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Zhang P, Liu J, Yin XM, Zhou JY, Lukeš J, Lun ZR, Lai DH. Towards disentangling the classification of freshwater fish trypanosomes. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:551-563. [PMID: 38045545 PMCID: PMC10689643 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, new species of freshwater fish trypanosomes, which are economically important parasites, are being described based on subjectively selected features, i.e., their cell morphology and the host species. We have performed detailed phylogenetic and haplotype diversity analyses of all 18S rRNA genes available for freshwater fish trypanosomes, including the newly obtained sequences of Trypanosoma carassii and Trypanosoma danilewskyi. Based on a sequence similarity of 99.5%, we divide these trypanosomes into 15 operational taxonomic units, and propose three nominal scenarios for distinguishing T. carassii and other aquatic trypanosomes. We find evidences for the existence of a low number of freshwater fish trypanosomes, with T. carassii having the widest geographic and host ranges. Our analyses support the existence of an umbrella complex composed of T. carassii and two sister species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00191-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jie Liu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005 Czech Republic
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT UK
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
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Gibson WC, Lom J, Pecková H, Ferris VR, Hamilton PB. Phylogenetic analysis of freshwater fish trypanosomes from Europe using ssu rRNA gene sequences and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Parasitology 2005; 130:405-12. [PMID: 15830814 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004006778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of fish trypanosomes are uncertain. A collection of 22 cloned trypanosome isolates from 14 species of European freshwater fish and 1 species of African freshwater fish were examined by molecular phylogenetic analysis. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) genes of 8 clones were sequenced and compared with ssu rRNA gene sequences from a wider selection of vertebrate trypanosome isolates by phylogenetic analysis. All trypanosomes from freshwater fish fell in a single clade, subdivided into 3 groups. This clade sits within a larger, robust clade containing trypanosomes from marine fish and various amphibious vertebrates. All 22 trypanosome clones were analysed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. The resulting dendrogram shows 3 groups, which are congruent with the groups identified in the ssu rRNA gene phylogeny. Two of the groups contain the majority of trypanosome isolates and within-group variation is slight. These groups do not separate purported trypanosome species distinguished by morphology or host origin, and thus these criteria do not appear to be reliable guides to genetic relationships among fish trypanosomes. However, we suggest that the 2 groups themselves may represent different species of fish trypanosomes. The polymorphic DNA markers we have identified will facilitate future comparisons of the biology of these 2 groups of fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lukes
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovská 31, 37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Yurchenko V, Kolesnikov AA, Lukes J. Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosomatina (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) based on minicircle conserved regions. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2000; 47:1-5. [PMID: 10833008 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2000.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within the suborder Trypanosomatina were inferred from the kinetoplast DNA minicircle conserved region sequences. Trees built using distance-matrix (Neighbor-Joining) and maximum parsimony methods showed that the minicircle conserved regions (CRs) provide a sensitive and specific molecular marker suitable for phylogenetic analyses of subspecies and strains of trypanosomatid flagellates, as testified by the subdivision of the genus Leishmania into the subgenera Leishmania. Viannia and Sauroleishmania. However, since Phytomonas and monogenetic parasites of insects represent the earliest diverging groups, the CRs do not seem to be useful for inference of relationships among major lineages of the order Kinetoplastida.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yurchenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
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Kodedová I, Dolezel D, Broucková M, Jirků M, Hypsa V, Lukes J, Scholz T. On the phylogenetic positions of the Caryophyllidea, Pseudophyllidea and Proteocephalidea (Eucestoda) inferred from 18S rRNA. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:1109-13. [PMID: 10996329 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of tapeworms (Eucestoda) based on complete sequences of the 18S rRNA genes of 43 taxa (including new sequences of 12 species) was carried out, with the emphasis on the groups parasitising teleost fish and reptiles. Spathebothriidea and Trypanorhyncha (the latter group being paraphyletic) appeared as basal groups of the Eucestoda but their position was not stable. The tetrafossate orders (Litobothriidea, Lecanicephalidea, Tetraphyllidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea and Cyclophyllidea) were well separated from the remaining groups. Results supported polyphyly of the Pseudophyllidea formed by two distinct clades: one with diphyllobothriids (Diphyllobothrium, Schistocephalus, Spirometra and Duthiersia) and another including Abothrium, Probothriocephalus, Eubothrium and Bothriocephalus. The former pseudophyllidean clade formed a separate branch with the Caryophyllidea (Khawia and Hunterella) and Haplobothriidea (Haplobothrium), the latter taxon being closely related to either caryophyllideans or diphyllobothriids in different analyses. Proteocephalideans formed a monophyletic group in all analyses and constituted a clade within the Tetraphyllidea thus rendered paraphyletic. Within the Proteocephalidea, the Acanthotaeniinae (Acanthotaenia from reptiles in Africa) and Gangesiinae (Gangesia and Silurotaenia from silurid fish in the Palearctic Region) were separated from parasites of freshwater fish and mammals. The family Proteocephalidae was found to be paraphyletic due to the placement of a monticelliid species, Monticellia sp., in a clade within the former family. The genus Proteocephalus appeared as an artificial assemblage of unrelated taxa which is congruent with previous molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kodedová
- Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Faculty of Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovská 31, 370 05, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Yurchenko V, Hobza R, Benada O, Lukes J. Trypanosoma avium: large minicircles in the kinetoplast DNA. Exp Parasitol 1999; 92:215-8. [PMID: 10403763 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Yurchenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
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Dolezel D, Koudela B, Jirků M, Hypsa V, Oborník M, Votýpka J, Modrý D, Slapeta JR, Lukes J. Phylogenetic analysis of Sarcocystis spp. of mammals and reptiles supports the coevolution of Sarcocystis spp. with their final hosts. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:795-8. [PMID: 10404278 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sequences of the small subunit rRNA genes were obtained for two coccidians, Sarcocystis dispersa and an unnamed Sarcocystis sp. which parasitise the European barn owl and an African viperid snake as their final host, respectively, and share mouse as their intermediate host. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data showed that Sarcocystis sp. from the viperid snake is most closely related to another Sarcocystis sp. isolated from an American crotalid snake, while S. dispersa grouped with other bird-transmitted species. The available dataset failed to resolve the evolutionary relationships among four major branches into which all Sarcocystidae and Isospora spp. were split. However, within these branches, the phylogenetic relationships of the majority of analysed members of the genus Sarcocystis reflected coevolution with their final, rather than intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dolezel
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
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Hollar L, Lukes J, Maslov DA. Monophyly of endosymbiont containing trypanosomatids: phylogeny versus taxonomy. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998; 45:293-7. [PMID: 9627990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To obtain additional information on the phylogenetic relationships within the family Trypanosomatidae (order Kinetoplastida), we have sequenced the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from the endosymbiont containing species Herpetomonas roitmani TCC080, Herpetomonas sp. TCC263, Crithidia oncopelti ATCC 12982 and a partial large subunit rRNA gene from H. roitmani. The small subunit sequences in the two isolates of Herpetomonas are very similar but not identical, and so are their restriction digest profiles of kinetoplast DNA. The size of minicircles in both isolates is 4.2 kilobases. The inferred ribosomal RNA phylogenetic trees shows the genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia as polyphyletic. Endosymbiont-bearing herpetomonads cluster with the endosymbiont-bearing crithidias and a blastocrithidia to form a monophyletic clade, whereas the endosymbiont-free members of these genera are found elsewhere in the tree. These data support the hypothesis of a monophyletic origin of endosymbiosis in trypanosomatid evolution and also suggest that a taxonomic revision is needed in order to better describe the natural affinities in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hollar
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Lukescaron J, Jirkû M, Avliyakulov N, Benada O. Pankinetoplast DNA structure in a primitive bodonid flagellate, Cryptobia helicis. EMBO J 1998; 17:838-46. [PMID: 9451008 PMCID: PMC1170432 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.3.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of a primitive kinetoplastid flagellate Cryptobia helicis is composed of 4.2 kb minicircles and 43 kb maxicircles. 85% and 6% of the minicircles are in the form of supercoiled (SC) and relaxed (OC) monomers, respectively. The remaining minicircles (9%) constitute catenated oligomers composed of both the SC and OC molecules. Minicircles contain bent helix and sequences homologous to the minicircle conserved sequence blocks. Maxicircles encode typical mitochondrial genes and are not catenated. The mtDNA, which we describe with the term 'pankinetoplast DNA', is spread throughout the mitochondrial lumen, where it is associated with multiple electron-lucent loci. There are approximately 8400 minicircles per pankinetoplast-mitochondrion, with the pan-kDNA representing approximately 36% of the total cellular DNA. Based on the similarity of the C.helicis minicircles to plasmids, we present a theory on the formation of the kDNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lukescaron
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic.
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