1
|
Koban R, Lam T, Schwarz F, Kloke L, Bürge S, Ellerbrok H, Neumann M. Simplified Bioprinting-Based 3D Cell Culture Infection Models for Virus Detection. Viruses 2020; 12:E1298. [PMID: 33198291 PMCID: PMC7698278 DOI: 10.3390/v12111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of virus-host interactions in vitro may be hindered by biological characteristics of conventional monolayer cell cultures that differ from in vivo infection. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures show more in vivo-like characteristics and may represent a promising alternative for characterisation of infections. In this study, we established easy-to-handle cell culture platforms based on bioprinted 3D matrices for virus detection and characterisation. Different cell types were cultivated on these matrices and characterised for tissue-like growth characteristics regarding cell morphology and polarisation. Cells developed an in vivo-like morphology and long-term cultivation was possible on the matrices. Cell cultures were infected with viruses which differed in host range, tissue tropism, cytopathogenicity, and genomic organisation and virus morphology. Infections were characterised on molecular and imaging level. The transparent matrix substance allowed easy optical monitoring of cells and infection even via live-cell microscopy. In conclusion, we established an enhanced, standardised, easy-to-handle bioprinted 3D-cell culture system. The infection models are suitable for sensitive monitoring and characterisation of virus-host interactions and replication of different viruses under physiologically relevant conditions. Individual cell culture models can further be combined to a multicellular array. This generates a potent diagnostic tool for propagation and characterisation of viruses from diagnostic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Koban
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Tobias Lam
- Cellbricks GmbH, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (T.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Lutz Kloke
- Cellbricks GmbH, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (T.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Silvio Bürge
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heinz Ellerbrok
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Markus Neumann
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ariotti N, Hall TE, Rae J, Ferguson C, McMahon KA, Martel N, Webb RE, Webb RI, Teasdale RD, Parton RG. Modular Detection of GFP-Labeled Proteins for Rapid Screening by Electron Microscopy in Cells and Organisms. Dev Cell 2015; 35:513-25. [PMID: 26585296 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and quantifiable high-resolution protein localization is critical for understanding protein function. However, the time required to clone and characterize any protein of interest is a significant bottleneck, especially for electron microscopy (EM). We present a modular system for enzyme-based protein tagging that allows for improved speed and sampling for analysis of subcellular protein distributions using existing clone libraries to EM-resolution. We demonstrate that we can target a modified soybean ascorbate peroxidase (APEX) to any GFP-tagged protein of interest by engineering a GFP-binding peptide (GBP) directly to the APEX-tag. We demonstrate that APEX-GBP (1) significantly reduces the time required to characterize subcellular protein distributions of whole libraries to less than 3 days, (2) provides remarkable high-resolution localization of proteins to organelle subdomains, and (3) allows EM localization of GFP-tagged proteins, including proteins expressed at endogenous levels, in vivo by crossing existing GFP-tagged transgenic zebrafish lines with APEX-GBP transgenic lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ariotti
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kerrie-Ann McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nick Martel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robyn E Webb
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard I Webb
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rohan D Teasdale
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stock N, Escadafal C, Achazi K, Cissé M, Niedrig M. Development and characterization of polyclonal peptide antibodies for the detection of Yellow fever virus proteins. J Virol Methods 2015; 222:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
4
|
Biological and phylogenetic characteristics of yellow fever virus lineages from West Africa. J Virol 2012; 87:2895-907. [PMID: 23269797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01116-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever virus (YFV), the first proven human-pathogenic virus, although isolated in 1927, is still a major public health problem, especially in West Africa where it causes outbreaks every year. Nevertheless, little is known about its genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics, mainly due to a limited number of genomic sequences from wild virus isolates. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of 24 full-length genomes from YFV strains isolated between 1973 and 2005 in a sylvatic context of West Africa, including 14 isolates that had previously not been sequenced. By this, we confirmed genetic variability within one genotype by the identification of various YF lineages circulating in West Africa. Further analyses of the biological properties of these lineages revealed differential growth behavior in human liver and insect cells, correlating with the source of isolation and suggesting host adaptation. For one lineage, repeatedly isolated in a context of vertical transmission, specific characteristics in the growth behavior and unique mutations of the viral genome were observed and deserve further investigation to gain insight into mechanisms involved in YFV emergence and maintenance in nature.
Collapse
|
5
|
Daffis S, Kontermann RE, Korimbocus J, Zeller H, Klenk HD, Ter Meulen J. Antibody responses against wild-type yellow fever virus and the 17D vaccine strain: characterization with human monoclonal antibody fragments and neutralization escape variants. Virology 2005; 337:262-72. [PMID: 15919103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibody fragments neutralizing wild-type and vaccine strains of yellow fever (YF) virus (genotypes West Africa I + II, East/Central Africa, 17D-204-WHO) were generated by repertoire cloning from YF patients. Analysis of virus escape variants identified amino acid (aa) 71 in domain II of the envelope glycoprotein (E) as the most critical residue for neutralization, with aa 153-155 in domain I contributing to the epitope. These data confirm the previous mapping of YFV neutralizing epitopes using mouse monoclonal antibodies but suggest that a conformational epitope could be formed by amino acids from domains I and II opposing each other in the dimeric form of the E protein. While the sera of the YF patients showed up to 10-fold reduced neutralizing activity against the 17D escape variants, sera from 17D vaccinees retained their neutralizing titers. Mutations in this major neutralizing epitope of YFV thus do not seem to carry the risk of immune escape in persons immunized with the YFV-17D vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Daffis
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Robert-Koch-Strasse 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bae HG, Drosten C, Emmerich P, Colebunders R, Hantson P, Pest S, Parent M, Schmitz H, Warnat MA, Niedrig M. Analysis of two imported cases of yellow fever infection from Ivory Coast and The Gambia to Germany and Belgium. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:274-80. [PMID: 16036176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever remains one of the great burdens for public health in the endemic regions in Africa and South America. The under reporting of yellow fever cases in the respective regions and lack of international interest leads to an underestimation of the constant danger in these areas. Non-vaccinated travelers take a high risk without the effective protection of YFV 17D vaccination. OBJECTIVES Two YF cases were imported to Europe in the last 4 years. We characterized two yellow fever virus (YFV) isolates from severely infected patients coming back from Africa, Ivory Coast and The Gambia, by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. STUDY DESIGN The virus infections in different organs were analyzed with pathological, immunohistological, electronmicroscopical and quantitative real-time PCR methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION High virus loads in spleen and liver (2.4 x 10 (6) to 3 x 10 (7)GE/mL) demonstrated by real time PCR show massive virus replication leading to extraordinary progression of the disease in these patients. Immunohistological and electronmicroscopical analysis confirms virus particles in liver tissue. In all other organs no virus could be detected. A fast, specific and sensitive virus PCR detection is recommended for diagnostic of acute infections. The further sequence alignments show that the new isolates belong to the type II West African strain with great homology to over 40-year old YF isolates from Senegal and Ghana. The divergence observed was on average 3.3%, ranging from 0.0% to 5.0% in the coding region of Gambia 2001 strain and 2.9 %, ranging from 0.0% to 4.3% in the coding region of the Ivory C 1999 strain. Most mutations (5.0%/4.3%, respectively) occurred in the envelope protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hi-Gung Bae
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jensen HL, Norrild B. Easy and reliable double-immunogold labelling of herpes simplex virus type-1 infected cells using primary monoclonal antibodies and studied by cryosection electron microscopy. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1999; 31:525-33. [PMID: 10507459 DOI: 10.1023/a:1003840006848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell biology concerns the interactions between different cellular compartments and between the cell and the environment. The mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) envelopment and the transport of virus particles and HSV-1 glycoproteins have not been completely investigated. It is of interest to examine the formation of complete virus particles and the cellular distribution of viral glycoproteins correlated with microtubules. The illustration of these conditions by immunocytochemistry is best done by multiple labelling techniques in the same cell. Single-staining of neighbouring serial sections or two-face double-immunolabelling methods are not technically compatible with ultrathin cryosections. The results are reported here of a simultaneous, simple and reliable immunogold double-staining technique using primary antibodies of the same species in ultrathin cryosections. Compared to other inactivation procedures, phosphate-buffered 3% paraformaldehyde plus 2% glutaraldehyde for 2 h at room temperature is an excellent and gentle method to destroy free anti-IgG binding sites on the antibodies and to prevent cross-labelling, which has proven necessary for obtaining reproducible results on cellular distribution of tubulin and viral glycoproteins gD-1 and gC-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Jensen
- The Protein Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Veit M, Ponimaskin E, Baiborodin S, Gelderblom HR, Schmidt MF. Intracellular compartmentalization of the glycoprotein B of herpesvirus Simian agent 8 expressed with a baculovirus vector in insect cells. Arch Virol 1996; 141:2009-17. [PMID: 8920832 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular localization of the glycoprotein B of herpesvirus simian agent 8 expressed with a baculovirus system in insect cells was studied. Cell fractionation and immunoprecipitation revealed that gB is present in microsomal as well as in nuclear membranes. Both fractions contain oligomers, probably dimers, of gB with endoglycosidase-H sensitive, mannose-rich carbohydrates. Nuclear transport of gB was further analysed by immuno electron microscopy of recombinant baculovirus-infected cells. The glycoprotein is present both in the outer and the inner nuclear membrane as well as in cytoplasmic structures and at the cell surface. This study precludes the possibility that glycosylation and/or oligomerisation of SA8 gB are responsible for nuclear targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Veit
- Institut fur Immunologie und Molekularbiologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freien Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mackenzie JM, Jones MK, Young PR. Improved membrane preservation of flavivirus-infected cells with cryosectioning. J Virol Methods 1996; 56:67-75. [PMID: 8690769 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(95)01916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-cryomicrotomy and electron microscopy were used to investigate membranous structures in dengue virus-infected mammalian and insect cells. The cryo-sectioned samples displayed ultrastructure comparable to their resin-embedded counterparts with all previously identified virus-induced structures being observed. Structures not previously identified were also found. In particular, membrane-bound packets of vesicles, 100-200 nm in diameter were seen distributed throughout areas of virus-induced membrane proliferation. These packets were clearly distinct from virion arrays. Small smooth membrane vesicles, previously found to contain thread-like enclosures (M.L. Ng, J. Gen. Virol. 68 (1987) 577-582), were frequently observed to contain dense staining material, however the exact nature of this material remains unclear. Virus-induced modification of golgi-like and/or ER membranes was also observed and may represent early events in the generation of the smooth membrane vesicles seen during infection. We suggest that cryosectioning is the method of choice to investigate membrane rearrangement induced by this family of viruses and that a diamond knife and modified staining techniques, as utilised in this report, be employed to enhance morphology and section preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Mackenzie
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Childrens' Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gentile M, Adrian T, Scheidler A, Ewald M, Dianzani F, Pauli G, Gelderblom HR. Determination of the size of HIV using adenovirus type 2 as an internal length marker. J Virol Methods 1994; 48:43-52. [PMID: 7962259 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The size of a virion is a key criterion to its proper classification and may have implications in many practical aspects. Size determinations by thin section electron microscopy often result in length aberrations of more than 10% because of a number of preparative and instrumental inaccuracies, e.g. specimen shrinkage or swelling and unreliable calibration. Using adenovirus type 2 as an isometric size marker for internal calibration, we have determined the diameters of mature and immature HIV-1 to be 110 to 128 and 132 to 146 nm, respectively. The marker had been used either as a purified particle suspension added to the HIV producing culture, or adenovirus had been propagated together with HIV by infecting HIV producing cells. Using well characterized isometric markers, e.g. an icosahedral virus, in thin section electron microscopy appears to be a suitable technique for viral size determinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gentile
- Istituto di Virologia, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stransky G, Garry RF, Gay S. Detection of p24 in HIV-1 infected cells embedded in LR White and Lowicryl K4M. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1991; 23:381-4. [PMID: 1917566 DOI: 10.1007/bf01042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we present a postembedding on-grid immunogold labelling procedure for the ultrastructural localization of the HIV-1 core protein p24. HIV-1 infected cells were fixed in 0.1% glutaraldehyde, incompletely dehydrated and embedded in LR White or in Lowicryl K4M. Antigenic sites were detected by incubation of ultrathin sections with primary mouse monoclonal antibody anti-HIV-1 p24, followed by the secondary antibody goat anti-mouse IgG coupled to 10nm gold particles. Antigenicity of p24 was found to withstand the applied fixation and was shown to be preserved in LR White as well as in Lowicryl. The described procedure permits the uncomplicated and easy detection of p24 in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Stransky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Real SC, de Meirelles MN. Immunoelectron localization of mitochondrial F1 factor in cryosections of heart muscle cells. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1991; 18:192-6. [PMID: 1886002 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060180215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry was used to investigate the localization of F1 ATPase in mitochondria of cryosections of adult mouse heart muscle cells. The initial aldehyde fixation was the only denaturation step for antigens. The fine structure was preserved with contrast enhancement as the sections were maintained hydrated, with the advantage that the entire procedure is completed in one working day. The reaction was highly specific, and entire mitochondria were labeled with the Protein A-gold complex. A new analytical technique, electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI), contributed to a better visualization of the localization of the F1 factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Real
- Departamento de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Palefsky JM, Winkler B, Rabanus JP, Clark C, Chan S, Nizet V, Schoolnik GK. Characterization of in vivo expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 E4 protein in cervical biopsy tissues. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:2132-41. [PMID: 1645754 PMCID: PMC296971 DOI: 10.1172/jci115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins in the pathogenesis of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer is poorly understood. To characterize E4 protein expression in 49 paraffin-embedded cervical biopsies representing different histopathologic grades of disease, antibodies were elicited to a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 20-34 of a protein predicted to be encoded by the HPV 16 E4 open reading frame. The E4 protein was detected throughout the spectrum of CIN, from CIN1 to CIN3. Expression was localized to the cell nucleus, primarily in the superficial layers of the squamous cervical epithelium. Ultrastructural studies showed that the E4 protein was organized into compact, intranuclear arrays 25-35 nm in diameter. E4 protein expression was also demonstrated in some histologically normal tissues containing HPV 16 DNA, but not in any of five cervical cancers containing HPV 16 DNA. These results suggest that E4 protein expression may precede development of light microscopic tissue abnormalities, that it may continue through the spectrum of CIN, and that expression of this protein may be reduced or terminated in invasive cancer. The function of this protein remains unknown, but its nuclear localization may be consistent with a role in viral maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, California 94305
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Becker J, Schuppan D, Rabanus JP, Gelderblom HR, Reichart P. Immunoelectron microscopy shows an atypical pattern and a quantitative shift of collagens type I, III and VI in oral Kaposi's sarcoma of AIDS. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1991; 419:237-44. [PMID: 1926765 DOI: 10.1007/bf01626354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The localization of collagen types I, III and VI in normal human alveolar and palatal mucosa and in oral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was studied by light microscopy and cryo-immunoelectron microscopy. Normal oral mucosa revealed two different types of organization. The upper connective tissue stroma contained a loose reticular network mainly composed of collagen types III and VI, while collagen type I immunostaining predominated in the deeper stroma. Ultrastructurally, in the KS tumour stroma, a loose pattern of individual thin collagen fibrils was noted. These often fanned out at their ends showing a filamentous substructure. The fibrils consisted predominantly of collagen type I similar to individual fibrils of normal oral mucosa. However, there was a marked loss of thick fibre bundles of collagen types I and III in KS compared with normal oral mucosa, whereas collagen type VI was markedly increased and found preferentially in clusters and strands around cross-striated fibrils that often spanned the distance between single collagen fibres. The abundance of collagen type VI in a pattern similar to early stages of wound healing suggests that the KS stroma resembles an early organizational stage of the interstitial and vascular extracellular matrix subject to a high rate of collagen turnover. This character of the KS stroma appears to result from a continuous auto-and paracrine stimulation of cell growth and collagen synthesis and provides an excellent model to study the structural arrangement of collagen type VI in relation to the fibrillar collagen types I and III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Free University of Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rabanus JP, Gelderblom HR, Schuppan D, Becker J. Distribution of collagens type V and VI in the normal human alveolar mucosa: an immunoelectronmicroscopic study using ultrathin frozen sections. J Periodontal Res 1991; 26:138-43. [PMID: 1830615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1991.tb01637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructural localization of collagens type V and VI in normal human gingival mucosa was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy. Twenty biopsies were fixed in dimethylsuberimidate and shock-frozen in slush nitrogen. Collagen type V was mainly located to meshworks of uniform nonstriated microfibrils of 12 to 20 nm width, which preferentially appeared in larger spaces between cross-striated major collagen fibrils. Occasionally single microfibrils of collagen type V fanned out from the ends of major collagen fibrils, which may indicate a role as a core fibril. Collagen type V was not found in the subepithelial basement membrane and the immediately adjacent stroma. Collagen type VI was detected in a loose reticular network of unbanded microfilaments that were morphologically distinguishable by knoblike protrusions every 100-110 nm. These microfilaments were found in the vicinity, but not as an intrinsic component, of the subepithelial basement membrane. Single filaments of collagen type VI filaments appeared to form bridges between neighboring cross-striated major collagen fibrils, suggesting an interconnecting role for this collagen type. The method presented appears to be excellently suited to study the normal and pathological supramolecular organization of the oral extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Rabanus
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruszczak Z, Detmar M, Imcke E, Orfanos CE. Effects of rIFN alpha, beta, and gamma on the morphology, proliferation, and cell surface antigen expression of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95:693-9. [PMID: 1979080 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of recombinant human interferon alpha 2a (rIFN alpha), recombinant human interferon beta 1 (rIFN beta), and recombinant human interferon gamma (rIFN gamma) on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) cultured in vitro was studied in various rIFN concentrations (0.1 IU/ml-10(4) IU/ml) over 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d. Cell morphology and ultrastructure, cell proliferation, expression of class II alloantigens (HLA-DR and HLA-DQ), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were investigated using an in vitro technique established in our laboratory. All rIFN tested induced alterations of typical HDMEC morphology; the cells became spindle-shaped and fibroblastoid, although they maintained their endothelial cell marker expression. Also, all IFN dose- and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation of HDMEC in vitro (rIFN alpha greater than beta greater than gamma), whereby rIFN alpha exerted the strongest growth-inhibitory effect. Alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemistry of the cultured cells showed dose- and time-dependent stimulation of ICAM-1 and class II antigen expression only by rIFN gamma (HLA-DR greater than HLA-DQ), rIFN alpha and beta did not exert any immunomodulatory activity on HDMEC in vitro. These results indicate that HDMEC are an important target for the action of IFN. Besides growth inhibition, it seems that rIFN gamma in particular may be involved in the modulation of leucocyte adhesion and trafficking by altering the immunophenotype of the endothelial cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Ruszczak
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Detmar M, Orfanos CE. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits cell proliferation and induces class II antigens and cell adhesion molecules in cultured normal human keratinocytes in vitro. Arch Dermatol Res 1990; 282:238-45. [PMID: 2115318 DOI: 10.1007/bf00371643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) on cell proliferation, cell morphology, and on the expression of class II alloantigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were assessed in human keratinocytes cultured in serum-free medium. TNF inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner with a minimum effective dose of 10 U/ml and a 50% inhibitory dose of 100 U/ml. However, TNF did not induce cell death, and the growth inhibition induced by TNF was completely reversible after its withdrawal. In vitro combination of TNF with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-beta resulted in additive growth inhibitory effects, while IFN-gamma enhanced the TNF mediated growth inhibition in a synergistic way. Furthermore, TNF altered the morphology of the growing keratinocytes inducing the appearance of a fusiform, fibroblast-like population. Also, treatment with TNF over 6 days markedly induced the expression of ICAM-1 on the cultured keratinocytes with a minimal effective dose of 10 U/ml, while HLA-DR was only moderately expressed after 1,000 U/ml. TNF did not induce HLA-DQ, but reduced the IFN-gamma induced expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ. By immunoelectron microscopy, an intense membrane-bound labeling for ICAM-1 was found after treatment with TNF, clearly pronounced in areas of microvillous membrane protrusions. These results indicate that epidermal keratinocytes are a major target for various biological effects of TNF. We also found that TNF differentially modulates IFN-gamma-induced effects, thus suggesting its potential role in the regulation of inflammatory skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Detmar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schuppan D, Cantaluppi MC, Becker J, Veit A, Bunte T, Troyer D, Schuppan F, Schmid M, Ackermann R, Hahn EG. Undulin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein associated with collagen fibrils. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
19
|
Ozel M, Pauli G, Gelderblom HR. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) of viruses using thin-section and immunolabelling preparations. Ultramicroscopy 1990; 32:35-41. [PMID: 2159668 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(90)90091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and conventional bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied comparatively for the analysis of the fine structure and the antigenic make-up of human immunodeficiency virus and two herpes viruses. In addition to the information obtained in conventional bright-field TEM, ESI leads to high-contrast imaging of ultrathin sections and improves the resolution of thin and thick sections, and allows a better detectability of the immunolabelling markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ozel
- Robert Koch-Institut des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pietschmann SM, Gelderblom HR, Pauli G. Compartment-specific immunolocalization of conserved epitopes of the glycoprotein gB of herpes simplex virus type 1 and bovine herpes virus type 2 in infected cells. Arch Virol 1989; 108:1-17. [PMID: 2480759 DOI: 10.1007/bf01313738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies directed against a surface glycoprotein of the bovine herpes virus type 2 (BHV-2, bovine herpes mammillitis virus) recognize also determinants of the major glycoprotein gB of the human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Cross-reacting antigens of the virions and in infected cells were localized with immunocytochemical methods, immunofluorescence as well as pre-embedding and cryoultramicrotomy immune electron microscopy. All antibodies stain to different degrees cell free BHV-2 and HSV-1 virions. In the cell two predominant staining patterns could be observed indicating that expression of epitopes is dependent upon the cell compartment: (i) staining of cytoplasmic membranes and enveloped particles within membrane systems and (ii) staining of intranuclear antigens. Antibodies tagging intranuclear antigens react with moderately dense material or with the periphery of nucleocapsids. This unexpected result is interpreted in terms of two hypotheses: (1) presence of common epitopes on two entirely different herpesvirus proteins conserved in HSV-1 and BHV-2 and (2) transport of gB or its precursor into the nucleus.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Bloch B, Davis WC, Askaa J. BVD-virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persistently viraemic calves studied by correlative immunoelectron microscopy. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1988; 35:477-92. [PMID: 2847450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- J L Carrascosa
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gelderblom H, Özel M, Hausmann E, Winkel T, Pauli G, Koch M. Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), immunolocalization of structural proteins and virus-cell relation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0739-6260(88)90039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Hausmann EH, Gelderblom HR, Clapham PR, Pauli G, Weiss RA. Detection of HIV envelope specific antibodies by immunoelectron microscopy and correlation with antibody titer and virus neutralizing activity. J Virol Methods 1987; 16:125-37. [PMID: 3038935 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human antisera positive for HIV were evaluated on HTLV-IIIB producing cells by two different immunoelectron microscopic (IEM) techniques. In preembedding immunoferritin IEM a heavy label was observed with early budding HIV. Under the same conditions cell released 'mature' particles were almost negative, which could be explained by the direct observation that most of the surface glycoprotein knobs are lost spontaneously during virus maturation. Using freshly infected cultures after agarose embedding, immunogold labelling of ultrathin cryosections allowed us to detect and differentiate internal core as well as virus envelope antigens. A good qualitative correlation between neutralization titers and IEM labelling intensity was observed. This type of immunocryoultramicrotomy appears to be useful for the detection of antigens in and on the virion. It might turn out valuable for the characterization of the env gp120 epitopes of HIV.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gelderblom HR, Hausmann EH, Ozel M, Pauli G, Koch MA. Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunolocalization of structural proteins. Virology 1987; 156:171-6. [PMID: 3643678 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin section and surface replica electron microscopy were applied in combination with immunoelectron microscopy to elucidate the fine structure of HIV. The shell of the tubular core shows p24 antigenicity, while p17 is located at the inner leaflet of the lipid membrane. The virus particle is studded with 70-80 protrusions. These knobs have a diameter of 15 nm, a height of 9 nm, and are probably arranged in a T = 7 I symmetry. The major envelope protein gp120 is spontaneously shed from the viral surface. A possible role of released gp120 in pathogenesis is discussed.
Collapse
|
26
|
|