1
|
Butt M, Evans M, Bowman CJ, Cummings T, Oneda S, Shelton D, Zorbas M. Morphologic, stereologic, and morphometric evaluation of the nervous system in young cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) following maternal administration of tanezumab, a monoclonal antibody to nerve growth factor. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:463-76. [PMID: 25326242 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanezumab, an antibody to nerve growth factor, was administered to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys at 0, 0.5, 4, and 30 mg/kg weekly, beginning gestation day (GD) 20 through parturition (∼GD165). Maternal tanezumab administration appeared to increase stillbirths and infant mortality, but no consistent pattern of gross and/or microscopic change was detected to explain the mortality. Offspring exposed in utero were evaluated at 12 months of age using light microscopy (all tissues), stereology (basal forebrain cholinergic and dorsal root ganglia neurons), and morphometry (sural nerve). Light microscopy revealed decreased number of neurons in sympathetic ganglia (superior mesenteric, cervicothoracic, and ganglia in the thoracic sympathetic trunk). Stereologic assessment indicated an overall decrease in dorsal root ganglion (thoracic) volume and number of neurons in animals exposed to tanezumab 4 mg/kg (n = 9) and 30 mg/kg (n = 1). At all tanezumab doses, the sural nerve was small due to decreases in myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Existing axons/myelin sheaths appeared normal when viewed with light and transmission electron microscopy. There was no indication of tanezumab-related, active neuron/nerve fiber degeneration/necrosis in any tissue, indicating decreased sensory/sympathetic neurons and axonal changes were due to hypoplasia or atrophy. These changes in the sensory and sympathetic portions of the peripheral nervous system suggest some degree of developmental neurotoxicity, although what effect, if any, the changes had on normal function and survival was not apparent. Overall, these changes were consistent with published data from rodent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Butt
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mark Evans
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Christopher J Bowman
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Thomas Cummings
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Satoru Oneda
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - David Shelton
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mark Zorbas
- *Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland 21701, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, SNBL USA, Ltd., Everett, Washington 98203, and Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eaton MJ, Duplan H. Useful cell lines derived from the adrenal medulla. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 228:39-52. [PMID: 15541571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2002] [Accepted: 02/06/2003] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Five approaches for the preparation of adrenal chromaffin cell lines have been developed. Initially, continuous chromaffin lines were derived from spontaneous pheochromocytoma tumors of the medulla, either from murine or human sources, such as the rat PC12 cell line and the human KNA and KAT45 cell lines. Over the last few decades, more sophisticated molecular methods have allowed for induced tumorigenesis and targeted oncogenesis in vivo, where isolation of specific populations of mouse cell lines of endocrine origin have resulted in model cells to examine a variety of regulatory pathways in the chromaffin phenotype. As well, conditional immortalization with retroviral infection of chromaffin precursors has provided homogeneous and expandable chromaffin cells for transplant studies in animal models of pain. This same strategy of immortalization with conditionally expressed oncogenes has been expanded recently to create the first disimmortalizable chromaffin cells, with an excisable oncogenic cassette, as might be envisioned for the creation of human chromaffin cell lines. Eventually, as we increase our understanding of regulating the phenotypic fate of chromaffin cells in vitro, stem or progenitor adrenal medullary cell lines will be derived as an alternative source for expansion and clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Eaton
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1095 N.W. 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
TrkB and neurotrophin-4 are important for development and maintenance of sympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the adrenal medulla. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9736648 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-18-07272.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal medulla receives its major presynaptic input from sympathetic preganglionic neurons that are located in the intermediolateral (IML) column of the thoracic spinal cord. The neurotrophic factor concept would predict that these IML neurons receive trophic support from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. We show here that adrenal chromaffin cells in the adult rat store neurotrophin (NT)-4, but do not synthesize or store detectable levels of BDNF or NT-3, respectively. Preganglionic neurons to the adrenal medulla identified by retrograde tracing with fast blue or Fluoro-Gold (FG) express TrkB mRNA. After unilateral destruction of the adrenal medulla, 24% of IML neurons, i.e., all neurons that are preganglionic to the adrenal medulla in spinal cord segments T7-T10, disappear. Administration of NT-4 in gelfoams (6 microgram) implanted into the medullectomized adrenal gland rescued all preganglionic neurons as evidenced by their presence after 4 weeks. NT-3 and cytochrome C were not effective. The action of NT-4 is accompanied by massive sprouting of axons in the vicinity of the NT-4 source as monitored by staining for acetylcholinesterase and synaptophysin immunoreactivity, suggesting that NT-4 may enlarge the terminal field of preganglionic nerves and enhance their access to trophic factors. Analysis of TrkB-deficient mice revealed degenerative changes in axon terminals on chromaffin cells. Furthermore, numbers of FG-labeled IML neurons in spinal cord segments T7-T10 of NT-4-deficient adult mice were significantly reduced. These data are consistent with the notion that NT-4 from chromaffin cells operates through TrkB receptors to regulate development and maintenance of the preganglionic innervation of the adrenal medulla.
Collapse
|
6
|
Reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in adrenal medulla and loss of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in TrkA-deficient, but not TrkB-deficient, mice. J Neurosci 1997. [PMID: 8994044 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.17-03-00891.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TrkA high-affinity receptors are essential for the normal development of sympathetic paravertebral neurons and subpopulations of sensory neurons. Paravertebral sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla share an ontogenetic origin, responsiveness to NGF, and expression of TrkA. Which aspects of development of the adrenal medulla might be regulated via TrkA are unknown. In the present study we demonstrate that mice deficient for TrkA, but not the neurotrophin receptor TrkB, show an early postnatal progressive reduction of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity in the adrenal medulla and in preganglionic sympathetic neurons within the thoracic spinal cord, which are also significantly reduced in number. Quantitative determinations of specific AChE activity revealed a massive decrease (-62%) in the adrenal gland and a lesser, but still pronounced, reduction in the thoracic spinal cord (-40%). Other markers of the adrenal medulla and its innervation, including various neuropeptides, chromogranin B, secretogranin II, amine transporters, the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and PNMT, synaptophysin, and L1, essentially were unchanged. Interestingly, AChE immunoreactivity appeared unaltered, too. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons, in contrast to adrenal medullary cells, do not express TrkA. They must, therefore, be affected indirectly by the TrkA knock-out, possibly via a retrograde signal from chromaffin cells. Our results suggest that signaling via TrkA, but not TrkB, may be involved in the postnatal regulation of AChE activity in the adrenal medulla and its preganglionic nerves.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hofmann HD, Seidl K, Unsicker K. Development and plasticity of adrenal chromaffin cells: cues based on in vitro studies. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1989; 12:397-407. [PMID: 2671306 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest derived precursors of the sympathoadrenal cell lineage give rise to two major cell types that differ in a number of morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical characteristics: principal sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. The present article reviews experimental studies performed on cultured adrenal medullary cells and designed to unravel the nature of epigenetic signals governing the developmental choice between the endocrine chromaffin and the neuronal sympathetic phenotype. Emphasis is placed on the role of glucocorticoids in initiation, development, and maintenance of the endocrine chromaffin phenotype and apparently antagonistic influences exerted by nerve growth factor (NGF) in vitro, resulting in the acquisition of neuronal properties by differentiated chromaffin cells. Experimental data from in vitro studies are compatible with the following conclusions. Glucocorticoids represent the decisive signal for the initial induction of endocrine differentiation. Moreover, high steroid hormone concentrations, as present in the adrenal medulla, are a prerequisite for the maturation of chromaffin cells. Even in a differentiated state, the endocrine phenotype is unstable in the absence of glucocorticoids, and the cells seem to reenter the neuronal developmental pathway. Under these conditions, cellular survival and differentiation into sympathetic neurons become NGF-dependent, as in normal sympathetic development. Thus, the effects of NGF survival, neurite outgrowth, and transmitter synthesis of cultured chromaffin cells probably do not reflect the induction of a specific phenotype, but they may be interpreted as a general neurotrophic support observable with other responsive cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|