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Foo SS, Chen W, Herrero L, Bettadapura J, Narayan J, Dar L, Broor S, Mahalingam S. The genetics of alphaviruses. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging human pathogens that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Their ability to infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts including humans, equines, birds and rodents has brought about a series of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks worldwide. Their potential to cause a pandemic has spurred the interest of researchers globally, leading to the rapid advancement on the characterization of genetic determinants of alphaviruses. In this review, the focal point is placed on the genetics of alphaviruses, whereby the genetic composition, clinical features, evolution and adaptation of alphaviruses, modulation of IFN response by alphavirus proteins and therapeutic aspects of alphaviruses will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suan Sin Foo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Emerging Viruses & Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Emerging Viruses & Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lara Herrero
- Emerging Viruses & Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jayaram Bettadapura
- Emerging Viruses & Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Lalit Dar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobha Broor
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses & Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Katz D, Herrera MI, Cuevas L, Santa-María I, Casado C, Varela JM, Nájera R. Detection of HIV-p24 antigen in body fluids by immunotrapping on Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan 1) bacteria, gold immunolabelling and backscattered electron analysis in a scanning electron microscope. J Virol Methods 1994; 46:313-32. [PMID: 8006112 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An immunosorbent electron microscopical (ISEM) method, the Protein A-coated bacteria technique/gold, (PA-CBT/G), was developed for the detection of non-particulate soluble antigens. The method is based on immunotrapping of antigens on antibody coated, glutaraldehyde cross-linked, Protein A-rich, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The 'trapped' antigen is then identified by colloidal-gold immunolabelling. Gold particles are observed in a scanning/transmission electron microscope by analysis of backscattered electrons. With this method it was possible to detect the presence of p24 HIV antigens in blood, semen, saliva, crevicular and cerebrospinal fluids from HIV seropositive cases. Although the PA-CBT/G identified correctly the p24 antigen in only 80% of the ELISA HIV-antigen positive sera, it detected, more frequently than ELISA, HIV-antigen in seminal and oral fluids. The PA-CBT/G method could thus be useful to fully characterise individual HIV excretion patterns in body fluids other than sera even from patients negative for HIV-antigen by ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Katz
- Department of Virology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona
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Vonsover A, Gotlieb-Stematsky T, Sayar Y, Bardov L, Manor Y, Siegal B. Detection of CMV in urine: comparison between DNA-DNA hybridization, virus isolation, and immunoelectron microscopy. J Virol Methods 1987; 16:29-37. [PMID: 3038940 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of CMV-DNA in urine specimens by dot-blot hybridization was compared to conventional virus isolation and to virus identification using solid-phase immunoelectron microscopy (SPIEM). To detect viral DNA, 32P-labeled EcoR1 J fragment of CMV-DNA was used as a probe in the hybridization assay. In addition, DNA extracted from infected human embryo fibroblasts (amplified DNA) was also hybridized to the same probe. Urine specimens were obtained from 10 renal transplanted patients, seven premature infants, three family members, and five children suspected of CMV infection. CMV was isolated from 10 urine specimens and SPIEM detected viral particles in nine specimens. Ten positive samples were identified as such by hybridization with DNA extracted directly from urine specimens, while hybridization with amplified DNA yielded 17 positives. Only in one urine specimen, positive by virus isolation and SPIEM, DNA was not detected by the hybridization assays. Elevated IgG or IgM-specific antibodies were found in 10 patients. Hybridization with amplified DNA proved the most sensitive and relatively rapid assay, as compared with direct DNA detection in urine, tissue culture isolation, SPIEM, or serologic tests.
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Furui S. Use of protein A in the serum-in-agar diffusion method in immune electron microscopy for detection of virus particles in cell culture. Microbiol Immunol 1986; 30:1023-35. [PMID: 3099132 PMCID: PMC7168436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A modified technique using protein A in the serum-in-agar (SIA) method for immune electron microscopy (IEM) was presented. Grids coated with staphylococcal protein A were floated on samples mounted on agar containing 2% antiserum and incubated at 37 C, for 60 min. After washing and staining, the grids were observed in an electron microscope. The effects of protein A on virus detection were evaluated using poliovirus and bovine rotavirus infected cell culture fluids. The results showed that the technique using protein A (PA-SIA) had at least 10-fold higher sensitivity for virus detection than the original SIA. The optimal concentration of protein A was 1 to 10 micrograms/ml for coating the grids to trap virus particles. The PA-SIA method was also compared with immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). The former showed higher or at least the same sensitivity and some advantages in detecting antigen-antibody reaction than the latter method. These results indicate that our PA-SIA method may be superior to other IEM techniques presented previously for the detection and identification of viruses.
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Kjeldsberg E. Immunonegative stain techniques for electron microscopic detection of viruses in human faeces. Ultrastruct Pathol 1986; 10:553-70. [PMID: 3547967 DOI: 10.3109/01913128609007212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune electron microscopy techniques have for some years been applied to detection of viruses in clinical specimens, especially faecal samples, as both sensitivity and specificity are improved by use of specific antibody. The following review describes in detail different preparation methods and illustrates some of the results that may be obtained.
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Katz D, Straussman Y, Shahar A. A simplified microwell pseudoreplica for the detection of viruses by electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. J Virol Methods 1984; 9:185-92. [PMID: 6394602 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(84)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simplified procedures for immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and electron microscopy (EM) are described. The procedures employ the principle of agar filtration and pseudoreplication. The modification consisted of the use of microwells for storage of gels with or without antiserum (for IEM or EM, respectively) and an array of containers in which pseudoreplication and negative staining were performed. The containers were prepared from 5 ml syringes from which the needle holding parts were cut. This device enabled simultaneous and rapid handling of specimens. With Sindbis virus as a model, our microwell pseudoreplica IEM (MW-PR-IEM) was compared to six other IEM techniques and was found to be the most rapid and sensitive technique. With the MW-PR-IEM technique, the specific minimal detection limit (detection of clumps) was 1.5 x 10(7) virus particles per ml, and the non-specific detection limit (detection of single virions) was 1.8 x 10(6) virus particles per ml.
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