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Jarvis KG, Yan QQ, Grim CJ, Power KA, Franco AA, Hu L, Gopinath G, Sathyamoorthy V, Kotewicz ML, Kothary MH, Lee C, Sadowski J, Fanning S, Tall BD. Identification and Characterization of Five New Molecular Serogroups of Cronobacter spp. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:343-52. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen G. Jarvis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Qiong Q. Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference, and Training on Cronobacter, UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Karen A. Power
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference, and Training on Cronobacter, UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Augusto A. Franco
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Lan Hu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Gopal Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Venugopal Sathyamoorthy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Michael L. Kotewicz
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Mahendra H. Kothary
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Chloe Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Sadowski
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Seamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference, and Training on Cronobacter, UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
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Molecular characterization of Cronobacter lipopolysaccharide O-antigen gene clusters and development of serotype-specific PCR assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4017-26. [PMID: 21531829 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00162-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is a recently defined genus consisting of six species, C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. turicensis, and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. In this study, MboII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of O-antigen gene clusters, located between galF and gnd, were used to identify serotypes in Cronobacter spp. Seven O-antigen RFLP clusters were generated, including three C. sakazakii clusters, previously identified as serotypes O1, O2, and O3. The O-antigen regions of six strains with unique RFLP patterns, including two C. sakazakii strains, two C. malonaticus strains, one C. turicensis strain, and one C. muytjensii strain, revealed three O-antigen gene clusters shared among Cronobacter species. PCR assays were developed, targeting the wzx O-antigen polymerase gene, and used to screen 231 Cronobacter strains to determine the frequency of these newly identified serotypes.
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Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto JI, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet 2003; 36:40-5. [PMID: 14702039 DOI: 10.1038/ng1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a base for human transcriptome and functional genomics, we created the "full-length long Japan" (FLJ) collection of sequenced human cDNAs. We determined the entire sequence of 21,243 selected clones and found that 14,490 cDNAs (10,897 clusters) were unique to the FLJ collection. About half of them (5,416) seemed to be protein-coding. Of those, 1,999 clusters had not been predicted by computational methods. The distribution of GC content of nonpredicted cDNAs had a peak at approximately 58% compared with a peak at approximately 42%for predicted cDNAs. Thus, there seems to be a slight bias against GC-rich transcripts in current gene prediction procedures. The rest of the cDNAs unique to the FLJ collection (5,481) contained no obvious open reading frames (ORFs) and thus are candidate noncoding RNAs. About one-fourth of them (1,378) showed a clear pattern of splicing. The distribution of GC content of noncoding cDNAs was narrow and had a peak at approximately 42%, relatively low compared with that of protein-coding cDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ota
- Helix Research Institute, 1532-3 Yana, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0812, Japan
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Cafaro A, Titti F, Fracasso C, Maggiorella MT, Baroncelli S, Caputo A, Goletti D, Borsetti A, Pace M, Fanales-Belasio E, Ridolfi B, Negri DR, Sernicola L, Belli R, Corrias F, Macchia I, Leone P, Michelini Z, ten Haaft P, Buttò S, Verani P, Ensoli B. Vaccination with DNA containing tat coding sequences and unmethylated CpG motifs protects cynomolgus monkeys upon infection with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV89.6P). Vaccine 2001; 19:2862-77. [PMID: 11282197 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a CD8-mediated cytotoxic T cell response against the Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) controls primary infection after pathogenic virus challenge, and correlates with the status of long-term nonprogressor in humans. Due to the presence of unmethylated CpG sequences, DNA vaccination can boost the innate immunity driving more potent T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, cynomolgus monkeys were vaccinated with a tat-expressing vector containing defined unmethylated CpG sequences (pCV-tat). Here it is shown that the intramuscular inoculation of the pCV-tat contained primary infection with the highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P virus preventing the CD4(+) T cell decline in all the vaccinated monkeys. Undetectable virus replication and negative virus isolation correlated in all cases with the presence of anti-Tat CTLs. However, a CD8-mediated non cytolytic antiviral activity was also present in all protected animals. Of note, this activity was absent in the controls but was present in the monkey inoculated with the CpG-rich vector alone that was partially protected against viral challenge (i.e. no virus replication but positive virus isolation). These results suggest that a CTL response against Tat protects against primary infection by blocking virus replication at its early stage, in the absence of sterilizing immunity. Nevertheless, the boost of the innate immunity by CpG sequences can contribute to this protection both by driving more potent CTL responses and by inducing other CD8-mediated antiviral activities. Thus, the CpG-rich tat DNA vaccine may represent a promising candidate for preventive and therapeutic vaccination against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cafaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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5
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Fuglsang CC, Berka RM, Wahleithner JA, Kauppinen S, Shuster JR, Rasmussen G, Halkier T, Dalboge H, Henrissat B. Biochemical analysis of recombinant fungal mutanases. A new family of alpha1,3-glucanases with novel carbohydrate-binding domains. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:2009-18. [PMID: 10636904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.3.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence analysis shows that Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium purpurogenum alpha1,3-glucanases (mutanases) have homologous primary structures (53% amino acid sequence identity), and are composed of two distinct domains: a NH(2)-terminal catalytic domain and a putative COOH-terminal polysaccharide-binding domain separated by a O-glycosylated Pro-Ser-Thr-rich linker peptide. Each mutanase was expressed in Aspergillus oryzae host under the transcriptional control of a strong alpha-amylase gene promoter. The purified recombinant mutanases show a pH optimum in the range from pH 3.5 to 4.5 and a temperature optimum around 50-55 degrees C at pH 5.5. Also, they exhibit strong binding to insoluble mutan with K(D) around 0.11 and 0.13 microM at pH 7 for the P. purpurogenum and T. harzianum mutanases, respectively. Partial hydrolysis showed that the COOH-terminal domain of the T. harzianum mutanase binds to mutan. The catalytic domains and the binding domains were assigned to a new family of glycoside hydrolases and to a new family of carbohydrate-binding domains, respectively.
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6
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Römer-Oberdörfer A, Mundt E, Mebatsion T, Buchholz UJ, Mettenleiter TC. Generation of recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from cDNA. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 11):2987-2995. [PMID: 10580061 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of the vaccine strain Clone-30 was reproducibly generated after simultaneous expression of antigenome-sense NDV RNA and NDV nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from plasmids transfected into cells stably expressing T7 RNA polymerase. For this purpose, the genome of Clone-30, comprising 15186 nt, was cloned and sequenced prior to assembly into a full-length cDNA clone under control of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Recombinant virus was amplified by inoculation of transfection supernatant into the allantoic cavity of embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. Two marker restriction sites comprising a total of five nucleotide changes artificially introduced into noncoding regions were present in the progeny virus. The recombinant NDV was indistinguishable from the parental wild-type virus with respect to its growth characteristics in cell culture and in embryonated eggs. Moreover, an intracerebral pathogenicity index of 0.29 was obtained for both viruses as determined by intracerebral inoculation of day-old SPF chickens, proving that the recombinant NDV is a faithful copy of the parental vaccine strain of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany1
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany1
| | - Teshome Mebatsion
- Intervet International B.V., Wim de Körverstraat 35, NL-5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands2
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany1
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany1
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7
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Blinkovsky AM, Byun T, Brown KM, Golightly EJ. Purification, characterization, and heterologous expression in Fusarium venenatum of a novel serine carboxypeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3298-303. [PMID: 10427010 PMCID: PMC91495 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.8.3298-3303.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/1999] [Accepted: 04/27/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel serine carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.16.1) was found in an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation broth and was purified to homogeneity. This enzyme has a molecular weight of ca. 67,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its specific activity is 21 U/mg for carbobenzoxy (Z)-Ala-Glu at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C. It has a ratio of bimolecular constants for Z-Ala-Lys and Z-Ala-Phe of 3.75. Optimal enzyme activity occurs at pH 4 to 4.5 and 58 to 60 degrees C for Z-Ala-Ile. The N terminus of this carboxypeptidase is blocked. Internal fragments, obtained by cyanogen bromide digestion, were sequenced. PCR primers were then made based on the peptide sequence information, and the full-length gene sequence was obtained. An expression vector that contained the recombinant carboxypeptidase gene was used to transform a Fusarium venenatum host strain. The transformed strain of F. venenatum expressed an active recombinant carboxypeptidase. In F. venenatum, the recombinant carboxypeptidase produced two bands which had molecular weights greater than the molecular weight of the native carboxypeptidase from A. oryzae. Although the molecular weights of the native and recombinant enzymes differ, these enzymes have very similar kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Blinkovsky
- Novo Nordisk Biotech, Inc., Davis, California 95616, USA.
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8
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Berka RM, Rey MW, Brown KM, Byun T, Klotz AV. Molecular characterization and expression of a phytase gene from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:4423-7. [PMID: 9797301 PMCID: PMC106663 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.11.4423-4427.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phyA gene encoding an extracellular phytase from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was cloned and heterologously expressed, and the recombinant gene product was biochemically characterized. The phyA gene encodes a primary translation product (PhyA) of 475 amino acids (aa) which includes a putative signal peptide (23 aa) and propeptide (10 aa). The deduced amino acid sequence of PhyA has limited sequence identity (ca. 47%) with Aspergillus niger phytase. The phyA gene was inserted into an expression vector under transcriptional control of the Fusarium oxysporum trypsin gene promoter and used to transform a Fusarium venenatum recipient strain. The secreted recombinant phytase protein was enzymatically active between pHs 3 and 7.5, with a specific activity of 110 micromol of inorganic phosphate released per min per mg of protein at pH 6 and 37 degrees C. The Thermomyces phytase retained activity at assay temperatures up to 75 degrees C and demonstrated superior catalytic efficiency to any known fungal phytase at 65 degrees C (the temperature optimum). Comparison of this new Thermomyces catalyst with the well-known Aspergillus niger phytase reveals other favorable properties for the enzyme derived from the thermophilic gene donor, including catalytic activity over an expanded pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Berka
- Novo Nordisk Biotech, Davis, California 95616-4880, USA
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9
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Svitil AL, Kirchman DL. A chitin-binding domain in a marine bacterial chitinase and other microbial chitinases: implications for the ecology and evolution of 1,4-beta-glycanases. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 5):1299-1308. [PMID: 9611805 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-5-1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To examine the ecology and evolution of microbial chitinases, especially the chitin-binding domain, one of the chitinase genes (chiA) from the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi was analysed. The deduced amino acid sequence of ChiA is not very similar overall to other proteins, except for two regions, the putative catalytic and chitin-binding domains. Among all bacterial chitinases sequenced to date, there is no relationship between percentage similarity of catalytic domains and chitin-binding domains in pairwise comparisons, suggesting that these two domains have evolved separately. The chitin-binding domain appears to be evolutionarily conserved among many bacterial chitinases and is also somewhat similar to cellulose-binding domains found in microbial cellulases and xylanases. To investigate the role of the chitin-binding domain, clones producing versions of ChiA with or without this domain were examined. One version with the domain (ChiA1) bound to and hydrolysed chitin, whereas a truncated ChiA without the putative chitin-binding domain (ChiA2) did not bind to chitin, but it could hydrolyse chitin, although not as well. ChiA1 diffused more slowly in agarose containing colloidal chitin than ChiA2, but diffusion of the two proteins in agarose without colloidal chitin was similar. These results indicate that the chitin-binding domain helps determine the movement of chitinase along N-acetylglucosamine strands and within environments containing chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Svitil
- College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - David L Kirchman
- College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
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10
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Smith OP, Durkin SA, Luster DG, McDaniel LL, Russo AJ, Damsteegt VD. Sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the coat protein gene of the dwarfing strain of soybean dwarf luteovirus. Virus Genes 1998; 17:207-11. [PMID: 9926396 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008012219123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene of the dwarfing (D) strain of soybean dwarf luteovirus (SbDV) was determined from cloned cDNA. The gene contains 600 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 200 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 22.2 kDa. A major portion of the coat protein open reading frame (ORF) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a pET fusion protein and the product was detected by western blot analysis using SbDV-D polyclonal antibodies. Comparison of the deduced coat protein amino acid sequence to that from the yellowing (Y) strain of SbDV demonstrated 88% identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Smith
- Department of Biology, Hood College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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11
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Pazzani MJ, See D, Schroeder E, Tilles J. Application of an expert system in the management of HIV-infected patients. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 15:356-62. [PMID: 9342255 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199708150-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A rule-based expert system, Customized Treatment Strategies for HIV (CTSHIV), which encodes information from the literature on known drug-resistant mutations was developed. Additional rules include ranking and weighting based on antiviral activities, redundant mechanisms of action, overlapping toxicities, relative levels of drug-resistance, and proportion of drug-resistant clones in the HIV quasispecies. Plasma was obtained from HIV-infected patients and the RNA was extracted. Segments of the HIV pol gene encoding the entire protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase proteins were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (using a total of three primer pairs) and cloned. Sequencing was performed on five clones from each of two patients. When the patient's RNA sequencing data were entered into the expert program, and the information was downloaded directly into the CTSHIV program, the five most effective two, three, and four drug regimens coupled with an explanation for their choice were displayed for each patient. Thus, the CTSHIV system couples efficient genetic sequencing with an expert program that recommends regimens based on information in the current medical literature. It may serve as a useful tool in the design of clinical trials and in the management of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pazzani
- Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange 92868, U.S.A
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12
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Berka RM, Schneider P, Golightly EJ, Brown SH, Madden M, Brown KM, Halkier T, Mondorf K, Xu F. Characterization of the gene encoding an extracellular laccase of Myceliophthora thermophila and analysis of the recombinant enzyme expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3151-7. [PMID: 9251203 PMCID: PMC168614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.8.3151-3157.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A genomic DNA segment encoding an extracellular laccase was isolated from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila, and the nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of M. thermophila laccase (MtL) shows homology to laccases from diverse fungal genera. A vector containing the M. thermophila laccase coding region, under transcriptional control of an Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase gene promoter and terminator, was constructed for heterologous expression in A. oryzae. The recombinant laccase expressed in A. oryzae was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by anion-exchange chromatography. Amino-terminal sequence data suggests that MtL is synthesized as a preproenzyme. The molecular mass was estimated to be approximately 100 to 140 kDa by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and to be 85 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that MtL contains 40 to 60% glycosylation. The laccase shows an absorbance spectrum that is typical of blue copper oxidases, with maxima at 276 and 589 nm, and contains 3.9 copper atoms per subunit. With syringaldazine as a substrate, MtL has optimal activity at pH 6.5 and retains nearly 100% of its activity when incubated at 60 degrees C for 20 min. This is the first report of the cloning and heterologous expression of a thermostable laccase.
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MESH Headings
- Aspergillus oryzae/enzymology
- Aspergillus oryzae/genetics
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon, Terminator
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Gene Library
- Hydrazones/metabolism
- Laccase
- Mitosporic Fungi/enzymology
- Mitosporic Fungi/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/isolation & purification
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- alpha-Amylases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Berka
- Novo Nordisk Biotech, Inc., Davis, California, USA.
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13
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Willenbrink W, Neubert WJ. Long-term replication of Sendai virus defective interfering particle nucleocapsids in stable helper cell lines. J Virol 1994; 68:8413-7. [PMID: 7966637 PMCID: PMC237314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.8413-8417.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential prerequisite for generating a stable helper cell line, which constitutively expresses functional Sendai virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is the expression of all three Sendai virus nucleocapsid (NC) proteins, NP, P, and L, simulataneously. Generating a stable helper cell line was accomplished by cotransfecting cell line 293 with all three corresponding viral genes under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter-enhancer elements. Cotransfection with a dominant selectable marker enabled selection for stably transfected cells. The levels of the expressed P and NP proteins reached up to 1/10th and 1/20th of the protein levels in Sendai virus-infected cells, respectively. The Sendai virus polymerase activity of the coexpressed proteins was demonstrated by an in vivo polymerase assay. The cell clone H29 gave the strongest signal and produced DI genomes continuously for at least 3 months. This result demonstrates that it is possible to stably express adequate levels of all three viral NC proteins to form Sendai virus polymerase activity, thereby performing the replication and encapsidation of viral RNA, essential prerequisites for a helper cell line to be competent in producing recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Willenbrink
- Abteilung für Virusforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
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