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Johansson B, Fioretos T, Mitelman F. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic evolution of chronic myeloid leukemia. Acta Haematol 2002; 107:76-94. [PMID: 11919388 DOI: 10.1159/000046636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is genetically characterized by the presence of the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in a BCR/ABL gene fusion on the derivative chromosome 22 called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. In 2-10% of the cases, this chimeric gene is generated by variant rearrangements, involving 9q34, 22q11, and one or several other genomic regions. All chromosomes have been described as participating in these variants, but there is a marked breakpoint clustering to chromosome bands 1p36, 3p21, 5q13, 6p21, 9q22, 11q13, 12p13, 17p13, 17q21, 17q25, 19q13, 21q22, 22q12, and 22q13. Despite their genetically complex nature, available data indicate that variant rearrangements do not confer any specific phenotypic or prognostic impact as compared to CML with a standard Ph chromosome. In most instances, the t(9;22), or a variant thereof, is the sole chromosomal anomaly during the chronic phase (CP) of the disease, whereas additional genetic changes are demonstrable in 60-80% of cases in blast crisis (BC). The secondary chromosomal aberrations are clearly nonrandom, with the most common chromosomal abnormalities being +8 (34% of cases with additional changes), +Ph (30%), i(17q) (20%), +19 (13%), -Y (8% of males), +21 (7%), +17 (5%), and monosomy 7 (5%). We suggest that all these aberrations, occurring in >5% of CML with secondary changes, should be denoted major route abnormalities. Chromosome segments often involved in structural rearrangements include 1q, 3q21, 3q26, 7p, 9p, 11q23, 12p13, 13q11-14, 17p11, 17q10, 21q22, and 22q10. No clear-cut differences as regards type and prevalence of additional aberrations seem to exist between CML with standard t(9;22) and CML with variants, except for slightly lower frequencies of the most common changes in the latter group. The temporal order of the secondary changes varies, but the preferred pathway appears to start with i(17q), followed by +8 and +Ph, and then +19. Molecular genetic abnormalities preceding, or occurring during, BC include overexpression of the BCR/ABL transcript, upregulation of the EVI1 gene, increased telomerase activity, and mutations of the tumor suppressor genes RB1, TP53, and CDKN2A. The cytogenetic evolution patterns vary significantly in relation to treatment given during CP. For example, +8 is more common after busulfan than hydroxyurea therapy, and the secondary changes seen after interferon-alpha treatment or bone marrow transplantation are often unusual, seemingly random, and occasionally transient. Apart from the strong phenotypic impact of addition of acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplasia-associated translocations and inversions, such as inv(3)(q21q26), t(3;21)(q26;q22), and t(15;17)(q22;q12-21), in CML BC, only a few significant differences between myeloid and lymphoid BC are discerned, with i(17q) and TP53 mutations being more common in myeloid BC and monosomy 7, hypodiploidy, and CDKN2A deletions being more frequent in lymphoid BC. The prognostic significance of the secondary genetic changes is not uniform, although abnormalities involving chromosome 17, e.g., i(17q), have repeatedly been shown to be ominous. However, the clinical impact of additional cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations is most likely modified by the treatment modalities used.
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MESH Headings
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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2
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Verma RS, Chandra P. Clinical significance of reverse BCR/ABL gene rearrangement in Ph-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 2000; 24:631-5. [PMID: 10867140 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(00)00034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Verma
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine, Wyckoff Heights Medical Center-New York Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 375 Stockholm Street, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11237, USA
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3
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Macera MJ, Smith LJ, Frankel E, Szabo P, Verma RS. A Philadelphia negative chronic myelogenous leukemia with the chimeric BCR/ABL gene on chromosome 9 and a b3-a2 splice junction. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 101:143-7. [PMID: 9494617 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 5% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) do not reveal the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome cytogenetically and are termed Ph-negative CML cases. We report one such case, which appeared normal by routine banding techniques. The BCR/ABL rearrangement was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting analysis, which suggested a b3-a2 splice junction. Dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with BCR and ABL DNA probes showed that the chimeric fusion gene was localized on chromosome 9q34, rather than at the typical location on chromosome 22q11. The BCR/ABL rearrangement was detected in 75% of the patient's bone-marrow population, whereas the remaining 25% of the cells appeared normal. The use of dual color FISH in the diagnosis of CML is extremely valuable not only in identifying cases of Ph-negative CML, but also in quantifying the proportion of transformed cell populations. This information ultimately results in an enhancement of our ability to monitor therapy, follow disease progression, and determine transplant eligibility.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Macera
- Long Island College Hospital/SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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4
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O'Brien S, Thall PF, Siciliano MJ. Cytogenetics of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1997; 10:259-76. [PMID: 9376663 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(97)80006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is present in the leukaemic cells of most patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Variant translocations occur in 10% of patients but breakpoints on chromosomes 9 and 22 remain the same, so prognosis of these patients is unchanged. Clonal evolution is infrequent in chronic phase and its significance depends on the specific chromosome involved, the number of metaphases affected and the timing in the chronic phase. The majority of patients in blastic phase demonstrate clonal evolution; three specific abnormalities (+Ph, +8 and isochromosome 17q) are present in 70% of patients. Loss of the Ph chromosome on therapy is associated with prolonged survival. For monitoring these events conventional G-band cytogenetics (CG) is essential at presentation to characterize the Disease cytogenetically, while fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on hypermetaphase preparations (hypermetaphase FISH (HMF)) is important for establishing the specific frequency of Ph+ cells. During treatment FISH on interphase cells (I-FISH) can monitor the level of Ph+ cells in circulation, while CG may be used to identify any suspected clonal evolution. Where I-FISH is negative, HMF is essential to evaluate minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Brien
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer, Center, Houston 77030, USA
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5
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González GJ, Notohamiprodjo M. Translocation (6;9;22)(p25;q34;q11.2) identified by FISH in acute leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 92:82-4. [PMID: 8956878 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study of bone marrow cells from a patient with clinically and immunologically acute leukemia showed that an apparent t(6;22)(p25; q11.2) identified by routine banding techniques concealed a complex t(6;9;22)(p25;q34; q11.2). This observation further supports the importance of FISH in those cases where a chromosome rearrangement could not be reliably detected by conventional cytogenetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J González
- División de Genética, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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6
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Calabrese G, Min T, Stuppia L, Powles R, Swansbury JG, Morizio E, Peila R, Donti E, Fioritoni G, Palka G. Complex chromosome translocations of standard t(8;21) and t(15;17) arise from a two-step mechanism as evidenced by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 91:40-5. [PMID: 8908165 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors report the results of cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis performed on complex chromosome translocations (CCTs) of t(8;21) and t(15;17) standard translocations associated with two M2 subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M2) and four acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), respectively. In one of two AML-M2 patients FISH analysis showed part of chromosome 21 on the der(8) and material from this chromosome on the der(21) and on chromosome 1 at band p32, suggesting that the t(8;21) occurred as the primary step. In the second AML-M2 patient. FISH displayed part of chromosome 21 on the der(8) and material from this chromosome on the der(21) but not on the third rearranged chromosome. Therefore, it is unclear whether chromosome 2 was rearranged secondary to the standard t(8;21). In four APL patients, FISH analysis showed material derived from chromosome 17 on the der(15). Moreover, in two patients with an i(17q) FISH disclosed material from chromosome 15 at the ends of both arms of the i(17q), suggesting that it occurred after the standard t(15;17). In the remaining two APL patients, FISH showed material from chromosome 15 on the der(17) and on chromosome 21 at band q22 in one case, and material of the p arm of chromosome 17 on chromosome 4 at band q11 in the other, demonstrating that in these two cases the first mutation also had been the t(15;17). Therefore, FISH analysis revealed that CCTs in five patients were secondary changes which occurred after standard t(8;21) and t(15;17), thus clarifying the hierarchy of the cytogenetic events, their role in the pathogenesis of the disease, and the associated clinic-hematologic findings.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calabrese
- Istituto di Biologia e Genetica, Università di Chieti, Italy
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7
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Endo K, Sato A, Sugawara T, Kameoka J, Fukuhara O, Meguro K, Shishido T, Abe K. A novel translocation involving chromosomes 2, 9, 14, and 22 in chronic myeloid leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1995; 80:155-7. [PMID: 7736434 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A 46-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia was found to have a new complex translocation. In chronic phase, all of the bone marrow cells had a rearrangement of a t(2;9;14;22) (p21;q34;q32;q11). Southern blot analysis of leukocyte DNA revealed rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) within the 5.8-Kb bcr. The patient eventually died in blast crisis 28 months later. The cytogenetic findings of bone marrow cells showed a 46,XY,t(2;9;14;22)(p21;q34;q32;q11),add(1p),del(3q) karyotype in blast crisis.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- K Endo
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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8
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Calabrese G, Stuppia L, Franchi PG, Peila R, Morizio E, Liberati AM, Spadano A, Di Lorenzo R, Donti E, Antonucci A. Complex translocations of the Ph chromosome and Ph negative CML arise from similar mechanisms, as evidenced by FISH analysis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 78:153-9. [PMID: 7828146 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The authors report on 13 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) studied by serial karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of their bone marrow cells. Ten patients had complex translocations of the Ph chromosome while the remaining three were Ph negative. FISH analysis revealed in all 13 patients the translocation of the ABL protooncogene into chromosome 22 at band q11. Moreover, in all complex translocations but one, FISH with a chromosome 22 painting probe demonstrated on one chromosome 9 at band q34 the presence of material from chromosome 22, in addition to signals on the third chromosome involved in complex changes. Therefore, in this study complex translocations appeared as secondary changes resulting from two consecutive translocations with a total of at least four breaks. The first translocation gave rise to the standard t(9;22)(q34;q11). The second one included a break distal to the original breakpoint at band 9q34 and another one on a third chromosome. Furthermore FISH using S1 and S15 probes, mapped at band 22q11.2 or 22q12, gave evidence that in complex translocations the secondary breakpoint on der(9) was in the translocated segment 22q11-qter between bands q11 and q12. FISH analysis also disclosed the presence of material from chromosome 22 on one chromosome 9 in the three patients with Ph negative CML, demonstrating that in these cases a retranslocation between chromosomes 9q+ and 22q- had occurred. Consequently, the four-break mechanism could also be invoked for the three Ph negative CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calabrese
- Istituti di Biologia e Genetica, Universitá di Chieti, Italy
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9
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Macera MJ, Szabo P, Lin JH, DeSalvo AT, Shah HO, Verma RS. Direct visualization of the transposed ABL gene in a duplicated masked Ph chromosome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1993; 8:127-30. [PMID: 7504516 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In a small percentage of cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), where the Ph chromosome is masked because of highly complex translocations and sub-microscopic rearrangements, precise identification of chromosomal aberrations by routine banding techniques has been difficult. We report on a new case of CML in which a single copy of a masked Ph chromosome was duplicated during blast crisis, i.e., the karyotype was 47,XY,dir ins(22;9)(q11;q34.1q34.2),t(1;22) (q21;q11), + der (22)t(1;22)(q21;q11). The chromosome in situ suppression hybridization (CISS) technique with whole chromosome 1 and 22 specific painting probes demonstrated that 22q11-qter had been translocated to 1q21, whereas 22q11 was the recipient of 1q21-qter. Furthermore, a cosmid probe identified the location of the ABL gene on only one chromosome 9 (band q34). The other ABL gene could be detected on both derivative chromosomes 22 at band q11 which was flanked by the translocated part of the long arm of chromosome 1, thus providing direct visualization of the ABL insertion in a double masked Ph chromosome. A breakpoint within the 5.8 kb major breakpoint cluster [M-BCR] region was shown by Southern blotting.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Macera
- Long Island College Hospital-SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11201
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10
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Calabrese G, Palka G, Westbrook CA, Sheer D. Complex translocation involving Ph chromosome in a patient with typical chronic myelogenous leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 63:52-5. [PMID: 1423227 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90064-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a cytogenetic study of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who, while displaying a Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, resulting from a standard t(9;22) at diagnosis, during the chronic phase (CP) showed disappearance of the Ph and occurrence of new chromosome changes, including a marker probably arising from a translocation involving chromosome 17 and the Ph. In situ hybridization confirmed the cytogenetic appearance and demonstrated that the breakpoint on the Ph marker occurred below the BCR-ABL fusion gene.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calabrese
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, University of Chieti, Italy
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11
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Morris C, Kennedy M, Heisterkamp N, Columbano-Green L, Romeril K, Groffen J, Fitzgerald P. A complex chromosome rearrangement forms the BCR-ABL fusion gene in leukemic cells with a normal karyotype. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1991; 3:263-71. [PMID: 1958592 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome in situ hybridization studies showed that the normal karyotype of leukemic cells from a patient with Ph1-negative, BCR-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) concealed a complex t(9;22;20)(q34;q11;p13). The close association of 5'-BCR and 3'-ABL was demonstrated by field inversion gel electrophoresis, and in situ hybridization showed that BCR-ABL was located on the short arm of chromosome 20. Our findings further indicate that chromosome rearrangement is the cause of BCR-ABL gene fusion in leukemic cells that show a normal karyotype. Results from in situ hybridization studies were consistent with formation of the t(9;22;20) by a two step chromosomal rearrangement, but field inversion gel electrophoresis results indicated a more complex rearrangement.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genes, abl
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Restriction Mapping
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morris
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand
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12
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Tkachuk DC, Westbrook CA, Andreeff M, Donlon TA, Cleary ML, Suryanarayan K, Homge M, Redner A, Gray J, Pinkel D. Detection of bcr-abl fusion in chronic myelogeneous leukemia by in situ hybridization. Science 1990; 250:559-62. [PMID: 2237408 DOI: 10.1126/science.2237408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogeneous leukemia (CML) is genetically characterized by fusion of the bcr and abl genes on chromosomes 22 and 9, respectively. In most cases, the fusion involves a reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), which produces the cytogenetically distinctive Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). Fusion can be detected by Southern (DNA) analysis or by in vitro amplification of the messenger RNA from the fusion gene with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These techniques are sensitive but cannot be applied to single cells. Two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used with probes from portions of the bcr and abl genes to detect the bcr-abl fusion in individual blood and bone marrow cells from six patients. The fusion event was detected in all samples analyzed, of which three were cytogenetically Ph1-negative. One of the Ph1-negative samples was also PCR-negative. This approach is fast and sensitive, and provides potential for determining the frequency of the abnormality in different cell lineages.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Interphase
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Metaphase
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Tkachuk
- Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Division, CA 94550
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13
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Ishihara T, Kohno S, Minamihisamatsu M. Radiation exposure and chromosome abnormalities. Human cytogenetic studies at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan, 1963-1988. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1990; 45:13-33. [PMID: 2302680 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(90)90062-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The results of human cytogenetic studies performed at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Chiba, Japan for about 25 years are described. The studies were pursued primarily under two major projects: one involving people exposed to radiation under various conditions and the other involving patients with malignant diseases, especially leukemias. Whereas chromosome abnormalities in radiation-exposed people are excellent indicators of radiation exposure, their behavior in bone marrow provide useful information for a better understanding of chromosome abnormalities in leukemias and related disorders. The role of chromosome abnormalities in the genesis and development of leukemia and related disorders is considered, suggesting a view for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishihara
- Division of Radiation Hazards, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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