1
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Namiki T, Coelho SG, Hearing VJ. NUAK2: an emerging acral melanoma oncogene. Oncotarget 2011; 2:695-704. [PMID: 21911917 PMCID: PMC3248218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances in cancer genomics make it possible to dissect complicated genomic aberrations of melanomas. In particular, several specific genomic aberrations including 11q13 amplification and KIT aberrations have been identified in acral melanomas. We recently identified NUAK2 at 1q32 as a promising oncogene in acral melanomas and reported its significant roles in tumorigenesis in melanoma cells using both in vitro and in vivo analyses. NUAK2 as a member of the AMPK family has several intriguing aspects both as an oncogene and as a tumor suppressor gene. Here we review genomic aberrations of melanomas focusing on acral melanomas to emphasize the possible roles of NUAK2 in tumorigenesis in general and suggest that NUAK2 has pivotal roles in acral melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Namiki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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2
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Albino AP. The role of oncogenes and growth factors in progressive melanoma-genesis. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2008; Suppl 2:199-218. [PMID: 1409423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Genes, ras
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Humans
- Melanocytes/drug effects
- Melanocytes/immunology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/pathology
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nevus, Pigmented/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/biosynthesis
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Albino
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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3
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Ozisik YY, Meloni AM, Altungoz O, Peier A, Karakousis C, Leong SP, Sandberg AA. Cytogenetic findings in 21 malignant melanomas. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 77:69-73. [PMID: 7923087 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis was performed on 21 tumor samples of malignant melanoma to identify the presence of consistent chromosome abnormalities. Four cases had a normal karyotype, and 17 were cytogenetically abnormal. Numerical chromosome alterations were observed in 15 tumors: 12 were hyperdiploid and three were hypodiploid. The most frequent losses consisted of chromosomes 5, 9, 17 and Y. The structural abnormalities were usually complex, consisting mainly of nonreciprocal translocations and deletions affecting 1p, 1q, 3p, and 9p. This study adds further data to previously reported melanoma cases, confirming that chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 9 are nonrandomly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Ozisik
- Cancer Center, Southwest Biomedical Research Institute, Scottsdale, AZ 85251
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4
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Walker GJ, Palmer JM, Walters MK, Nancarrow DJ, Parsons PG, Hayward NK. Simple tandem repeat allelic deletions confirm the preferential loss of distal chromosome 6q in melanoma. Int J Cancer 1994; 58:203-6. [PMID: 8026882 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910580210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Karyotypic analysis, loss of somatic heterozygosity, microcell fusion and cDNA transfection studies have provided compelling evidence that at least one tumour suppressor gene for melanoma resides on chromosome 6. In an attempt to further define the regions to which these putative suppressor genes map, we have carried out loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies on DNA from 25 fresh melanoma tumours for 9 simple tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism markers spanning chromosome 6. Four samples displayed LOH or homozygosity for all markers studied, indicating that they had lost one homologue of chromosome 6. An additional 3 samples showed LOH for all markers on 6q. Furthermore, 30 melanoma cell lines, for which there were no matching somatic DNA samples, were analyzed for hemizygosity of markers on 6q. One cell line had a homozygous deletion of all markers tested and a further 12 cell lines displayed only one allele for 3 or 4 contiguous markers, indicating that most, if not all of these samples were hemizygous for the region of 6q distal to D6S87. Overall, the rate of LOH on 6q in the 55 melanoma DNAs was 35%, and there were no losses of markers on 6p without concomitant loss of markers on 6q. Two of 5 samples derived from primary melanomas showed LOH, which indicates that LOH for the melanoma suppressor gene on 6q, which maps to a region that contains the SOD2 locus, is a frequent and early event in melanoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Walker
- Queensland Cancer Fund Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Albino
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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6
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Sisley K, Cottam DW, Rennie IG, Parsons MA, Potter AM, Potter CW, Rees RC. Non-random abnormalities of chromosomes 3, 6, and 8 associated with posterior uveal melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5:197-200. [PMID: 1384670 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present ten cases of posterior uveal melanoma which were karyotyped after short-term culture. One tumour had a normal chromosome complement. The remaining nine tumours were cytogenetically abnormal, with chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 11, and 13 most frequently involved. Abnormalities of chromosome 13 were seen in two cases, chromosome 11 in three cases, and chromosomes 3, 6, and 8 in five cases. Four tumours, all derived from the ciliary body, demonstrated monosomy 3 and i(8q), confirming the involvement of these aberrations with a subgroup of uveal melanomas arising from the ciliary body.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Melanoma/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Uveal Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sisley
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, Sheffield University, Medical School, United Kingdom
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7
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Köpf I, Stierner U, Islam Q, Delle U, Kindblom LG, Martinsson T. Characterization of four melanoma cell lines with electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, cytogenetics, flow cytometry, and southern analysis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 62:111-23. [PMID: 1394095 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Four cell lines established from human metastatic malignant melanoma, derived from four patients, were analyzed. Ultrastructurally and immunocytochemically, the cultured tumor cells had retained characteristic features of melanocytes and of the primary malignant melanomas. The genetic stability was investigated by repeated flow-cytometric and cytogenetic analyses over 24 months of continuous cultivation. The DNA indices ranged from 1.7 to 2.1 and were stable during the entire period. The same was true for the karyotypes, which had modal numbers ranging from 50 to 84. The most common types of abnormalities were: isochromosomes i(1q), i(9q), translocations (1;17) and (3;6), and other aberrations (1p+,4p+,5p+,11p+,11q-,11q+). Abnormalities involving chromosome 1 were present in all cell lines, but loss of genetic material from chromosome 1p was demonstrated in only one of four cell lines when tested by the Southern blotting technique using a lambda MS1 probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Köpf
- Department of Oncology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Nedoszytko B, Mrózek K, Limon J. Absence of structural rearrangements of chromosome 11 in human primary malignant melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 58:196-7. [PMID: 1551088 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90112-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of 10 primary and 18 metastatic malignant melanomas revealed that structural abnormalities of chromosome 11 were present in 50% of metastatic lesions and were not found in primary tumors. Our findings suggest that chromosome 11 aberrations represent secondary changes in malignant melanoma tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Clone Cells
- Humans
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nedoszytko
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical Academy, Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Abstract
Cancer may be defined as a progressive series of genetic events that occur in a single clone of cells because of alterations in a limited number of specific genes: the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The association of consistent chromosome aberrations with particular types of cancer has led to the identification of some of these genes and the elucidation of their mechanisms of action. Consistent chromosome aberrations are observed not only in rare tumor types but also in the relatively common lung, colon, and breast cancers. Identification of additional mutated genes through other chromosomal abnormalities will lead to a more complete molecular description of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Solomon
- Somatic Cell Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
There has been a tremendous recent resurgence of interest in examining chromosomal abnormalities in human cancers (particularly solid tumors). This interest has been stimulated by the molecular examination of recurring chromosome abnormalities, and the recognition that they may pinpoint the location of growth regulatory sequences (e.g. cellular oncogenes). This finding coupled with the clear recognition that specific chromosome abnormalities can also have important diagnostic and prognostic implications, have caused this avenue of research to expand at a significant rate. The following brief review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding recurring chromosome abnormalities in human malignant melanoma. A discussion of chromosome changes in pre-malignant skin lesions, primary melanoma, and metastatic melanoma is described. Brief descriptions of the potential clinical utility, and biologic relevance of chromosome abnormalities in this disorder are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Trent
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0668
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11
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Sisley K, Rennie IG, Cottam DW, Potter AM, Potter CW, Rees RC. Cytogenetic findings in six posterior uveal melanomas: involvement of chromosomes 3, 6, and 8. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1990; 2:205-9. [PMID: 2078511 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Six posterior uveal melanomas were karyotyped after short-term culture. One had a normal chromosome complement; the remaining five had limited chromosome changes. Involvement of chromosomes 1 and 6 was noted in two and four cases, respectively, and three ciliary body tumours demonstrated both monosomy 3 and i(8q).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sisley
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Trent JM, Meyskens FL, Salmon SE, Ryschon K, Leong SP, Davis JR, McGee DL. Relation of cytogenetic abnormalities and clinical outcome in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1508-11. [PMID: 2336077 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199005243222107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The value of chromosomal analysis is well established in human hematologic neoplasms. In contrast, the relation between chromosomal abnormalities and clinical outcome in solid tumors in humans has received little study. We undertook this study to determine whether chromosomal abnormalities could provide information on the survival of patients with malignant melanoma. Chromosome-banding analysis was performed on tumor-biopsy samples from 62 patients with metastatic melanoma, and recurring cytogenetic abnormalities were correlated with survival. Patients with structural abnormalities of chromosome 7 or 11 had significantly shorter survival than patients without these abnormalities. We conclude that cytogenetic analysis may provide useful prognostic information about patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Trent
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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13
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Trent JM, Stanbridge EJ, McBride HL, Meese EU, Casey G, Araujo DE, Witkowski CM, Nagle RB. Tumorigenicity in human melanoma cell lines controlled by introduction of human chromosome 6. Science 1990; 247:568-71. [PMID: 2300817 DOI: 10.1126/science.2300817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome banding analysis of human malignant melanoma has documented the nonrandom alteration of chromosome 6. To determine the relevance of chromosome 6 abnormalities in melanoma, a normal chromosome 6 was directly introduced into melanoma cell lines. The resulting (+6) microcell hybrids were significantly altered in their phenotypic properties in culture and lost their ability to form tumors in nude mice. The loss of the chromosome 6 from melanoma microcell hybrids resulted in the reversion to tumorigenicity of these cells in mice. The introduction of the selectable marker (psv2neo) alone into melanoma cell lines had no effect on tumorigenicity. These results support the idea that one or more genes on chromosome 6 may control the malignant expression of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Trent
- University of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson 85724
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14
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Sozzi G, Miozzo M, Calderone C, Fossati G, Pierotti MA, Cascinelli N, Della Porta G. Chromosome abnormalities and fragile sites in human melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1990; 44:61-7. [PMID: 2293881 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(90)90198-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome analysis in short-term lines of three primary and seven metastatic malignant melanomas showed aneuploid karyotypes with recurrent abnormalities of chromosomes 1 (five cell lines), 6 (nine cell lines), and 7 (six cell lines). The breakpoints observed on the rearranged chromosomes frequently coincided with loci of known oncogenes and fragile sites. Two of the cell lines were analyzed after xenograft into nude mice and showed the presence of the same chromosomal changes observed in the parental cell lines, indicating the stability of the karyotype. A tendency toward an increased chromosomal fragility in peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed in five melanoma patients compared to ten normal individuals. However, there was no increased level of expression of specific fragile sites corresponding to the breakpoints observed in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sozzi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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15
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Guerra L, Mordoh J, Slavutsky I, Larripa I, Medrano EE. Characterization of IIB-MEL-J: a new and highly heterogenous human melanoma cell line. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1989; 2:504-9. [PMID: 2602342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1989.tb00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly heterogeneous cell line, IIB-MEL-J, was established from a human metastatic melanoma. This cell line contains small cells, dendritic cells, and megacells with multiple nuclei. IIB-MEL-J expresses S 100, cytokeratin intermediate filaments and the gangliosides GD2 and GD3. It requires growth factors (insulin, EGF, and transferrin) and antioxidants for optimal growth. When plated under optimal conditions, IIB-MEL-J grows with a doubling time of 70-80 hours. The cells may be fractionated by Percoll gradient centrifugation into several subpopulations (A, B, and C) with different characteristics. Subpopulation A is the slowest growing, and most of the DNA-synthesizing cells are concentrated in fractions B and C. Every subpopulation expresses S 100 and cytokeratin intermediate filaments, whereas only subpopulation B and C express GD2 and GD3. Pigmented cells are concentrated mainly in subpopulation C. Cytogenetic analysis of IIB-MEL-J revealed extensive chromosomal alterations, including a highly heterogeneous chromosome number and chromosomal rearrangements, gains, losses, isochromosomes, and double minutes. This highly heterogeneous cell line may be helpful to study cellular differentiation and interaction between different subpopulations in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas Fundacion Campomar, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Meese E, Meltzer PS, Witkowski CM, Trent JM. Molecular mapping of the oncogene MYB and rearrangements in malignant melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1989; 1:88-94. [PMID: 2487149 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cellular oncogene MYB has been mapped to 6q22-q23. Deletions and translocations involving this region of the long arm of chromosome 6 occur frequently in human malignant melanoma, and there are anecdotal reports of MYB gene rearrangements in this cancer. In the current study, Southern blotting and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) have been performed to determine whether MYB or its flanking regions are commonly altered in malignant melanoma. Southern blotting failed to document obvious rearrangement of the MYB gene in 15 cases studied. To extend analysis of the MYB region, a long-range restriction map was established by PFGE. This map was then linked to the known restriction map of frequent cutting enzymes. Based on the mapping data and analysis of the MYB region in melanomas, ClaI tissue-specific variation due to methylation was demonstrated. Also, two melanomas (containing alterations in band 6q13) also demonstrated by PFGE a unique restriction fragment for the MYB gene. These results extend significantly the physical map surrounding the MYB locus and provide further evidence for the rearrangement of chromosome 6 in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
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17
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Ross PM, Carter DM. Actinic DNA damage and the pathogenesis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:293S-296S. [PMID: 2654302 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep13076718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The near epidemic of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in the United States and certain other industrialized nations is attributable to cutaneous exposure to sunlight more than to any other factor. Chronic exposure to UV irradiation and a high total cumulative dose may be less deleterious than are periodic bursts of large amounts of sun exposure leading to severe sunburn. Such an exposure pattern is characteristic of individuals such as office workers whose outdoor activities are irregular rather than daily, as with farmers or fisherman. Although UV irradiation is injurious to many cellular elements, the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated skin cancer are thought to be most likely related to DNA damage to cutaneous cells. Various types of UV-induced DNA damage have been identified, and they differ in biologic significance. Damage which is apt to be most cytotoxic is probably less effective as an inducer of skin cancer than is more subtle damage, which is tolerated but can initiate malignant transformation. Repair of DNA damage involves specific cellular activities which vary in their effectiveness in restoring cutaneous cell function to normal. Other biologic effects of UV irradiation may contribute to the development of skin cancer through effects on such defenses as pigmentation and the immune response. Sun-induced damage to DNA, however, is apparently necessary. Biologic consequences of dangerous environmental exposure to UV irradiation can be modulated by changes in life-style, the depth of the ozone layer, use of sunscreens, and possibly by hormones or their synthetic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ross
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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18
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Ross PM, Carter DM. Actinic DNA Damage and the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1989.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Padilla RS, McConnell TS, Gribble JT, Smoot C. Malignant melanoma arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus. A case report with cytogenetic and histopathologic analyses. Cancer 1988; 62:2589-94. [PMID: 3191458 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19881215)62:12<2589::aid-cncr2820621223>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A malignant melanoma developed in a 2-year-old Hispanic girl with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus (bathing-trunk type). Histopathologic evaluation showed a deep-seated tumor arising from a nonepidermal origin. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated multiple chromosomal abnormalities in hyperdiploid cells (chromosome range, 56 to 61). No two karyotypes were identical, but many abnormalities were common to all analyzed cells, suggesting both karyotypic instability and evolution. The metaphases were monosomic for 3, 12, and 16, trisomic for 1, 2, 8, 19, 20, and 21, and included structural aberrations deletion 1 and derivatives 3 and 16. Eight markers were identified, including one ring. The extra 19 was possibly an isochromosome. No abnormalities of 6 or 10 were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Padilla
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131
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20
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Priest JH, Phillips CN, Wang Y, Richmond A. Chromosome and growth factor abnormalities in melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1988; 35:253-62. [PMID: 3141038 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultures from metastatic melanomas of 15 patients had detailed melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA) and cytogenetic analysis. The presence of melanoma cells was confirmed by microscopic identification of melanin, tyrosinase activity, and electron microscopy characterization of melanosomes. The MGSA is found in cytoplasmic granules after immunocytochemical stain. Three of the cultures did not produce MGSA and showed no distinctive cytogenetic differences. Breakpoints in derivative chromosomes were concentrated in region 1p1, and among all cultures chromosome 1 was the most frequently rearranged. It also has a low copy number of normal homologs. Chromosomes 18, X, and Y were never derivative, and chromosomes 2 and 4 were rarely so. Thus the cytogenetic data indicate that 4q13-21, the hybridization site for MGSA cDNA, is spared from gross change, although it could be under the influence of another site on chromosome 1 that is lost or rearranged. The ratio of abnormal to normal autosomes (mean per cell) in no culture exceeded 0.5, and for no autosome exceeded 0.8, suggesting a limit to the rearrangement tolerated for cell survival. If the Y is retained, the X:Y ratio varies around a normal figure of 1. The ratio of autosomes to sex chromosomes varies around a normal figure of 22. These data suggest stability of the X chromosome in cells undergoing multiple rearrangements of the autosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Priest
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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21
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Griffin CA, Long PP, Schachat AP. Trisomy 6p in an ocular melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1988; 32:129-32. [PMID: 3355994 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome analysis of short-term culture of melanoma cells from a choroidal melanoma showed a karyotype of 46,XY, -21, +t(6p21q). Trisomy 6p has been observed in cutaneous melanomas; this case suggests that chromosome abnormalities in ocular melanomas may be similar to those from cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Griffin
- Johns Hopkins Onocology Center, Baltimore, MD 21205
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22
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de Lucca EJ, Pathak S, Cheung MC. Stability of cytogenetic alterations in a human melanoma cell line and five clonal derivatives. Int J Cancer 1988; 41:297-304. [PMID: 3422226 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910410222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A cytogenetic study was done on a human malignant melanoma cell line and its 5 clones. Chromosome banding analysis indicated the presence of 7 "shared" markers (M) and 9 unique markers (m) that were present only in the clones. Chromosomes 1, 5, 9, 12, 17 and 21 were involved in M-markers and chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18 and 21 were involved in m-marker formation. Both parental and clonal lines had near-triploid chromosome numbers. A number of M-markers were isochromosomes of the short (p) and long (q) arms of chromosome 1. Our cytogenetic data indicate that the parental line contained subpopulations of cells that were in different stages of karyotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J de Lucca
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas System Cancer Center M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston 77030
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23
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Limon J, Dal Cin P, Sait SN, Karakousis C, Sandberg AA. Chromosome changes in metastatic human melanoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1988; 30:201-11. [PMID: 3422577 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies were performed on human malignant melanoma cells from eight metastatic lesions. Five tumors displayed near-triploid and three near-diploid chromosome numbers. Chromosomes #1, #6, #7, followed by #2 and #9, were found to be most frequently involved in structural aberrations. Aberrations involving chromosome #1, with deletions or translocations of 1p, involving region 1p12-1p22 in seven of eight breakpoints of the p arm were observed. Seven of nine breakpoints of 6q were located at region 6q15-6q21. Most of the breakpoints on chromosome #7 occurred near the centromeric region. All tumors had additional chromosome material involving 1q, chromosome #7 (7q in two tumors), and in five tumors an increased dose of chromosome #6 (6p in one tumor). The nonrandom breakpoints of these and other chromosomes involved diverse bands, including loci of oncogenes and fragile sites. The observation of nonrandom chromosomal changes in advanced malignant melanoma suggests that genes important in the progression of melanoma are located on chromosomes #1, #6, and #7.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Limon
- Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY
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