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Bernstein DI. Use of the Guinea pig model of genital herpes to evaluate vaccines and antivirals: Review. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104821. [PMID: 32544409 PMCID: PMC10713199 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are common throughout the world. Infections are lifelong and may produce both acute and recurrent vesiculoulcerative disease as well as more severe diseases. Despite disappointing results from recent HSV vaccine trials new vaccines and more potent antiviral therapies continue to be developed. These newer approaches require initial evaluations in animal models. In this review I have briefly described some of the models available and then more thoroughly describe the guinea pig model of acute and recurrent genital herpes infections. As discussed, the guinea pig model most closely mimics human disease and provides several important endpoints for evaluating vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Ramirez-Fort MK, Zeng J, Feily A, Ramirez-Pacheco LA, Jenrette JM, Mayhew DL, Syed T, Cooper SL, Linden C, Graybill WS, French LE, Lange CS. Radiotherapy-induced reactivation of neurotrophic human herpes viruses: Overview and management. J Clin Virol 2017; 98:18-27. [PMID: 29197712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infection by Human Herpes Viruses (HHV) types 1-3, are prevalent throughout the world. It is known that radiotherapy can reactivate HHVs, but it is unclear how and to what extent reactivations can interact with or affect radiotherapeutic efficacy, patient outcomes and mortality risk. Herein, we aim to summarize what is known about Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1,2 and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) pathophysiology as it relates to tumor biology, radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy, diagnosis and management so as to optimize cancer treatment in the setting of active HHV infection. Our secondary aim is to emphasize the need for further research to elucidate the potential adverse effects of active HHV infection in irradiated tumor tissue and to design optimal management strategies to incorporate into cancer management guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature regarding herpetic infection, herpetic reactivation, and recurrence occurring during radiotherapy and that regarding treatment guidelines for herpetic infections are reviewed. We aim to provide the oncologist with a reference for the infectious dangers of herpetic reactivation in patients under their care and well established methods for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of such infections. Pain management is also considered. CONCLUSIONS In the radiotherapeutic setting, serologic assays for HSV-1 and HSV-2 are feasible and can alert the clinician to patients at risk for viral reactivation. RT-PCR is specific in identifying the exact viral culprit and is the preferred diagnostic method to measure interventional efficacy. It can also differentiate between herpetic infection and radionecrosis. The MicroTrak® HSV1/HSV2/VZV staining kit has high sensitivity and specificity in acute lesions, is also the most rapid means to confirm diagnosis. Herpetic reactivation and recurrences during radiotherapy can cause interruptions, cessations, or prolongations of the radiotherapeutic course, thus decreasing the biologically effective dose, to sub-therapeutic levels. Active HHV infection within the treatment volume results in increased tumor radio-resistance and potentially sub-therapeutic care if left untreated. Visceral reactivations may result in fatality and therefore, a high index of suspicion is important to identify these active infections. The fact that such infections may be mistaken for acute and/or late radiation effects, leading to less than optimal treatment decisions, makes knowledge of this problem even more relevant. To minimize the risk of these sequelae, prompt anti-viral therapy is recommended, lasting the course of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marigdalia K Ramirez-Fort
- Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Urological Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianying Zeng
- Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Amir Feily
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Joseph M Jenrette
- Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - David L Mayhew
- Radiation Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Talal Syed
- Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - S Lewis Cooper
- Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Craig Linden
- Radiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Witney S Graybill
- Gynecology Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lars E French
- Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher S Lange
- Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
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Greenstone H, Spinelli B, Tseng C, Peacock S, Taylor K, Laughlin C. NIAID resources for developing new therapies for severe viral infections. Antiviral Res 2007; 78:51-9. [PMID: 18061283 PMCID: PMC7132394 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Severe viral infections, including hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis, occur throughout the world, but are most prevalent in developing areas that are most vulnerable to infectious diseases. Some of these can also infect related species as illustrated by the threatened extinction of gorillas by Ebola infection in west and central Africa. There are no safe and effective treatments available for these serious infections. In addition to the logistical difficulties inherent in developing a drug for infections that are sporadic and occur mainly in the third world, there is the overwhelming barrier of no hope for return on investment to encourage the pharmaceutical industry to address these unmet medical needs. Therefore, the National Institute of Allergy and infectious Disease (NIAID) has developed and supported a variety of programs and resources to provide assistance and lower the barrier for those who undertake these difficult challenges. The primary programs relevant to the development of therapies for severe viral infections are described and three case studies illustrate how they have been used. In addition, contact information for accessing these resources is supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Greenstone
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Nakano M, Kurokawa M, Hozumi T, Saito A, Ida M, Morohashi M, Namba T, Kawana T, Shiraki K. Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by Rhus javanica in guinea pigs. Antiviral Res 1998; 39:25-33. [PMID: 9754947 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(98)00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhus javanica has been shown to exhibit anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity and potentiate the anti-HSV activity of acyclovir in vitro and in vivo. This extract was examined for its suppressive efficacy on recurrent genital infection in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were primarily infected intravaginally with HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Prophylactic oral administration, at the dose corresponding to human use, of R. javanica significantly reduced the incidence, severity and/or frequency of spontaneous and severe skin lesions as compared with latently infected guinea pigs administered with water. This prophylactic efficacy was confirmed by the crossover administration, for more than 2 months, of R. javanica and water to the infected guinea pigs. Toxicity, such as weight loss, from R. javanica administration was not observed in the guinea pigs. When recurrent HSV-2 disease was induced by ultraviolet irradiation 3 months after primary infection, the prophylaxis with R. javanica was also significantly effective in reducing the severity of ultraviolet-induced skin lesions. Thus, prophylaxis of recurrent genital HSV-2 infection with R. javanica may preserve the efficacy of acyclovir by reducing both the use of acyclovir and the appearance of acyclovir-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakano
- Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Bravo FJ, Stanberry LR, Kier AB, Vogt PE, Kern ER. Evaluation of HPMPC therapy for primary and recurrent genital herpes in mice and guinea pigs. Antiviral Res 1993; 21:59-72. [PMID: 8391249 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90067-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoside analogue (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC) inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 in tissue culture cells at about 1.0 micrograms/ml, whereas Acyclovir (ACV) had an EC50 of about 0.10-0.50 micrograms/ml. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy of topically applied HPMPC in animal models of primary and recurrent genital HSV-2 infections. Mice treated with 5%, 1% or 0.5% HPMPC three times daily, beginning 6 or 24 h after virus inoculation had reduced vaginal viral replication regardless of time of initiation of therapy. ACV at 5% also reduced vaginal viral replication, but not as effectively as HPMPC. In primary infection of guinea pigs, therapy with 5% or 1% HPMPC beginning at 24 h but not 72 h significantly altered lesion development. However, 5% HPMPC was highly toxic to guinea pigs. Vaginal viral replication was reduced significantly with either 1% or 0.3% HPMPC initiated at 24 h. In these studies, HPMPC was also more efficacious than 5% ACV. Topical treatment with 1% HPMPC did not reduce the incidence or severity of spontaneous or UV-induced recurrent genital lesions. These results indicate that topical therapy with 1%, 0.5% or 0.3% HPMPC was more effective than 5% ACV in the treatment of primary genital HSV-2 infections of guinea pigs and mice and suggest that HPMPC should be considered for topical use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Bravo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
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Harrison CJ, Stanberry LR, Bernstein DI. Effects of cytokines and R-837, a cytokine inducer, on UV-irradiation augmented recurrent genital herpes in guinea pigs. Antiviral Res 1991; 15:315-22. [PMID: 1659313 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(91)90012-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that latently HSV-2-infected guinea pigs exhibit a three- to four-fold increase in recurrent lesions after exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV), allowing rapid evaluation of antiviral drugs in treating recurrent HSV disease. In this report we examine the effect of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and a cytokine inducer (R-837) on UV-induced recurrent genital herpes. We have previously shown that topical R-837 is a biologic response modifier with no in vitro anti-HSV activity, but with potent anti-HSV activity in vivo due to cytokine induction and enhancement of cell-mediated immune responses. Three-day regimens of intravaginal R-837, or five-day intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of IFN-alpha or of IL-2 each significantly reduced recurrent genital HSV-2 disease that occurred within 7 days of UV exposure, suggesting that cytokines or cytokine inducers may be useful in the treatment of recurrent HSV disease. This model using ultraviolet radiation to induce recurrent herpes simplex virus infection proved useful in the evaluation of immunoactive agents as putative antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Harrison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-2899
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