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Elmberger P, Bridge J, Noel S, Neff J, Walker C, Johansson S. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/106689699500200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the clinicopathologic and cytogenetic findings of an unusual dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with a rhabdomyosarcomatous component in a case report and review the relevance of these findings with respect to seven previously reported cases. Cytogenetic studies of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma are limited to 2 previously described cases, both with dedifferentiated components distinct from this case. In this study, cytogenetic analysis of 3 separate specimens, biopsy with chondrosarcoma, definitive surgical, and lung metastasis with rhabdomyosarcomatous component, revealed clonal karyotypic aberrations in each. A structural abnormality involving the short arm of chromosome 17 and extra copies of chromosomes 5, 7, 12, and 20 were common to all three specimens. These findings reveal multiple shared chromosomal anomalies between the primary chondrosarcoma and the dedifferentiated components, which suggests a clonal evolution. Int J Surg Pathol 2(4):319-328, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- P.G. Elmberger
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - S.M. Noel
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology,
| | | | - C.W. Walker
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - S.L. Johansson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology,, Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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2
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Denis CJ, Lambeir AM. The potential of carboxypeptidase M as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:265-79. [PMID: 23294303 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.741122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the recent literature, carboxypeptidase M (CPM) emerged as a potential cancer biomarker. CPM modulates receptor signaling of kinins, anaphylatoxins, and chemokines. These CPM substrates affect proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of cancer cells. What is the evidence that CPM is a drug target for cancer therapy? AREAS COVERED The literature was searched using PubMed with the search terms "carboxypeptidase M" and/or "chromosome 12q13-15" eventually combined with general terms related to cancer. Information was retrieved from the GEO database and material of gene expression and proteomic studies. EXPERT OPINION CPM is a part of the molecular signature of many cancers. There is good evidence that it is useful for the discrimination and stratification of cancer types, possibly in combination with other markers such as EGFR and MDM2. Whether it is also a drug target remains to be determined. Lung, kidney, brain, and the reproductive system contain relatively high levels of CPM, but its functions in those tissues are largely unknown. CPM is expressed on tumor-associated macrophages. To facilitate the investigation of CPM in tumor-associated inflammation and in the other aspects of tumor biology, it is necessary to develop potent and selective CPM inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Denis
- University of Antwerp, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
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3
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Buddingh EP, Naumann S, Nelson M, Neffa JR, Birch N, Bridge JA. Cytogenetic findings in benign cartilaginous neoplasms. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 141:164-8. [PMID: 12606137 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis has improved our understanding of the histopathogenesis of many benign and malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, as well as served as an important diagnostic adjunct for these pathologic entities. Cytogenetic reports of benign cartilaginous tumors, however, are relatively few. This is unfortunate, as distinguishing benign and malignant cartilaginous neoplasms can often be difficult. In this study, the cytogenetic findings of two enchondromas, two periosteal chondromas, and one soft part chondroma and a review of the literature are reported. Abnormal diploid or near-diploid clones were detected in all specimens analyzed. Although a tumor-specific anomaly did not emerge from these studies, involvement of certain chromosomes/chromosomal regions appears recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie P Buddingh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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4
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Lee FYI, Zawadsky M, Parisien M, Ho M, Murty VVVS, Jayaraman T, Dick HM. Novel translocation (9;12)(q22;q24) in secondary chondrosarcoma arising from hereditary multiple exostosis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 132:68-70. [PMID: 11801313 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a new translocation in a patient with a history of hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) who developed a recurrent grade I chondrosarcoma involving the sacrum and retroperitoneum. Karyotypic analysis of the tumor revealed a sole chromosome abnormality t(9;12)(q22;q24.3). To our knowledge, this translocation has not been previously identified in either chondrosarcoma, HME, or related tumor types. Our novel translocation may be related to the sarcomatous degeneration of the pre-existing exostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Young-In Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 622 W. 168th St., PH 11, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Bovée JV, Sciot R, Dal Cin P, Debiec-Rychter M, van Zelderen-Bhola SL, Cornelisse CJ, Hogendoorn PC. Chromosome 9 alterations and trisomy 22 in central chondrosarcoma: a cytogenetic and DNA flow cytometric analysis of chondrosarcoma subtypes. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2001; 10:228-35. [PMID: 11763313 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200112000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilaginous tumors. Most are located in the medullar cavity (central chondrosarcoma), and a minority develop in a preexisting osteochondroma (peripheral chondrosarcoma). The authors present karyotypes for 37 central, peripheral, juxtacortical, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Using loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis and DNA flow cytometry, the authors previously showed that central and peripheral chondrosarcomas probably evolve by different genetic mechanisms. Peripheral chondrosarcoma is characterized by genetic instability, as was previously shown by a high percentage of LOH and a broad range in DNA ploidy. The authors now show that all peripheral chondrosarcomas tested are aneuploid, combined with many nonspecific chromosomal aberrations. Two juxtacortical chondrosarcomas showed normal chromosome numbers combined with limited structural alterations, substantiating that juxtacortical and peripheral chondrosarcomas are two clinicopathologically different entities with a different genetic background. Central chondrosarcomas were previously found to be peridiploid with limited LOH, most frequent at 9p21. In the current study, chromosome 9 was involved in five of seven central chondrosarcomas compared with only one of four peripheral chondrosarcomas. Three central tumors showed involvement of the 9pl2-22 region, suggesting an important role for chromosome 9 in the oncogenesis of central chondrosarcoma. Moreover, trisomy 22 was found in four central chondrosarcomas only.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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6
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O'Malley DP, Opheim KE, Barry TS, Chapman DB, Emond MJ, Conrad EU, Norwood TH. Chromosomal changes in a dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 124:105-11. [PMID: 11172900 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome abnormalities observed in a dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma are reported. A new molecular cytogenetic technique, spectral karyotyping, was used to identify and confirm structural rearrangements in this case. A review of the literature revealed that nine cases have been reported, in eight of which a complete description of the cytogenetic abnormalities was described. Structural aberrations were most frequently reported in chromosomes 1 and 9, and chromosomes 7 and 19 were most frequently observed to be involved in numerical aberrations (trisomy and tetrasomy). In chondrosarcomas, structural aberrations in chromosomes 1 and 9 and trisomy or tetrasomy of chromosome 7 are among the more frequently observed aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P O'Malley
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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7
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Gunawan B, Weber M, Bergmann F, Wildberger J, Niethard FU, Füzesi L. Clonal chromosome abnormalities in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 120:127-30. [PMID: 10942802 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report cytogenetic findings in short-term cell cultures from five enchondromas and four chondrosarcomas. Clonal chromosome aberrations were found in one case of enchondroma, and in all cases of chondrosarcoma. The only enchondroma with nonrandom abnormalities had a reciprocal t(8;17)(q23;p13), and monosomies 9, 19, and/or 22. In contrast to the few karyotypic findings in one of five enchondromas, the four chondrosarcomas were commonly characterized by cytogenetic heterogeneity, with a tendency for increasing karyotypic complexity in higher grade tumors. Two cases, one grade III and one metastasizing grade II chondrosarcoma, revealed hypodiploid stem- and sidelines with loss of chromosomes 6, 10, 13, 14, and 22, as common chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting a distinct karyotypic pattern in a subset of biologically aggressive chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gunawan
- Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Technical University, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Gunawan B, Weber M, Bergmann F, Wildberger J, Füzesi L. Solitary enchondroma with clonal chromosomal abnormalities. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 104:161-4. [PMID: 9666812 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a solitary enchondroma located in the head of the left fibula in a 50-year-old patient and present the findings of histopathologic investigation and cytogenetic analysis. The tumor revealed simple karyotypic abnormalities with t(8;17)(q23;p13) and loss of chromosomes 9, 19, and 22 as clonal chromosomal changes. Only a few enchondromas with chromosome aberrations have been published previously; nevertheless, it appears that benign and malignant cartilaginous tumors may have similar chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gunawan
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Aachen, Germany
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9
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Swarts SJ, Neff JR, Nelson M, Johansson S, Bridge JA. Chromosomal abnormalities in low grade chondrosarcoma and a review of the literature. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 98:126-30. [PMID: 9332477 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cytogenetic analysis of two low-grade chondrosarcomas revealed relatively simple chromosomal complements with structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 1, 6, and 12 [46,XY,add(16)(q24)[3]/46,XY,t(1;20)(q21;q11),t(6;17)(q23;q23)[3]/46,XY, t(4;14)(q12;q24),t(5;6)(q12;p21) [2] and 45,XY,t(12;16)(q13;q24),-14[17]/44,idem,add(4)(p16),-17,[2] respectively]. Previously published reports of chondrosarcoma have revealed structural abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 12, and 15 as common. Also, a correlation between the simplicity or complexity of the abnormalities seen and histologic grade has been suggested. The findings of the current study support these earlier observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Swarts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5440, USA
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10
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Ptaszynski K, Ramesh KH, Cannizzaro LA. Clonal chromosome aberrations with monosomy of chromosome 8 in a case of grade III chondrosarcoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 97:60-3. [PMID: 9242219 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report cytogenetic findings in a case of grade III chondrosarcoma. Complex clonal chromosome aberrations including monosomy of chromosomes 4, 8, 13, and a consistent t(5;14)(q23;p12) were observed in all cells. There were no structural or numerical anomalies involving chromosome 12. The complexity of the chromosome aberrations reflect the advanced stage of this chondrosarcoma; we suggest a possible involvement of the EXT1 gene located on chromosome 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ptaszynski
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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11
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Dijkhuizen T, Molenaar WM, Hoekstra HJ, Wiersema J, van den Berg E. Cytogenetic analysis of a case of myxoid liposarcoma with cartilaginous differentiation. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 92:141-3. [PMID: 8976371 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytogenetic analysis of a patient with a myxoid liposarcoma exhibiting cartilaginous differentiation is presented. A complex translocation involving chromosome 12, 16, and 19 was found, instead of the t(12;16), specific for myxoid liposarcoma. The involvement of 19q13 in a tumor with cartilaginous differentiation, and the assignment of TGF beta 1 to 19q13.1-13.2, which appears to play a role in the formation of bone and cartilage, suggest a possible relation between both.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cartilage/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/genetics
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/pathology
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/radiotherapy
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/surgery
- Male
- Radiotherapy Dosage
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dijkhuizen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Groningen University, The Netherlands
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12
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Jagasia AA, Block JA, Qureshi A, Diaz MO, Nobori T, Gitelis S, Iyer AP. Chromosome 9 related aberrations and deletions of the CDKN2 and MTS2 putative tumor suppressor genes in human chondrosarcomas. Cancer Lett 1996; 105:91-103. [PMID: 8689637 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deletions on the short arm of chromosome 9 (9p21 region) have been reported in a number of hematopoietic and solid tumors. These aberrations on 9p have been previously associated with the loss of the interferon gene cluster and the gene for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), localized to the 9p21-22 region. Recently, two putative tumor suppressor gene(s) CDKN2 and MTS2 have been mapped to the 9p21 region, and shown to be deleted in a large number of tumors including leukemias, melanomas, bladder cancers and brain tumors. We have previously reported a similar 9p21 abnormality and deletions of the CDKN2 and MTS2 genes in a myxoid chondrosarcoma cell line and its subclones. In this study we report consistent abnormalities of chromosome 9 in additional chondrosarcomas examined by a detailed cytogenetic and molecular analysis. Seven chondrosarcoma cell lines, one primary chondrosarcoma, and a benign chondroma were examined. Four of the seven tumor cell lines examined showed grossly visible aberrations of chromosome 9. Molecular analysis of these chondrosarcoma cell lines revealed hemizygous deletions of the interferon genes, and the absence of the MTAP gene, protein or activity. In addition, four of the seven chondrosarcoma cell lines also showed deletions of the CDKN2 and/or MTS2 putative tumor suppressor genes, or the absence of the CDKN2 protein product. No such chromosome 9 related aberrations were detected in the benign chondroma. These data suggest that chromosome 9p21 abnormality, and deletions of the CDKN2 and MTS2 tumor suppressor genes may be a significant event in the development of chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Jagasia
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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13
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Jagasia AA, Block JA, Diaz MO, Nobori T, Gitelis S, Inerot SE, Iyer AP. Partial deletions of the CDKN2 and MTS2 putative tumor suppressor genes in a myxoid chondrosarcoma. Cancer Lett 1996; 105:77-90. [PMID: 8689636 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities of chromosome 9 (9p21) have been reported in a large number of tumors that include malignant melanomas, gliomas, lung cancers and leukemias. These aberrations on 9p have been previously shown to involve the loss of the interferon gene cluster and the gene for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), both of which have been mapped to the 9p21 region. Recently, two putative tumor suppressor gene(s) CDKN2 and MTS2, have been mapped to the 9p21 region, and have been shown to be deleted in a large number of hematopoietic and solid malignancies. In this study we report a cytogenetic and a detailed molecular analysis of a myxoid chondrosarcoma cell line 105KC and its clonal derivatives 105AJ, 105AJ1.1, 105AJ3.1, and 105AJ5.1. Specifically, we have demonstrated chromosome 9p21 related abnormalities by cytogenetic analysis, the associated loss of the interferon gene cluster, and the loss of the immunoreactive MTAP protein and activity. In addition, we have also shown the presence of deletions involving the CDKN2 and the MTS2 putative tumor suppressor genes in these chondrosarcoma cell lines. The above studies were extended to other chondrosarcoma cell lines and primary tumors, where similar deletions of the CDKN2 and MTS2 genes were found to be present (unpublished data). This suggests a potential role for the involvement of the CDKN2 and MTS2 putative tumor suppressor genes in the development of chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Jagasia
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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14
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Richkind KE, Romansky SG, Finklestein JZ. t(4;19)(q35;q13.1): a recurrent change in primitive mesenchymal tumors? CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 87:71-4. [PMID: 8646746 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report an apparently balanced t(4;19)(q35;q13.1) as the sole cytogenetic change in a highly malignant extraskeletal sarcoma in a 12-year-old-boy. Tumor cells were negative for all immunocytochemical markers except vimentin and neuron-specific enolase. Electron microscopy indicated chondroblastic differentiation. The tumor was categorized as a malignant sarcoma with differentiation toward extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Reports of a similar translocation in an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and in a dedifferentiated sarcoma with both rhabdomyosarcomatous and osteosarcomatous elements suggest that this translocation can arise in a primitive mesenchymal stem cell that can differentiate along at least these three pathways.
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15
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Szymanska J, Tarkkanen M, Wiklund T, Virolainen M, Blomqvist C, Asko-Seljavaara S, Tukiainen E, Elomaa I, Knuutila S. Cytogenetic study of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. A case report. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 86:170-3. [PMID: 8603349 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare and highly malignant type of chondrosarcoma of soft tissue origin. We performed a cytogenetic study on a patient with EMC. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the tumor karyotype: 48-49,XX, t(4;9)(q23;q22), add(10)(q?26), +16, ?del(19)(p13), +1-2mar[cp12] / 48-50,idem, t(1;20)(q21;q13), +mar[cp6] / 46,XX [7].
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Affiliation(s)
- J Szymanska
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Alers JC, van Dekken H. Interphase cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors by non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 31:1-133. [PMID: 8938812 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Alers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Hirabayashi Y, Ishida T, Yoshida MA, Kojima T, Ebihara Y, Machinami R, Ikeuchi T. Translocation (9;22)(q22;q12). A recurrent chromosome abnormality in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1995; 81:33-7. [PMID: 7773957 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)00201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of a case of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma revealed a reciprocal translocation between 9q and 22q in almost all metaphases analyzed. Structural rearrangements involving 9q and 22q have been reported previously in three cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. The breakpoints on chromosomes 9 and 22 in the present case were in regions 9q22-q31 and 22q11-q12.2, respectively. The same breakpoints were present in all three previously reported cases. Thus, this recently identified rearrangement of 9q and 22q may serve as a critical cytogenetic parameter for the diagnosis and classification of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, as well as being a primary chromosomal event in the course of development of this rare malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Van de Ven WJ, Schoenmakers EF, Wanschura S, Kazmierczak B, Kools PF, Geurts JM, Bartnitzke S, Van den Berghe H, Bullerdiek J. Molecular characterization of MAR, a multiple aberration region on human chromosome segment 12q13-q15 implicated in various solid tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 12:296-303. [PMID: 7539285 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome arm 12q breakpoints in seven cell lines derived from primary pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas were mapped by FISH analysis relative to nine DNA probes. These probes all reside in a 2.8 Mb genomic DNA region of chromosome segment 12q13-q15 and correspond to previously published sequence-tagged sites (STS). Their relative positions were established on the basis of YAC cloning and long range physical and STS content mapping. The 12q breakpoints of five of the cell lines were found to be mapping within three different subregions of the 445 kb DNA interval that was recently defined as the uterine leiomyoma cluster region of chromosome 12 breakpoints (ULCR12) between STS RM33 and RM98. All seven breakpoints appeared to map within the 1.7 Mb DNA region between STS RM36 and RM103. Furthermore, the chromosome 12 breakpoints of three primary pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas were also found to be mapping between RM36 and RM103. Finally, FISH analysis of two lipoma cell lines with 12q13-q15 aberrations pinpointed the breakpoints of these to relatively small and adjacent DNA segments which, as well as those of two primary lipomas, appeared to be located also between RM36 and RM103. We conclude from the observed clustering of the 12q breakpoints of the three distinct solid tumor types that the 1.7 Mb DNA region of the long arm of chromosome 12 between RM36 and RM103 is a multiple aberration region which we designate MAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Van de Ven
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Fejzo MS, Yoon SJ, Montgomery KT, Rein MS, Weremowicz S, Krauter KS, Dorman TE, Fletcher JA, Mao JI, Moir DT. Identification of a YAC spanning the translocation breakpoints in uterine leiomyomata, pulmonary chondroid hamartoma, and lipoma: physical mapping of the 12q14-q15 breakpoint region in uterine leiomyomata. Genomics 1995; 26:265-71. [PMID: 7601452 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80210-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata are the most common tumors in women and can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility. Approximately 200,000 hysterectomies are performed annually in the U.S. to relieve patients of the medical sequelae of these benign neoplasms. Our efforts have focused on cloning the t(12;14)(q14-q15;q23-q24) breakpoint in uterine leiomyoma to further our understanding of the biology of these tumors. Thirty-nine YACs and six cosmids mapping to 12q14-q15 have been mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to tumor metaphase chromosomes containing a t(12;14). One YAC spanned the translocation breakpoint and was mapped to tumor metaphases from a pulmonary chondroid hamartoma containing a t(12;14)(q14-q15;q23-q24) and a lipoma containing a t(12;15)(q15;q24); this YAC also spanned the breakpoint in these two tumors, suggesting that the same gene on chromosome 12 may be involved in the pathobiology of these distinct benign neoplasms.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/ultrastructure
- Female
- Hamartoma/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leiomyoma/genetics
- Lipoma/genetics
- Lung Diseases/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Translocation, Genetic
- Uterine Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Fejzo
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, USA
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20
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Donner LR. Cytogenetics of tumors of soft tissue and bone. Implication for pathology. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 78:115-26. [PMID: 7828142 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathologists should be aware of the existence of diagnostically useful chromosomal rearrangements in several soft tissue and bone tumors. They include rearrangement of 8q12 in lipoblastomas, ring chromosomes in atypical lipomas, ring and giant marker chromosomes in well differentiated liposarcomas, t(12;16)(q13;p11) in myxoid liposarcomas, rearrangement of 7p21-22 in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, t(2;13)(q37;q14) in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) in synovial sarcomas, t(12;22) (q13;q13) in clear cell sarcomas, t(11;22)(q24;q12) in Ewing's sarcomas and peripheral neuroepitheliomas, and t(9;22)(q21-31;q11-12) in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Donner
- Department of Pathology, Scott & White Clinic and Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX 76508
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of karyotypes observed in osteosarcomas (OS) and chondrosarcomas (CS) are complex. Specific chromosomal abnormalities have not yet been characterized in either tumor except for a ring chromosome in parosteal OS. The purpose of this study was to determine recurrent chromosomal abnormalities and establish a possible correlation between the cytogenetic changes and the pathologic findings. METHODS Ten OS and nine CS were cytogenetically analyzed. Tumor samples were obtained from patients having a resection or incisional biopsy. Cytogenetic study of short term cell cultures included harvesting and G-banding, which were performed by routine methodologies. RESULTS Clonal abnormalities were observed in six OS and six CS. Modal chromosome numbers ranged from near diploid to near tetraploid in both types of tumors. The structural rearrangements observed in OS involved mostly chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 12, and 17. Nonreciprocal translocations were the most frequent event. Two OS had a single clonal abnormality involving 11p15 and 14q32, respectively. Double minute chromosomes were observed in three cases. In CS, the most frequent structural abnormalities were nonreciprocal translocations and deletions involving numerous chromosomes. Rearrangements of 1p together with other abnormalities were observed in four CS. CONCLUSIONS The karyotypes were usually complex consisting of numerical and structural changes, particularly in high grade tumors. Rearrangements of 11p15 and 14q32 in OS and possibly 1p in CS were found as primary cytogenetic aberrations. Cytogenetic analysis in more cases of OS and CS together with molecular studies are necessary to characterize further the consistent genetic changes in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Ozisik
- Cancer Center of Southwest Biomedical Research Institute and Genetrix, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona 85251
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22
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Dijkhuizen T, van den Berg E, Molenaar WM, Oosterhuis JW, Dam A, Wiersema J, Schraffordt Koops H, de Jong B. Cytogenetics as a tool in the histologic subclassification of chondrosarcomas. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 76:100-5. [PMID: 7923056 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of bone neoplasms of which the basic neoplastic tissue is cartilaginous. Frequently the histologic diagnosis and grading of chondrosarcomas is difficult and the histologic appearance does not always reflect the biologic behavior of these tumors. Therefore, it is important to find other parameters that can be of help in the proper diagnosing and grading of these neoplasms. To this end, we attempted to correlate the chromosomal pattern of chondrosarcomas to their histologic subtypes and grades. The cytogenetic analysis of two intermediate-grade chondrosarcomas of bone, and a review of the literature, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dijkhuizen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Younes A, Pugh W, Goodacre A, Katz R, Rodriguez MA, Hill D, Cabanillas F, Andreeff M. Polysomy of chromosome 12 in 60 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization: differences between follicular and diffuse large cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 9:161-7. [PMID: 7515657 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870090303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixty consecutive evaluable specimens from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were studied for the incidence of polysomy of chromosome 12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes for the repetitive DNA sequence in the centromeric region of chromosome 12. Thirty-six samples were from follicular lymphomas (FLs), and twenty-four were from diffuse large cell lymphomas (DLCLs). Fifty-two specimens (86%) were obtained by fine-needle aspiration of a diseased node, seven (11.6%) were from involved bone marrows, and one specimen was from a pleural effusion. Twelve of the thirty-six (33%) cases with FL had trisomy 12 in 3-41% of the cells (median, 10%) (normal controls had three signals in 1.4 +/- 0.7% of cells). Trisomy 12 was found in 62% of the patients who had had FL for more than 5 years. Nine of the twenty-four cases (37%) with DLCL had more than two copies of chromosome 12 in 4-92% of the cells (median, 78%), and all nine cases were of B-cell phenotype. Unlike FL cells, some DLCL cells had 4-6 copies of chromosome 12. In previously untreated patients, 54% of DLCLs and 26% of FLs had subpopulations of cells containing more than two copies of chromosome 12 (P = 0.04). Only 2/7 cases of DLCL with polysomy 12 had rearrangement of the BCL2 gene, indicating that the majority of DLCL cases with polysomy 12 did not result from histologic transformation of low grade follicular lymphomas. These data demonstrate that FISH of interphase cells is a sensitive method for detecting numerical abnormalities of chromosome 12 in NHL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Aneuploidy
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/classification
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Oncogenes
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- A Younes
- Division of Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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24
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Tarkkanen M, Wiklund T, Virolainen M, Elomaa I, Knuutila S. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with t(9;22)(q34;q11-12). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 9:136-40. [PMID: 7513544 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(9;22)(q22-31;q11-12) is associated with the myxoid variant of chondrosarcoma. We present here a report of a patient with a dedifferentiated grade IV chondrosarcoma, which originated from the iliac bone and contained areas of grade I chondrosarcoma. There was no evidence of myxoid differentiation. The tumor had the karyotype 46,X,-X,t(9;22)(q34;q11-12), + mar[5]/52-61,x?,2-3 min,inc[9]/46,XX[2]. It is possible that the different breakpoints in the t(9;22) may reflect different histopathologic subgroups of chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tarkkanen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Abstract
Many different tumor types can arise in or invade the skull base. The more common tumors include, but are not limited to, angiofibromas, chondrosarcomas, chordomas, hemangiopericytomas, meningiomas, carcinomas, olfactory neuroblastomas, paragangliomas, pituitary adenomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas. Several of these tumors, including meningiomas, hemangiopericytomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas are characterized by nonrandom cytogenetic abnormalities. In this paper, we review the recognized chromosomal aberrations in cranial base tumors and illustrate the insights that can be gained into the genetic basis of tumor formation using karyotypes from skull base tumors that we have examined. As in tumors in other locations, chromosomal findings may be of diagnostic and prognostic value in cranial base tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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26
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Sainati L, Scapinello A, Montaldi A, Bolcato S, Ninfo V, Carli M, Basso G. A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of a child with the reciprocal translocation (11;22)(q24;q12). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 71:144-7. [PMID: 8281518 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90020-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The reciprocal translocation (11;22)(q24;q12) was observed in a seven day culture from a mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the bone, a tumor not characterized cytogenetically so far. We suggest that because of the presence of a similar cytogenetic abnormality, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma may belong to the wide group of "t(11;22)-small round cell tumors".
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sainati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Italy
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27
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Bridge JA, Bhatia PS, Anderson JR, Neff JR. Biologic and clinical significance of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic abnormalities in benign and malignant cartilaginous lesions. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 69:79-90. [PMID: 8402563 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous neoplasms are often histologically and therapeutically challenging. Predicting biologic behavior can be difficult. In this study, 120 nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant cartilaginous lesions from 103 patients were cytogenetically analyzed in a 6-year period after short-term culture. For selected cases, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques using chromosome-specific probes were performed on metaphase/interphase preparations and on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Clonal abnormalities of chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 12 were most frequently observed. Involvement of chromosomes 5, 8, and 12 may be etiologically significant because of the gene localizations for the human cartilage link protein, Langer-Giedion syndrome (a rare syndrome characterized by multiple exostoses), and type II collagen (a major component of normal cartilage) respectively, to these three chromosomes. That chromosome 7 abnormalities were observed only in malignant tumors is of diagnostic value. The identity of three marker chromosomes and the significance of trisomy 7 (a finding of controversial meaning), were determined with FISH. That the presence of chromosome aberrations and increasing histologic grade strongly correlated (p = 0.001) is of prognostic importance. Moreover, complex aberrations were observed nearly exclusively in high-grade tumors (p = 0.001). The data show that nonrandom chromosome loci are aberrantly affected in cartilaginous lesions and that these abnormalities may be of significant histopathogenetic consequence. In addition, these chromosome abnormalities appear to be diagnostically and prognostically valuable in classifying and grading chondromatous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bridge
- Department of Pathology/Microbiology, Hattie B. Munroe Center for Human Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5440
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28
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Mrózek K, Karakousis CP, Perez-Mesa C, Bloomfield CD. Translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12.2-12.3) in a clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1993; 6:249-52. [PMID: 7685631 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of a short-term culture from a clear cell sarcoma revealed a complex karyotype with the mainline of 49,XY,t(7;18)(p11.2;q21.3), +der(7)t(7;18)(p11.2;q21.3), +8, +der (8;17)(q10;q10),t(12;22)(q13;q12.2-12.3),add(13)(p13). An apparently identical translocation t(12;22) has been described recently in four clear cell sarcomas, indicating that this constitutes a primary cytogenetic change specific for this type of tumor. In our case, the breakpoint on chromosome 22 could be assigned to band 22q12.2 or 22q12.3. Together with the present case, trisomy or tetrasomy 8 has been found in six of nine clear cell sarcomas, suggesting that, as in Ewing's sarcoma and myxoid liposarcoma, trisomy/tetrasomy 8 represents a nonrandom secondary aberration. We conclude that the finding of the specific translocation t(12;22) may prove to be an important marker in the differential diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma from some other soft tissue sarcomas and malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mrózek
- Cytogenetics Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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29
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Orndal C, Mandahl N, Rydholm A, Willén H, Brosjö O, Mitelman F. Chromosome aberrations and cytogenetic intratumor heterogeneity in chondrosarcomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1993; 120:51-6. [PMID: 8270609 DOI: 10.1007/bf01200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Clonal chromosome aberrations identified after short-term culture are presented for 13 chondrosarcomas; in 5 cases both the primary tumors and local recurrences were studied. The stemline chromosome number was hypodiploid or hyperhaploid in 9 tumors. The most frequent numerical anomalies were, in falling order of frequency, loss of chromosomes Y, 10, 13, and 6, and gain of chromosomes 7 and 20. No recurrent structural rearrangement was found, but chromosome bands 5q13, 1q21, 7p11, and 20q11 were each involved in three different rearrangements. Karyotypic heterogeneity was assessed in two different ways: as the presence of more than one clone in one sample and as the presence of different clones in different samples from the same surgical specimen. Clonal karyotypic evolution was demonstrated in 6 of the 7 cases in which two or more samples could be investigated. All 6 showed intersample heterogeneity. Intrasample heterogeneity was found in only 5 of the 28 samples with aberrations. By comparing the incidences of the nonrandomly occurring aberrations in stemlines and sidelines in the heterogeneous tumors, it was possible to conclude that loss of chromosome 13 and rearrangement of band 5q13 were early events in the clonal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Orndal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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30
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Rodriguez E, Sreekantaiah C, Reuter VE, Motzer RJ, Chaganti RS. t(12;22)(q13;q13) and trisomy 8 are nonrandom aberrations in clear-cell sarcoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 64:107-10. [PMID: 1486558 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of clear-cell sarcoma with a t(12;22)(q13;q13) and multiple copies of chromosome 8 in addition to other abnormalities. An identical or similar translocation has previously been reported in this type of tumor, suggesting that the t(12;22) is a primary cytogenetic change in the pathogenesis of a subset of clear-cell sarcomas. In addition, the presence of extra copies of chromosome 8, commonly noted in our case and others, suggests that it represents a nonrandom secondary change in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021
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