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Bak SM, Back SM, Kim DY, Jeung NY, Kim NY, Yang JY, Han KH, Kim YB, Min BS, Lee BS, Park SH. Genotoxicity assessment of root extracts of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 886:503579. [PMID: 36868693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., (Paeoniae Radix, PL) are a well-known herbal remedy used to treat fever, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis, and gynecological disorders in East Asia. Here we evaluated the genetic toxicity of PL extracts (as a powder [PL-P] and hot-water extract [PL-W]) in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. The Ames test revealed that PL-W was not toxic to S. typhimurium strains and E. coli in absence and presence of the S9 metabolic activation system at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate, but PL-P produced a mutagenic response to TA100 in the absence of S9 mix. PL-P was cytotoxic in in vitro chromosomal aberrations (more than a 50 % decrease in cell population doubling time), and it increased the frequency of structural and numerical aberrations in absence and presence of S9 mix in a concentration-dependent manner. PL-W was cytotoxic in the in vitro chromosomal aberration tests (more than a 50 % decrease in cell population doubling time) only in the absence of S9 mix, and it induced structural aberrations only in the presence of S9 mix. PL-P and PL-W did not produce toxic response during the in vivo micronucleus test after oral administration to ICR mice and did not induce positive results in the in vivo Pig-a gene mutation and comet assays after oral administration to SD rats. Although PL-P showed genotoxic in two in vitro tests, the results from physiologically relevant in vivo Pig-a gene mutation and comet assays illustrated that PL-P and PL-W does not cause genotoxic effects in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Bak
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seng-Min Back
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Jeung
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Young Kim
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Han
- Organ Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 38430, the Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, the Republic of Korea.
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Kauffmann K, Werner F, Deitert A, Finklenburg J, Brendt J, Schiwy A, Hollert H, Büchs J. Optimization of the Ames RAMOS test allows for a reproducible high-throughput mutagenicity test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137168. [PMID: 32084684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Ames test is one of the most widely used mutagenicity tests. It employs histidine auxotrophic bacteria, which can mutate back to histidine prototrophy and, thus, grow on a histidine deficient medium. These mutants develop predominantly after adding a mutagenic compound during an initial growth phase on 1 mg/L histidine. In the established test systems, an endpoint determination is performed to determine the relative number of mutants. An alternative Ames test, the Ames RAMOS test, has been developed, which enables the online detection of mutagenicity by monitoring respiration activity. The reproducibility of the newly developed test system was investigated. A strong dependence of the test results on the inoculum volume transferred from the preculture was found. The more inoculum was needed to reach the required initial OD, the more mutagenic a positive control was evaluated. This effect was attributed to the histidine transfer from the preculture to the original Ames RAMOS test. The same problem is evident in the Ames fluctuation test. High reproducibility of the Ames RAMOS test could be achieved by performing the preculture on minimal medium with a defined histidine concentration and termination after histidine depletion. By using 5 mg/L initial histidine within the minimal medium, a higher separation efficiency between negative control and mutagenic samples could be achieved. This separation efficiency could be further increased by lowering the cultivation temperature from 37 to 30 °C, i.e. lowering the maximum growth rate. The optimized Ames RAMOS test was then transferred into a 48-well microtiter plate format (μRAMOS) for obtaining a high throughput test. The online detection of mutagenicity leads to a reduction of working time in the laboratory. Due to the optimization of reproducibility and the increase in separation efficiency, a sound mutagenicity evaluation, even of weak mutagenic compounds, can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Kauffmann
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Werner
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Deitert
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Julian Finklenburg
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Julia Brendt
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Conti L, Crebelli R. Potential pitfalls associated with testing of enzyme preparations in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:291-4. [PMID: 27330008 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a sample of food enzyme preparations on S9 activity was evaluated in bacterial mutation assays with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 using benzo(a)pyrene, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene as model compounds. Under the experimental conditions applied, Aspergillus oryzae protease and porcine pancreas trypsin, applied at low non-toxic doses, proved to effectively inhibit the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene by Aroclor induced rat liver 9, while the activation of 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene was only marginally affected. The tolerance of metabolic activation of 2-aminoanthracene to the presence of proteolytic enzymes, compared to the strong inhibition elicited on the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene, points to the involvement of different components of liver S9 in their biotransformation. Overall, data indicate that the use of 2-aminoanthracene as positive control in the Ames test can give a misleading indication of S9 proficiency, and thus it should be used with caution or in conjunction with other chemicals, especially in the testing of crude enzyme preparations in which proteases may be present as minor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Conti
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Crebelli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Thybaud V, Kasper P, Sobol Z, Elhajouji A, Fellows M, Guerard M, Lynch AM, Sutter A, Tanir JY. Genotoxicity assessment of peptide/protein-related biotherapeutics: points to consider before testing. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:375-84. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jianling J, Zhao H, Hui Z, Yan Z, Yupin C, Peiji G. Evaluation of the mutagenicity of a traditional Chinese medicine Radix isatidis root by modified Ames tests, SOS/umu and SOS/rec tests. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Jin J, Liu B, Zhang H, Tian X, Cai Y, Gao P. Mutagenicity of Chinese traditional medicine Semen Armeniacae amarum by two modified Ames tests. Altern Ther Health Med 2009; 9:43. [PMID: 19912670 PMCID: PMC2780976 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Semen armeniacae amarum (SAA) is a Chinese traditional medicine and has long been used to control acute lower respiratory tract infection and asthma, as a result of its expectorant and antiasthmatic activities. However, its mutagenicity in vitro and in vivo has not yet been reported. The Ames test for mutagenicity is used worldwide. The histidine contained in biological samples can induce histidine-deficient cells to replicate, which results in more his+ colonies than in negative control cells, therefore false-positive results may be obtained. So, it becomes a prerequisite to exclude the effects of any residual histidine from samples when they are assayed for their mutagenicity. Chinese traditional herbs, such as SAA, are histidine-containing biological sample, need modified Ames tests to assay their in vitro mutagenicity. Methods The mutagenicity of SAA was evaluated by the standard and two modified Ames tests. The first modification used the plate incorporation test same as standard Ames teat, but with new negative control systems, in which different amounts of histidine corresponding to different concentrations of SAA was incorporated. When the number of his+ revertants in SAA experiments was compared with that in new negative control, the effect of histidine contained in SAA could be eliminated. The second modification used a liquid suspension test similar to the standard Ames test, except with histidine-rich instead of histidine-limited medium. The aim of this change was to conceal the effect of histidine contained in SAA on the final counting of his+ revertants, and therefore to exclude false-positive results of SAA in the Ames test. Furthermore, the effect of SAA on chromosomal aberration in mammalian bone marrow cells was tested. Results The standard Ames test showed a positive result for mutagenicity of SAA. In contrast, a negative response was obtained with the modified plate incorporation and modified suspension Ames tests. Moreover, no apparent chromosomal aberrations were observed in mammalian bone marrow cells treated with SAA. Conclusion The standard Ames test was not suitable for evaluating the mutagenicity of SAA, because false-positive result could be resulted by the histidine content in SAA. However, the two modified Ames tests were suitable, because the experimental results proved that the effect of histidine in SAA and therefore the false-positive result were effectively excluded in these two modified Ames tests. This conclusion needs more experimental data to support in the future. Moreover, the experimental results illustrated that SAA had no mutagenicity in vitro and in vivo. This was in agreement with the clinical safety of SAA long-term used in China.
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Khandoudi N, Porte P, Chtourou S, Nesslany F, Marzin D, Le Curieux F. The presence of arginine may be a source of false positive results in the Ames test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 679:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu B, Jin J, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Gao P. A modified suspension test for estimating the mutagenicity of samples containing free and (or) protein-bound histidine. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:146-53. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ames test has not been very effective in estimating the mutagenicity of histidine-containing samples because external free and (or) protein-bound histidine in these samples would allow the histidine auxotrophs in such test samples to grow more compared with the negative controls that were used as the reference. This could give rise to a false positive.n this study, a modified suspension mutagenicity assay (MS assay) was deveopled. The tester strains were incubated in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth containing different concentrations of traditional Chineses medicines (TCMs) until the declining phase, and the test samples were assayed to be mutagenic or not by observing whether statistically significant differences were demonstrated in the relative reversion frequencies (RRFs) between the negative control groups and the test groups. Collectively, using LB broth as the test medium and comparing the RRFs in the declining phase made this assay less influenced by the presence of histidine in the test samples.The mutagenicity of some TCMs was measured with the MS assay. The results in MS assay were consistent with those in the mammalian bone marrow chromosomal aberration test, which indicated that the MS assay was appropriate to estimate the mutagenicity of samples containing free and (or) protein-bound histidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jianling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Huaiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Peiji Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
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Thompson C, Morley P, Kirkland D, Proudlock R. Modified bacterial mutation test procedures for evaluation of peptides and amino acid-containing material. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:345-50. [PMID: 16014361 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological materials can release amino acids during the course of bacterial mutation testing. Low levels of released amino acids from soluble materials can cause moderate increases in the number of revertant colonies on the plate, whereas higher levels lead to overgrowth of the background lawn, making counting of revertant colonies impossible. For poorly soluble material, the released amino acids can be present at high levels in localized spots on the plate, leading to the growth of 'pseudorevertant' colonies. The 'treat and wash' modified preincubation method employed here is an adaptation of the treat and plate method (used for evaluation of antibiotics) and involves washing the bacteria free of test compound after a 90 min exposure prior to plating out on minimal plates. The MC overlay method is a modified version of the standard plate incorporation assay, in which a top overlay containing 4% high viscosity methylcellulose is used in place of agar to stabilize the test compound in solution, preventing precipitation and subsequent localized amino acid release. Both modified methods produce the expected results for negative and positive controls. Peptides [synthetic curtailed analogs of human parathyroid hormone, PTH(1-34) and Ostabolin-C] that produced false positive results or could not be evaluated owing to overgrowth of the background lawn using standard methods, showed no artifacts and no evidence of genotoxicity using the modified methods. It is concluded that the treat and wash and MC overlay methods are valid versions of the bacterial mutation test for avoiding complications associated with released amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crista Thompson
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, CTBR, 87 Senneville Road, Senneville, Quebec, Canada H9X 3R3
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Kuenemann-Migeot C, Callais F, Momas I, Festy B. Urinary promutagens of smokers: comparison of concentration methods and relation to cigarette consumption. Mutat Res 1996; 368:141-7. [PMID: 8684404 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(96)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Different extraction techniques can be used to concentrate the promutagens of cigarette smokers' urine before evaluation of their mutagenic potency by Ames test. In this study, three solid adsorbents, C18, XAD2 and CN were compared for their ability to concentrate the promutagens of smokers' urine prior to acetone elution. C18 extracts were observed to have a higher promutagenicity than XAD2 and CN extracts. The mutagenicity of smokers' urine depended on the smoking habits, and a strong correlation was observed between urinary promutagenicity, daily cigarette consumption, and the tobacco type (black or blond). Smokers of black tobacco had a higher urinary genotoxicity than smokers of blond tobacco, after taking into account the level of tobacco consumption. Urinary promutagenicity did not appear to depend on the tar level of cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kuenemann-Migeot
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène et de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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Mason DJ, Lloyd AL, Lloyd D. An inexpensive infrared growth sensor array for detection of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 111:251-4. [PMID: 8405933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An inexpensive infrared sensor was constructed and used for the rapid testing of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility by detection of changes in absorbance at 950 nm. By comparing cultures of clinical isolates together with control strains (Escherichia coli NCTC 10418, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10662) after addition of an antibiotic, results on susceptibility were obtained within 3-5 h from the original plate culture. Representative strains of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus were tested successfully against ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin or ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mason
- School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK
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