced by EMFs could be at least partly repaired by the natural activation of DNA damage-repair mechanism or prevented by the simultaneous treatment of noise magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
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Obe G. Controversial cytogenetic observations in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation: a review and future research recommendations. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26:412-30. [PMID: 15887256 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During the years 1990-2003, a large number of investigations were conducted using animals, cultured rodent and human cells as well as freshly collected human blood lymphocytes to determine the genotoxic potential of exposure to nonionizing radiation emitted from extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF). Among the 63 peer reviewed scientific reports, the conclusions from 29 studies (46%) did not indicate increased damage to the genetic material, as assessed from DNA strand breaks, incidence of chromosomal aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), in EMF exposed cells as compared with sham exposed and/or unexposed cells, while those from 14 investigations (22%) have suggested an increase in such damage in EMF exposed cells. The observations from 20 other studies (32%) were inconclusive. This study reviews the investigations published in peer reviewed scientific journals during 1990-2003 and attempts to identify probable reason(s) for the conflicting results. Recommendations are made for future research to address some of the controversial observations.
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Carbonari K, Gonçalves L, Roth D, Moreira P, Fernández R, Martino-Roth MDG. Increased micronucleated cell frequency related to exposure to radiation emitted by computer cathode ray tube video display monitors. Genet Mol Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572005000300024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Scarfí MR, Sannino A, Perrotta A, Sarti M, Mesirca P, Bersani F. Evaluation of Genotoxic Effects in Human Fibroblasts after Intermittent Exposure to 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields: A Confirmatory Study. Radiat Res 2005; 164:270-6. [PMID: 16137199 DOI: 10.1667/rr3427.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to confirm the main results reported in recent studies on the induction of genotoxic effects in human fibroblasts exposed to 50 Hz intermittent (5 min field on/10 min field off) sinusoidal electromagnetic fields. For this purpose, the induction of DNA single-strand breaks was evaluated by applying the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/comet assay. To extend the study and validate the results, in the same experimental conditions, the potential genotoxicity was also tested by exposing the cells to a 50 Hz powerline signal (50 Hz frequency plus its harmonics). The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was applied after 24 h intermittent exposure to both sinusoidal and powerline signals to obtain information on cell cycle kinetics. The experiments were carried out on human diploid fibroblasts (ES-1). For each experimental run, exposed and sham-exposed samples were set up; positive controls were also provided by treating cells with hydrogen peroxide or mitomycin C for the comet or micronucleus assay, respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected in exposed compared to sham-exposed samples in any of the experimental conditions tested (P > 0.05). In contrast, the positive controls showed a statistically significant increase in DNA damage in all cases, as expected. Accordingly, our findings do not confirm the results reported previously for either comet induction or an increase in micronucleus frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Scarfí
- CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), 80124 Napoli, Italy.
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Winker R, Ivancsits S, Pilger A, Adlkofer F, Rüdiger HW. Chromosomal damage in human diploid fibroblasts by intermittent exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 585:43-9. [PMID: 16009595 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) has been implicated in the development of cancer in humans. An important basis for assessing a potential cancer risk due to ELF-EMF exposure is knowledge of biological effects on human cells at the chromosomal level. Therefore, we investigated in the present study the effect of intermittent ELF electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, sinusoidal, 5'field-on/10'field-off, 2-24 h, 1 mT) on the induction of micronuclei (MN) and chromosomal aberrations in cultured human fibroblasts. ELF-EMF radiation resulted in a time-dependent increase of micronuclei, which became significant after 10 h of intermittent exposure at a flux density of 1 mT. After approximately 15 h a constant level of micronuclei of about three times the basal level was reached. In addition, chromosomal aberrations were increased up to 10-fold above basal levels. Our data strongly indicate a clastogenic potential of intermittent low-frequency electromagnetic fields, which may lead to considerable chromosomal damage in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winker
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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Ivancsits S, Pilger A, Diem E, Jahn O, Rüdiger HW. Cell type-specific genotoxic effects of intermittent extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 583:184-8. [PMID: 15899587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The issue of adverse health effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) is highly controversial. Contradictory results regarding the genotoxic potential of ELF-EMF have been reported in the literature. To test whether this controversy might reflect differences between the cellular targets examined we exposed cultured cells derived from different tissues to an intermittent ELF-EMF (50 Hz sinusoidal, 1 mT) for 1-24h. The alkaline and neutral comet assays were used to assess ELF-EMF-induced DNA strand breaks. We could identify three responder (human fibroblasts, human melanocytes, rat granulosa cells) and three non-responder cell types (human lymphocytes, human monocytes, human skeletal muscle cells), which points to the significance of the cell system used when investigating genotoxic effects of ELF-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ivancsits
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Miyakoshi Y, Yoshioka H, Toyama Y, Suzuki Y, Shimizu H. The frequencies of micronuclei induced by cisplatin in newborn rat astrocytes are increased by 50-Hz, 7.5- and 10-mT electromagnetic fields. Environ Health Prev Med 2005; 10:138-43. [PMID: 21432152 PMCID: PMC2723253 DOI: 10.1007/bf02900806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to environmental and occupational electromagnetic fields (EMFs) contribute to the induction of brain tumors, leukemia, and other neoplasms. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of exposure to 50-Hz EMFs. and of co-exposure to cisplatin, a mutagen and carcinogen, and 50-Hz EMFs, using an in vivo newborn rat astrocyte micronucleus assay. METHODS Three day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were co-exposed to 50-Hz EMFs and 1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg of cisplatin. Brain cells were dissociated into single cells and cultured for 96 hours, then stained with acridine orange and an antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein. The frequency of micronucleated astrocytes was counted with a fluorescent microscope. RESULTS The frequency of micronuclei was not increased in rat astrocytes exposed to EMFs alone. However, the frequencies of micronuclei in co-exposure to 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin and EMFs (7.5- and 10-mT) were significantly increased, compared with those in exposure to 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin alone (sham-exposure, 0-mT EMFs) for 72 hours (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Exposure to EMFs alone did not have a genotoxic effect but co-exposure to EMFs increased the genotoxic activity induced by cisplatin. Our findings suggest that EMFs enhance the genotoxic effects of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyakoshi
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-8461, Tokyo, Japan,
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Abstract
Various experimental studies carried out over the last 30-40 years have examined the effects of the chronic or acute exposure of laboratory animals to static magnetic fields. Many of the earlier studies have been adequately reviewed elsewhere; few adverse effects were identified. This review focuses on studies carried out more recently, mostly those using vertebrates, particularly mammals. Four main areas of investigation have been covered, viz., nervous system and behavioural studies, cardiovascular system responses, reproduction and development, and genotoxicity and cancer. Work on the role of the natural geomagnetic field in animal orientation and migration has been omitted. Generally, the acute responses found during exposure to static fields above about 4 T are consistent with those found in volunteer studies, namely the induction of flow potentials around the heart and the development of aversive/avoidance behaviour resulting from body movement in such fields. No consistently demonstrable effects of exposure to fields of approximately 1T and above have been seen on other behavioural or cardiovascular endpoints. In addition, no adverse effects of such fields on reproduction and development or on the growth and development of tumours have been firmly established. Overall, however, far too few animal studies have been carried out to reach any firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Saunders
- Radiation and Environmental Health Unit, Department of Protection of the Human Environment, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environment Cluster, World Health Organisation, 20, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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Dini L, Abbro L. Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures. Micron 2005; 36:195-217. [PMID: 15725590 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of static magnetic fields (SMFs) with living organisms is a rapidly growing field of investigation. However, despite the increasing number of studies on the effects of the interaction of SMFs with living organisms, many gaps in our knowledge still remain. One reason why it is extremely important to deeply understand the true mode of action of MFs on living organisms, is the need to protect human health in consideration of the probable future introduction of new technologies such as magnetically levitated trains and the therapeutical use of MFs (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, coupling of MF exposure with chemotherapy). The lack of knowledge of the morphological modifications brought about by exposure to moderate-intensity SMFs prompted us to investigate the bioeffects of 6mT SMFs on different cell types, by means of light and electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and immuno- or cytochemistry. In the present article we report our own and other data from the literature on the morphological studies of the bioeffects of moderate-intensity SMFs. We focus on morphological modifications related to cell shape, cell surface, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane expression of molecules and carbohydrate residues. The effects of exposure to moderate-intensity SMF for 24 or 48 h, on apoptosis, on apoptotic related gene products, on macrophagic differentiation and on phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in primary cell cultures (transformed or stabilized cell lines) will be also discussed. Moderate-intensity (6mT) SMFs induced modifications of cell shape, cell surface and cytoskeleton, progressively achieved during the entire period of exposure. In general, at the end of the exposure period, the cells had a less flat shape due to partial detachment from the culture dishes or a more round-elongated shape (in relation to adhesion growth or in suspension growth respectively) with many irregular lamellar microvilli, while the morphology of the organelles remained unmodified. In parallel with cell shape changes, the microfilaments and microtubules, as well as the quantity and distribution of surface ConA-FITC and Ricinus Comm.-FITC labelling sites, were modified in a time-dependent manner. Apoptosis was influenced in a cell type-dependent manner: for some cells spontaneous apoptosis decreased while, for others, it increased to about 20% after 24h of continuous exposure. The induction of apoptosis was likely due to the increment of [Ca(2+)]i during exposure. Cell proliferation was only slightly affected. Indeed, in addition to the cell type, the time of exposure was also an important factor in the intensity of the effects produced. Both apoptotic rate and cell and surface shape were influenced by exposure to SMFs when simultaneously administered with apoptogenic drugs. Apoptotic cells were cleared by an efficient and fast process of phagocytosis mediated by specific epitopes, externalized during the formation of the apoptotic cells, on the dead cells and by specific receptors on the phagocytes (both "professional" and "nonprofessional"). The recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes as well as of control cells exposed for at least 24h to 6mT SMF by liver sinusoidal cells was influenced by the cell surface modifications which both apoptotic or normal exposed cells underwent during the induction of apoptosis or SMF exposure. The degree of macrophagic differentiation of human pro-monocytic U937 cells induced by phorbol ester was decreased by exposure to 6mT SMFs, with a consequent fall in cell adhesion and increased polarization of pseudopodia and cytoplasmic protrusions. Differentiation alone, or in combination with exposure to SMFs, affects distribution and quantity of cell surface carbohydrate residues, surface expression of markers of macrophage differentiation, and phagocytic capability. The increasing amount of data reporting on the bioeffects of SMFs is leading researchers to an understanding of how important it is to fully understand the mode of action of MFs on living organisms. Indeed, even if the perturbations of biological systems by SMFs are sublethal at shorter times of exposure, these perturbations could, especially at longer times of exposure, evolve into a progressive accumulation of modifications, whose ultimate effects still need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Enviromental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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46
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Portaccio M, De Luca P, Durante D, Grano V, Rossi S, Bencivenga U, Lepore M, Mita DG. Modulation of the catalytic activity of free and immobilized peroxidase by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: dependence on frequency. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26:145-52. [PMID: 15672368 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A study of the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of various frequencies, from 50 up to 400 Hz, on the catalytic activity of soluble and insoluble horseradish peroxidase (POD) was carried out. To simulate the conditions in which the enzyme operates in vivo, the POD was immobilized by entrapment on a gelatin membrane or by covalent attachment on a nylon graft membrane. The rate of inactivation of the soluble POD was found to exhibit positive and negative interactions with the 1 mT applied magnetic field, with an optimum positive effect at 130 Hz. The immobilized PODs, on the contrary, do not exhibit negative interactions, but show a maximum positive interaction at 150 Hz when entrapped and at 170 Hz when covalently attached. At 50 Hz and at frequencies higher than 250 Hz no effects were observed with insoluble POD. The optimum frequency of positive interaction between the EMF and the catalytic activity of the insoluble enzymes is shifted with respect to that of the soluble enzymes towards higher frequencies, the size of the shifts being dependent on the intensity of the physical forces involved in the immobilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Portaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Lee BC, Johng HM, Lim JK, Jeong JH, Baik KY, Nam TJ, Lee JH, Kim J, Sohn UD, Yoon G, Shin S, Soh KS. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on the antioxidant defense system in mouse brain: a chemiluminescence study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2004; 73:43-8. [PMID: 14732250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the putative mechanisms, by which extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field (MF) may affect biological systems is that of increasing free radical life span in organisms. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether ELF (60 Hz) MF can modulate antioxidant system in mouse brain by detecting chemiluminescence and measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in homogenates of the organ. Compared to sham exposed control group, lucigenin-initiated chemiluminescence in exposed group was not significantly increased. However, lucigenin-amplified t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-initiated brain homogenates chemiluminescence, was significantly increased in mouse exposed to 60 Hz, MF, 12 G for 3 h compared to sham exposed group. We also measured SOD activity, that plays a critical role of the antioxidant defensive system in brain. In the group exposed to 60 Hz, MF, 12 G for 3 h, brain SOD activity was significantly increased. These results suggest that 60 Hz, MF could deteriorate antioxidant defensive system by reactive oxygen species (ROS), other than superoxide radicals. Further studies are needed to identify the kind of ROS generated by the exposure to 60 Hz, MF and elucidate how MF can affect biological system in connection with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Cheon Lee
- School of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Katz E, Lioubashevski O, Willner I. Magnetic Field Effects on Cytochrome c-Mediated Bioelectrocatalytic Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:11088-92. [PMID: 15339195 DOI: 10.1021/ja048699m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Constant magnetic fields affect many biological transformations, but we lack mechanistic understanding of the processes. The magnetohydrodynamic effect may account for the enhancement of bioelectrocatalytic transformations at interfaces. This is exemplified by the bioelectrocatalyzed cytochrome c-mediated reduction of oxygen and oxidation of lactate in the presence of cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. We observe significant magnetic field effects on the rates of bioelectrochemical transformations (ca. 3-fold increase) at the functionalized interfaces at field strengths, B, up to 1 T. We show that the limiting current is proportional to the B(1/3)C*(4/3), where C is the concentration of electroactive species. The results may have important implications on the understanding of the magnetic field effects on natural biocatalytic processes at membranes and on the enhancement of biotransformations in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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49
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Heredia-Rojas JA, Caballero-Hernandez DE, Rodriguez-de la Fuente AO, Ramos-Alfano G, Rodriguez-Flores LE. Lack of alterations on meiotic chromosomes and morphological characteristics of male germ cells in mice exposed to a 60 Hz and 2.0 mT magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 25:63-8. [PMID: 14696055 DOI: 10.1002/bem.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of in vivo exposure of mice to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field (MF) at 2.0 mT on male germ cells was studied. The cytological endpoints measured included meiotic chromosome aberrations in spermatocytes and sperm morphology. Three independent experiments were carried out: (a) animals exposed for 72 h, (b) 10 days/8 h daily, and (c) 72 h exposure to MF plus 5 mg/kg of Mitomycin-C. No statistically significant differences indicative of MF effects were observed between MF exposed and control animals. In addition, an opposite effect between MF exposure and Mitomycin-C treatment in terms of chromosomal aberrations and sperm morphology was observed.
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50
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Koyama S, Nakahara T, Hirose H, Ding GR, Takashima Y, Isozumi Y, Miyakoshi J. ELF electromagnetic fields increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced mutations in pTN89 plasmids. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2004; 560:27-32. [PMID: 15099821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the mutational effects of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the presence and absence of an extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELFMF), using pTN89 plasmids. Mutations were detected in the supF gene carried by these plasmids in Escherichia coli. The plasmids were either treated with H(2)O(2) (1microM) alone at 37 degrees C for 4h, or were exposed to an ELFMF (60Hz, 5millitesla (mT)) simultaneously with H(2)O(2) treatment. The mutation frequency was 2.28 x 10(-4) for H(2)O(2) treatment alone, and 5.81 x 10(-4) for ELFMF exposure with H(2)O(2) treatment. We did not observe any mutations using treatment with ELFMF exposure alone. This indicates that the ELFMF may potentiate H(2)O(2)-induced mutation. Sequence analysis of the supF mutant plasmids revealed that base substitutions, G: C-->A :T transitions and G:C-->T:A transversions were dominant in both treatment groups, and there was no difference in the mutation spectrum or the hotspots between the groups. Therefore, ELFMFs may interact and potentiate the damage induced by H(2)O(2), resulting in an increase in the number of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koyama
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
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