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Anwar S, Ul Islam K, Azmi MI, Iqbal J. cGAS-STING-mediated sensing pathways in DNA and RNA virus infections: crosstalk with other sensing pathways. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3255-3268. [PMID: 34622360 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viruses cause a variety of diseases in humans and other organisms. The most important defense mechanism against viral infections is initiated when the viral genome is sensed by host proteins, and this results in interferon production and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. The sensing of the viral genome or its replication intermediates within host cells is mediated by cytosolic proteins. For example, cGAS and IFI16 recognize non-self DNA, and RIG-I and MDA5 recognize non-self RNA. Once these sensors are activated, they trigger a cascade of reactions activating downstream molecules, which eventually results in the transcriptional activation of type I and III interferons, which play a critical role in suppressing viral propagation, either by directly limiting their replication or by inducing host cells to inhibit viral protein synthesis. The immune response against viruses relies solely upon sensing of viral genomes and their downstream signaling molecules. Although DNA and RNA viruses are sensed by distinct classes of receptor proteins, there is a possibility of overlap between the viral DNA and viral RNA sensing mechanisms. In this review, we focus on various host sensing molecules and discuss the associated signaling pathways that are activated in response to different viral infections. We further highlight the possibility of crosstalk between the cGAS-STING and the RIG-I-MAVS pathways to limit viral infections. This comprehensive review delineates the mechanisms by which different viruses evade host cellular responses to sustain within the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Anwar
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Khursheed Ul Islam
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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2
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Ouyang M, Xu LP, Wang Y, Zhu HH, Qin YZ, Lai YY, Liu YR, Jiang B, Huang XJ, Jiang H. [Clinical characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia with t (16;21) (p11;q22):nine cases report and literature review]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2016; 37:210-5. [PMID: 27033758 PMCID: PMC7342958 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
目的 探讨t(16;21)(p11;q22)急性髓系白血病(AML)的生物学及临床特征、疗效及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年12月北京大学人民医院收治的9例初诊t(16;21)(p11;q22)AML患者临床资料,并汇总国外文献报道的42例患者,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析。 结果 9例t(16;21)(p11;q22) AML占同期AML患者的0.66%。9例患者中,男4例,女5例。FAB分型:M1 1例、M2 5例、M4 1例、M5 2例;其中3例在诊断时形态学可见空泡形成。免疫表型除表达髓系CD117、CD13、CD33及CD34外,均表达CD56。染色体G显带分析均可见t(16;21)(p11;q22),5例伴有复杂核型。所有患者均可检测到TLS/FUS-ERG融合基因。9例化疗后均获完全缓解(CR)。2例仅接受化疗的患者分别于诊断后5和16个月复发,并于10和27个月死亡。7例于缓解后接受异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT),中位生存21(11~46)个月。汇总文献报道的42例成人t(16;21)(p11;q22)AML患者,其中单纯化疗组27例,HSCT组15例,两组患者中位生存期分别为10(95% CI 1~17)个月及18(95% CI 2~76)个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 001)。 结论 t(16;21)(p11;q22) AML是一类少见的AML,其具有特殊的形态学及免疫表型特点,总体预后差,allo-HSCT治疗可改善其预后,推荐首次CR后行allo-HSCT治疗。
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ouyang
- Beijing University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing 100044, China
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3
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RUNX1 mutation associated with clonal evolution in relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with t(16;21)(p11;q22). Int J Hematol 2013; 99:169-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Jiang H, Qiu H, Xue Y, Pan J, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zheng J, Wang Q, Liang J, Chen S. Establishment and characterization of a novel acute myeloid leukemia cell line, JIH-4, carrying a t(16;21)(p11.2;q22) and expressing the FUS-ERG fusion. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:219-23. [PMID: 21536242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human leukemia cell lines are powerful tools in the study of leukemogenesis, particularly for rare but recurrent subtypes such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with the t(16;21)(p11.2;q22) and FUS-ERG fusion. Four AML cell lines carrying a t(16;21)(p11.2;q22) have been described previously. We report a novel AML cell line, designated JIH-4, for which karyotypic analysis demonstrated a single abnormality, t(16;21)(p11.2;q22). The FUS-ERG fusion transcript was identified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither Epstein-Barr virus nor mycoplasma was detected in JIH-4 cells. The morphology and immunoprofile of JIH-4 cells display typical features of myelogenous lineage, and short tandem-repeat PCR comparison with the donor patient's bone marrow cells confirm the cell line's authenticity. Tumor masses were found in 50% of inoculated mice 83 days after subcutaneous injection with JIH-4 cells. Our results confirm that JIH-4 cells are derived from the donor patient's leukemia cells and support using the JIH-4 cell line as a valuable tool in the study of leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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5
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Detection of FUS–ERG chimeric transcript in two cases of acute myeloid leukemia with t(16;21)(p11.2;q22) with unusual characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 194:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Okoshi Y, Shimizu S, Kojima H, Obara N, Mukai HY, Komeno T, Hasegawa Y, Mori N, Nagasawa T. Detection of minimal residual disease in a patient having acute myelogenous leukemia with t(16;21)(p11;q22) treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Acta Haematol 2001; 105:45-8. [PMID: 11340253 DOI: 10.1159/000046532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 29-year-old woman having acute myelogeneous leukemia-M1 subtype with the chromosomal abnormality t(16;21)(p11;q22) is presented. Complete blood count at onset showed a hemoglobin level of 7.2 g/dl, a platelet count of 48 x 10(9)/l, and a white blood cell count of 161.2 x 10(9)/l with 99% blasts and 1% lymphocytes. Bone marrow aspiration revealed massive proliferation of blasts that were positive for CD13, CD33, CD34, CD56 and myeloperoxidase, and negative for other T-cell, B-cell and monocytic markers. After achieving complete remission following conventional chemotherapy, she received an HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from her sibling after conditioning with busulfan, etoposide and cyclophosphamide. However, 9 months later, the leukemia relapsed as a painful extramedullary mass in her left femur. In spite of intensive re-induction chemotherapy, she died of progressive disease and sepsis. Although we could not detect the TLS/FUS-ERG fusion transcripts by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in pre-BMT remission phase, they were clearly detectable in bone marrow cells obtained 6 months after transplantation with no translocation detected by conventional cytogenetics. We consider that even high-dose chemotherapy with BMT may not be effective in the eradication of this type of leukemia, and that the detection of minimal residual disease possibly contributes to the better planning of the therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD13 Antigens/analysis
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Hemoglobins/analysis
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukocyte Count
- Neoplasm, Residual/diagnosis
- Neoplasm, Residual/pathology
- Peroxidase/analysis
- Platelet Count
- Radiotherapy
- Recurrence
- Remission Induction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
- Translocation, Genetic
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Treatment Failure
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okoshi
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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7
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Shikami M, Miwa H, Nishii K, Takahashi T, Shiku H, Tsutani H, Oka K, Hamaguchi H, Kyo T, Tanaka K, Kamada N, Kita K. Myeloid differentiation antigen and cytokine receptor expression on acute myelocytic leukaemia cells with t(16;21)(p11;q22): frequent expression of CD56 and interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:711-9. [PMID: 10354136 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the cellular characteristics of cells from three patients with de novo acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML) with t(16;21)(p11;q22), two M4 and one M5a according to the FAB classification, and two permanent cell lines with t(16;21)(p11;q22), TSU1621MT and YNH-1. The FUS/ERG fusion mRNA was demonstrated in all cases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The immunophenotypes of the AML cells, and YNH-1 and TSU1621MT cell lines with t(16;21) were characterized as CD34+CD33+CD13+CD11b+CD18+CD56+ HLA-DR-/+. Cells from all samples strongly expressed c-kit, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR), c-fms (macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor), interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (IL-3Ralpha), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha chain (GM-CSFRalpha), and these data corresponded well to the growth responsiveness to the cytokines. IL-2Ralpha expression was also found in all t(16;21) samples, but IL-2 did not act on the proliferation of the leukaemic cells in in vitro cultures. G-CSF distinctly promoted the proliferation of leukaemic cells of t(16;21) AML, but did not enhance the expression of MPO and neutrophil differentiation of these cells. Our findings indicate that AML cells with t(16;21) preserve stem cell properties such as CD34 and c-kit expression, and suggest that they have the potential to differentiate into a monocytic lineage. The relationship between the unique cellular characteristics (especially CD56 and IL-2Ralpha expression) and FUS/ERG protein remains undetermined.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shikami
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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8
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Hiyoshi M, Yamane T, Hirai M, Tagawa S, Hattori H, Nakao Y, Yasui Y, Koh KR, Hino M, Tatsumi N. Establishment and characterization of IRTA17 and IRTA21, two novel acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia cell lines with t(16;21) translocation. Br J Haematol 1995; 90:417-24. [PMID: 7794765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The t(16;21)(p11;q22) translocation is an infrequent chromosomal abnormality, but seems specific to acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). We established two cell lines with t(16;21)(p11;q22) from the bone marrow of a patient with ANL in relapse. Their morphological, karyotypic, immunohistochemical and genetic features are examined. Although both cell lines show monocytoid features morphologically, they express only CD13 (My7) and CD34, and neither expressed monocytoid or lymphoid markers. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that both cell lines expressed a similar TLS-ERG chimaeric mRNA as a result of the t(16;21)(p11;q22) translocation. As far as we know, there is no report of a leukaemia cell line with t(16;21). These cell lines represent a useful tool for leukaemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hiyoshi
- Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Okada K, Takeichi M, Uchida H, Shirota T, Sakai N, Ito H. Translocation (16;21)(p11;q22) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 75:60-3. [PMID: 8039166 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) with a translocation (16;21)(p11;q22) is presented. Clinical features of ANLL with this chromosomal change are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical College, Japan
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10
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Shimizu K, Ichikawa H, Tojo A, Kaneko Y, Maseki N, Hayashi Y, Ohira M, Asano S, Ohki M. An ets-related gene, ERG, is rearranged in human myeloid leukemia with t(16;21) chromosomal translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:10280-4. [PMID: 8234289 PMCID: PMC47758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.21.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(16;21)(p11;q22) translocation is a nonrandom chromosomal abnormality found in several types of myeloid leukemia, which show variable cytomorphological features. We constructed rodent-human somatic cell hybrids containing the der(16) chromosome from leukemic cells of a patient with t(16;21). Using these hybrids, we mapped the translocation breakpoint on the Not I restriction map of chromosome 21 which we had previously constructed. The result showed the proximity of the breakpoint to the ERG gene, a member of the ets oncogene superfamily. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from the hybrids and from peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of patients with t(16;21) showed that the breakpoints were clustered within a single intron in the coding region of the ERG gene. This finding and the results obtained by Northern blot analysis suggested the formation of a chimeric product(s) by fusion of the ERG gene and an unknown counterpart gene on chromosome 16.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Clone Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Leukemia, Myeloid/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Oncogenes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Transcription Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
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11
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Nobbs MC, Chan-Lam D, Howell RT, Kitchen C, Copplestone JA. Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia with t(16;21). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 70:144-5. [PMID: 8242597 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90187-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A patient with ANLL FAB subtype M1 was found to possess a t(16;21)(p11;q22) and trisomy 10. The 16;21 translocation has been reported in 12 other cases of ANLL, of various subtypes, and its relationship to the disease profile is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nobbs
- South Western Regional Cytogenetics Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
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12
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Sacchi N. Down syndrome and chromosome 21 abnormalities in leukaemia. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1992; 5:815-31. [PMID: 1308166 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(11)80047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Sacchi
- Department of Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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13
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Ferro MR, Cabello P, Garcia-Sagredo JM, Resino M, San Roman C, Larana JG. t(16;21) in a Ph positive CML. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 60:210-1. [PMID: 1606569 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Blast Crisis
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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14
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Berger R, Dombret H. New variant translocation in acute myelomonocytic leukemia with bone marrow eosinophilia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 58:204-5. [PMID: 1551091 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90115-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Berger
- Unité INSERM U 301, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
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15
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Marosi C, Bettelheim P, Geissler K, Lechner K, Köller U, Haas OA, Chott A, Hagemeijer A. Translocation (16;21)(p11;q22) in acute monoblastic leukemia with erythrophagocytosis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1991; 54:61-6. [PMID: 2065316 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(91)90030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A patient with acute monoblastic leukemia with erythrophagocytosis and a t(16;21) (p11;q22), poor response to chemotherapy, early relapse, and a short survival of ten months is presented. Hematologically, this patient could be considered as a case of FAB M5b/t(8;16) but without the characteristic chromosomal translocation, i.e., there is no visible alteration on chromosome 8 and the breakpoint on chromosome 16 appears to be very proximal. These findings are briefly discussed in the light of other variants.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Erythrocytes
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/classification
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/physiopathology
- Male
- Phagocytosis
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marosi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria
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16
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Morgan R, Riske CB, Meloni A, Ries CA, Johnson CH, Lemons RS, Sandberg AA. t(16;21)(p11.2;q22): a recurrent primary rearrangement in ANLL. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1991; 53:83-90. [PMID: 2036642 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(91)90117-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified three patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), subtypes M2, M4, and M7, who had a t(16;21)(p11.2;q22) in the affected cells. There are six previously reported cases of ANLL with the same t(16;21). The t(6;21) should therefore be included as another primary rearrangement in ANLL. Follow-up of these cases, though still limited, suggests a poor prognosis, as most patients have achieved a clinical remission but only for a short duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morgan
- Cancer Center of Southwest Biomedical Research Institute and Genetrix, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona 85251
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17
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Berkowicz M, Rosner E, Resnitzky P, Mamon Z, Ben-Bassat I, Ramot B. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with t(16;21). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1990; 47:139-40. [PMID: 2357684 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(90)90274-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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