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Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Casas E, Mooyottu S, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Exogenous Vitamin D3 Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne’s Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:773938. [PMID: 35111692 PMCID: PMC8801714 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of ruminant enteritis, targets intestinal macrophages. During infection, macrophages contribute to mucosal inflammation and development of granulomas in the small intestine which worsens as disease progression occurs. Vitamin D3 is an immunomodulatory steroid hormone with beneficial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Few studies have investigated immunologic roles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in cattle, particularly cattle infected with MAP. This study examined the effects of exogenous vitamin D3 on immune responses of monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from dairy cattle naturally infected with MAP. MDMs were pre-treated with ± 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or ± 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3, then incubated 24 hrs with live MAP in the presence of their respective pre-treatment concentrations. Following treatment with either vitamin D3 analog, phagocytosis of MAP by MDMs was significantly greater in clinically infected animals, with a greater amount of live and dead bacteria. Clinical cows had significantly less CD40 surface expression on MDMs compared to subclinical cows and noninfected controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 also significantly increased nitrite production in MAP infected cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment played a key role in upregulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-12 while downregulating IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ. 1,25(OH)2D3 also negatively regulated transcripts of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, DEFB7, NOS2, and IL10. Results from this study demonstrate that vitamin D3 compounds, but mainly 1,25(OH)2D3, modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses in dairy cattle infected with MAP, impacting the bacterial viability within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Elguezabal N, Ladero-Auñon I, Royo M, Del Carmen Ferreras M, Benavides J, Pérez V. Early response of monocyte-derived macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats against in vitro infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2021; 52:69. [PMID: 33980310 PMCID: PMC8117269 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Vaccination is the most cost-effective control method. However, despite the fact that macrophages are the main target cells for this pathogen, the precise mechanisms behind the response of the macrophage to Map infection and how it is modified by vaccination are yet poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Silirum® vaccination in the early immune response of caprine monocyte-derived macrophages (CaMØs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, cultured in vitro until differentiation to macrophages and infected with Map. After a 24 h incubation, Map viability and DNA were assessed in culture by viable colony count and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, Map phagocytosis and expression of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6 and MIP-1β were also evaluated through immunofluorescence labelling and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. A significant reduction of Map viability was observed in both supernatants (P < 0.05) and CaMØs (P < 0.001) from the vaccinated group. Similarly, the percentage of infected CaMØs and the number of internalized Map by CaMØs (P < 0.0001) was higher in the vaccinated group. Finally, iNOS (P < 0.01) and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated in CaMØs from vaccinated goats, whereas only MIP-1β was up-regulated in non-vaccinated animals (P < 0.05). These results show that vaccination modifies the immune response of CaMØs, suggesting that the phagocytosis and microbiocidal activity of macrophages against Map is enhanced after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Jose Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE),, Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
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Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Deng M, Abrahamsen MS. Gene Expression and Antimicrobial Activity of Bovine Macrophages in Response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2016; 41:326-37. [PMID: 15232132 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-4-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated gene expression and antimicrobial responses of bovine monocyte—derived macrophages incubated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. a. ptb), the causative agent of Johne's disease. Gene expression was evaluated by the use of human noncompetitive high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. Bovine messenger RNA hybridized with 14.2–18.2% of the 12,600 oligonucleotide probe sets. When macrophages incubated with M. a. ptb were compared with nonactivated control macrophages, macrophages activated by addition of interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide, and macrophages incubated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (M. a. a), 47, 79, and 27 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed. Differential expression of six of these genes was confirmed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Several functional assays were performed to evaluate the potential relevance of differentially expressed genes to host defense. Macrophages phagocytizing M. a. a had a greater capacity to kill the organisms and to acidify phagosomes and a greater degree of apoptosis than did macrophages incubated with M. a. ptb. The results of these studies indicate that multiple genes and metabolic pathways are differentially expressed by macrophages ingesting mycobacterial organisms. Although the intracellular fate of mycobacterial organisms appears to be dependent on a complex interaction between macrophage and organism, phagosome acidification and apoptosis may play central roles in organism survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55018, USA.
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Desai AA, Marks DJB. Atypical mycobacteria: showerheads, anti-TNF therapy and Crohn’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 6:695-9. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Stabel J, Khalifeh M. Differential expression of CD5 on B lymphocytes in cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:211-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Woo SR, Czuprynski CJ. Tactics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes. J Vet Sci 2008; 9:1-8. [PMID: 18296882 PMCID: PMC2839103 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease is a condition that refers to chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. It is believed that survival and replication of Mycobacterium (M.) paratuberculosis in mononuclear phagocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Johne's disease. However, it is not clear how M. paratuberculosis survives for long time periods in mononuclear phagocytes, nor is it clear which factors trigger multiplication of these bacilli and result in the development of Johne's disease. Investigating the intracellular fate of M. paratuberculosis is challenging because of its very slow growth (more than two months to form visible colonies on media). Existing animal models also have limitations. Despite those obstacles, there has been progress in understanding the intracellular survival tactics of M. paratuberculosis and the host response against them. In this review, we compare known aspects of the intracellular survival tactics of M. paratuberculosis with those of other mycobacterial species, and consider possible mycobactericidal mechanisms of mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Ryong Woo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
AbstractMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, a deadly intestinal ailment of ruminants. Johne’s disease is of tremendous economic importance to the worldwide dairy industry, causing major losses due to reduced production and early culling of animals. A highly controversial but developing link between exposure toM. paratuberculosisand human Crohn’s disease in some individuals has led to the suggestion thatM. paratuberculosisis also a potential food safety concern. As with many other mycobacteria,M. paratuberculosisis exquisitely adapted to survival in the host, despite aggressive immune reactions to these organisms. One hallmark of mycobacteria, includingM. paratuberculosis, is their propensity to infect macrophages. Inside the macrophage,M. paratuberculosisinterferes with the maturation of the phagosome by an unknown mechanism, thereby evading the host’s normal first line of defense against bacterial pathogens. The host immune system begins a series of attacks againstM. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages, including the rapid deployment of activated γδ T cells, CD4+T cells and cytolytic CD8+T cells. These cells interact with the persistently infected macrophage and with each other through a complex network of cytokines and receptors. Despite these aggressive efforts to clear the infection,M. paratuberculosispersists and the constant struggle of the immune system leads to pronounced damage to the intestinal epithelial cells. Enhancing our ability to control this important and tenacious pathogen will require a deeper understanding of howM. paratuberculosisinterferes with macrophage action, the cell types involved in the immune response, the cytokines these cells use to communicate, and the host genetic factors that control the response to infection.
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Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Souza CD. Expression of interleukin-10 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 associated with susceptibility of cattle to infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1114-20. [PMID: 16111147 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine functional characteristics of monocytes obtained from cows with subclinical infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) that may have predisposed those cows to becoming infected with MAP SAMPLE POPULATION: Monocytes obtained from 5 uninfected cows and 5 cows subclinically infected with MAP in a herd with a high prevalence of paratuberculosis (ie, Johne's disease). PROCEDURES Monocytes from uninfected and subclinically infected cows were incubated with MAP for 2, 6, 24, 72, or 96 hours. Variables measured included expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, transforming growth factor-beta, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3); apoptosis of monocytes; acidification of phagosomes; and killing of MAP. RESULTS Monocytes from infected cows had greater expression of IL-10 and SOCS-3 at 2 hours of coincubation with MAP and lower expression of TNF-alpha and IL-12 when results for all incubation times were combined. Monocytes from infected cows had a greater capacity to acidify phagosomes. No differences were observed in the rate of apoptosis or capacity of monocytes to kill MAP organisms. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Monocytes obtained from cows with subclinical infection with MAP had upregulated expression of IL-10 and SOCS-3 within the first 2 hours after exposure to MAP organisms. Although this did not inhibit acidification of phagosomes, apoptosis of monocytes, or attenuation of the capacity to kill MAP organisms, it may have attenuated the capacity of mononuclear phagocytes to initiate inflammatory and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, de Souza C, Abrahamsen MS. A critical role of interleukin-10 in the response of bovine macrophages to infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:721-6. [PMID: 15900955 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the inability of monocyte-derived bovine macrophages to kill Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis organisms in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION Monocytes were obtained from healthy adult Holstein dairy cows that had negative results when tested for infection with M avium subsp paratuberculosis. PROCEDURE Monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with M avium subsp paratuberculosis for 2, 6, 24, 72, or 96 hours with or without addition of saturating concentrations of a goat anti-human IL-10 that has been documented to neutralize bovine IL-10 activity. Variables assessed included ingestion and killing of M avium subsp paratuberculosis; expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12, IL-8, major histocompatability (MHC) class II, vacuolar H+ ATPase, and B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2); production of nitric oxide; acidification of phagosomes; and apoptosis of macrophages. RESULTS Neutralization of IL-10 enabled macrophages to kill 57% of M avium subsp paratuberculosis organisms within 96 hours. It also resulted in an increase in expression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-8, MHC class II, and vacuolar H+ ATPase; decrease in expression of BCL-2; increase in acidification of phagosomes; apoptosis of macrophages; and production of nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The capacity of M avium subsp paratuberculosis to induce IL-10 expression may be a major determinant of virulence for this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Chacon O, Bermudez LE, Barletta RG. Johne's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2004; 58:329-63. [PMID: 15487941 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic diarrhea affecting all ruminants. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a slowly growing mycobacteria, is the etiologic agent. There is also a concern that MAP might be a causative agent of some cases of inflammatory bowel disease in humans, especially Crohn's disease. Food products including pasteurized bovine milk have been suggested as potential sources of human infection. This review addresses microbial factors that may contribute to its pathogenicity. In addition, the experimental evidence defining MAP as the cause of Johne's disease and the issues and controversies surrounding its potential pathogenic role in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Chacon
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-090, USA.
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Lage SZ, Goethe R, Darji A, Valentin-Weigand P, Weiss S. Activation of macrophages and interference with CD4+ T-cell stimulation by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium. Immunology 2003; 108:62-9. [PMID: 12519304 PMCID: PMC1782861 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. ptb) and M. avium subspecies avium (M. avium) are closely related but exhibit significant differences in their interaction with the host immune system. The macrophage line, J774, was infected with M. ptb and M. avium and analysed for cytokine production and stimulatory capacity towards antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Under all conditions J774 cells were activated to produce proinflammatory cytokines. No influence on the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), B7.1, B7.2 or CD40 was found. However, the antigen-specific stimulatory capacity of J774 cells for a CD4+ T-cell line was significantly inhibited after infection with M. ptb, but not with M. avium. When a T-cell hybridoma expressing a T-cell receptor identical to that of the T-cell line was used, this inhibition was not observed, suggesting that costimulation which is essential for the CD4+ T-cell line is influenced by the pathogenic bacterium M. ptb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zur Lage
- Molecular Immunology, GBF, German Research Centre for BiotechnologyBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Ayub Darji
- Molecular Immunology, GBF, German Research Centre for BiotechnologyBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Molecular Immunology, GBF, German Research Centre for BiotechnologyBraunschweig, Germany
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Lee H, Stabel JR, Kehrli ME. Cytokine gene expression in ileal tissues of cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 82:73-85. [PMID: 11557295 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine gene expression in ileal tissues of cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was evaluated. The effects of infection with M. paratuberculosis on cytokine production may influence immune regulation at the site of colonization, resulting in the chronic inflammatory state associated with the latter stages of this disease. Ileal samples were obtained at necropsy from noninfected control cows (n=8) and clinically infected cows (n=7) and processed for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Cows infected with M. paratuberculosis were in the latter stages of disease with clinical signs such as weight loss, watery diarrhea, and inappetence. Among cytokines we studied, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were expressed significantly more in infected animals than in noninfected control animals. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), however, was not different between the two groups of cattle. In addition, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the number of resident macrophages in the ileum of infected animals was three times greater than that of noninfected cows. In contrast to this, ileal tissues from noninfected control animals contained 1.5 times more neutrophils than the ileal tissues from cows infected with M. paratuberculosis. These data demonstrate that localized ileal cytokine production is different between cows chronically infected with M. paratuberculosis and noninfected control cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Periparturient Diseases of Cattle Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Kuehnel MP, Goethe R, Habermann A, Mueller E, Rohde M, Griffiths G, Valentin-Weigand P. Characterization of the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: phagosomal pH and fusogenicity in J774 macrophages compared with other mycobacteria. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:551-66. [PMID: 11488816 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phagosomes containing viable pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (M. avium), are known to be limited in their ability to both acidify and fuse with late (but not early) endocytic organelles. Here, we analysed the pH and fusogenicity of phagosomes containing M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (M. ptb), the causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants. Using the murine J774 macrophage cell line, we compared viable and heat-killed M. ptb and, in addition, viable or dead M. avium, as well as two non-pathogenic mycobacteria, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium gordonae. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that M. ptb persisted intracellularly in phagosomes for up to 15 days. The phagosomes containing live M. ptb and M. avium were significantly reduced in their ability to acquire some markers for the endocytic pathway, such as internalized calcein, BSA-gold or the membrane protein Lamp 2. However, they were almost completely accessible to 70 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and Lamp 1. Overall, the phagosomes containing dead pathogenic mycobacteria behaved similarly to the ones containing live non-pathogenic mycobacteria in all experiments. Using FITC-dextran in a novel fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based method, we could also show that the bulk of endocytic compartments, including phagosomes, were only very mildly acidified to approximately pH 6.3 over at least 72 h in J774 cells infected with live M. ptb and M. avium. In contrast, J774 cells treated with heat-killed M. ptb or BSA-coated latex beads showed substantial acidification of the phagosome/endocytic compartments to a pH value of approximately 5.2. After infection with M. smegmatis and M. gordonae, acidification was initially (1-5 h after infection) inhibited, but increased after longer infection to levels similar to those with dead mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kuehnel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tieraerztliche Hochschule, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (basonym M. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of a severe gastroenteritis in ruminants known as Johne's disease. Economic losses to the cattle industry in the United States are staggering, reaching $1.5 billion annually. A potential pathogenic role in humans in the etiology of Crohn's disease is under investigation. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and disease control measures of this important veterinary pathogen. We emphasize molecular genetic aspects including the description of markers used for strain identification, diagnostics, and phylogenetic analysis. Recent important advances in the development of animal models and genetic systems to study M. paratuberculosis virulence determinants are also discussed. We conclude with proposals for the applications of these models and recombinant technology to the development of diagnostic, control, and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Harris
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
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Allen S, Sotos J, Sylte MJ, Czuprynski CJ. Use of Hoechst 33342 staining to detect apoptotic changes in bovine mononuclear phagocytes infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:460-4. [PMID: 11238240 PMCID: PMC96081 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.460-464.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages that causes a chronic enteritis (Johne's disease) in ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine whether M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection causes apoptosis in bovine monocytes. Using Hoechst 33342 staining, we observed increased numbers of apoptotic monocytes within 6 h of infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and these numbers increased further at 24 and 48 h. This effect appeared to require viable bacilli, because monocytes infected with heat-killed M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis did not exhibit a significant increase in apoptosis. Preincubation of monocytes with bovine growth hormone prior to infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis did not significantly alter the number of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Allen
- Department of Bacteriology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Valentin-Weigand P, Goethe R. Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in ruminants: still more questions than answers. Microbes Infect 1999; 1:1121-7. [PMID: 10572316 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(99)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis (Johnes disease), a chronic enteritis in ruminants, which is one of the most widespread bacterial diseases of domestic animals, causing enormous economic losses worldwide. Though the disease was first described more than a century ago, the biology of the infecting organism and the mechanisms of its interactions with the host still remain a mystery. In this review, recent advances made on pathogenesis of paratuberculosis are summarized and future challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valentin-Weigand
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Clarke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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