1
|
Benko AL, Wright AD, Sunyer T, Kovacs WJ, Olsen NJ. Pituitary neuropeptides and B lymphocyte function. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13041. [PMID: 33817820 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the accumulated evidence that pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene products as well as other pituitary neuropeptides derived from related genes (Proenkephalin, PENK; Prodynorphin, PDYN, and Pronociceptin, PNOC) can exert direct effects on B lymphocytes to modulate their functions. We also review the available data on receptor systems that might be involved in the transmission of such hormonal signals to B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Benko
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - William J Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benko AL, Wright AD, Sunyer T, Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Individual pituitary neuropeptides do not recapitulate the effects of repository corticotropin (Acthar®) on human B cells in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577522. [PMID: 33601128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Repository corticotropin injection (RCI), a complex mixture of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogs and other pituitary peptides, has been found to suppress key aspects of gene expression and cellular function in human B lymphocytes in vitro. The present studies reveal that neither individual POMC peptides (α-MSH, ACTH1-39, ACTH1-24, β-endorphin) nor other related pituitary neuropeptides are sufficient to elicit these effects, even though specific receptors capable of transmitting signals from these peptides are expressed by human B cells. RCI's direct effects on human B cells may require complementary signals from multiple components of the preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Benko
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | | | | | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - William J Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Abstract
The melanocortin (MC) gamma3-MSH is believed to signal through the MC3 receptor. We showed that it induces a sustained increase in intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a subpopulation of pituitary cells. Most of the cells responding to gamma3-MSH express more than one pituitary hormone mRNA. The effect of gamma3-MSH is blocked by SHU9119, a MC3R and MC4R antagonist, in only 50% of the responsive cells, suggesting that in half of these cells the mediating receptor is not the MC3R. Low picomolar doses of gamma3-MSH increase [Ca(2+)](i) in the growth hormone (GH)- and prolactin (PRL)-secreting GH3 cell line. gamma2-MSH and alpha-MSH display a similar effect. SHU9119 does not affect the gamma3-MSH-induced [Ca(2+)](i) response. MTII, a potent synthetic agonist of the MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R, also shows no or low potency in increasing [Ca(2+)](i). By means of RT-PCR, the mRNA of the MC2R, MC3R, and MC4R receptors is undetectable. Experiments testing gamma2-MSH analogues with single alanine replacements show that, unlike the classic MCRs, the His(5)-Phe(6)-Arg(7)-Trp(8) sequence in gamma2-MSH is not a core sequence for activating the gamma-MSH receptor in GH3 cells, whereas Met(3) is essential. Low nanomolar doses of gamma-MSH increase intracellular cAMP levels. Blockade of protein kinase A abolishes the [Ca(2+)](i) responses to gamma3-MSH. gamma2-MSH increases binding of [S(35)]GTPgammaS to membrane preparations of GH3 cells. The pharmacological characteristics of gamma-MSH peptides and analogues on [Ca(2+)](i) and the signal-transduction pathways present strong evidence for the expression of a hitherto uncharacterized gamma-MSH receptor in GH3 cells, belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Denef
- Laboratory of Cell Pharmacology, University of Leuven Medical School, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Strien FJ, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Roubos EW, Jenks BG. Biosynthesis and processing of the N-terminal part of proopiomelanocortin in Xenopus laevis: characterization of gamma-MSH peptides. J Neuroendocrinol 1995; 7:807-15. [PMID: 8563724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the terminal products of processing of the N-terminal part of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in pituitary melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. Biosynthetic in vitro labelling studies showed that POMC is rapidly processed to form N-terminal peptides with an estimated molecular mass of 18 kDa, 9 kDa and 4 kDa. All peptides were released into the medium, indicating that they are processing end products. An antiserum was raised against the synthetic N-terminal eight amino acids of the putative Xenopus gamma-MSH which is present in the N-terminal part of POMC. With immunocytochemistry we demonstrated that gamma-MSH-immunoreactive material in the pituitary gland is restricted to the pars intermedia. A radioimmunoassay in combination with reversed-phase HPLC revealed the presence of at least two gamma-MSH-like peptides. Complete purification followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence determination showed that these peptides are gamma 1-MSH and glycosylated gamma 3-MSH. The amounts of these gamma-MSH peptides were low compared to the other POMC-derived peptides, alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin. Only 10% of POMC is processed into gamma-MSH peptides and the 4 kDa peptide, leaving the 18 kDa and 9 kDa peptides as the major end products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J van Strien
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Institute for Neurosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yogi Y, Hashida S, Ekman R, Setoguchi T, Ishikawa E. Noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay (hetero-two-site enzyme immunoassay) for gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma 2-MSH) and measurement of immunoreactive gamma 2-MSH in plasma of healthy subjects. J Clin Lab Anal 1995; 9:397-406. [PMID: 8587009 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.1860090611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay (hetero-two-site enzyme immunoassay) for gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma 2-MSH) was developed. gamma 2-MSH (1-12) was biotinylated, trapped onto an anti-gamma 2-MSH (1-12) IgG-coated polystyrene bead, eluted at pH 1 after washing to eliminate other biotinylated substances, and measured using two streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads and affinity-purified anti-gamma 2-MSH (1-12) Fab'-peroxidase conjugate. The detection limit of gamma 2-MSH (1-12) was 10-30 amol (16-48 fg)/assay and 130-400 fmol (210-630 pg)/L of plasma. There was little or only slight cross reaction with alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, and gamma 1-MSH. By this immunoassay, the concentration and molecular size of immunoreactive gamma 2-MSH in plasma of healthy subjects were examined, and the results were compared with those by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Immunoreactive gamma 2-MSH measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay was a mixture of substances with high molecular weights (100-500 kDa), and its concentration was calculated to be 50-60 pmol/L using gamma 2-MSH (1-12) as standard. Immunoreactive gamma 2-MSH detected by the noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay after removal of high molecular weight substances was not homogeneous and smaller than gamma 2-MSH (1-12), and its concentration was approximately 1 pmol/L. The exact nature of these immunoreactive gamma 2-MSHs remains to be elucidated. gamma 2-MSH (1-12) added to plasma was degraded rapidly, and the concentration of gamma 2-MSH (1-12) was very low, if any, in plasma of healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yogi
- First Department of Surgery, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salzet M, Wattez C, Bulet P, Malecha J. Isolation and structural characterization of a novel peptide related to gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone from the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. FEBS Lett 1994; 348:102-6. [PMID: 8026574 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the purification of a novel pro-opiomelanocortin derivative peptide (a gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like (gamma-MSH-like) molecule) from the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. After reverse-phase HPLC purification, the sequence of the gamma-MSH-like peptide (YVMGHFRWDKFamide) was established by a combination of automated Edman degradation, electrospray mass spectrometry measurement, enzymatic treatment and co-elution experiments in reverse-phase HPLC with synthetic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, ER 87 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Young DW, Zerbe CA, Kemppainen RJ. Molecular forms of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the canine pituitary anterior and intermediate lobe. Peptides 1992; 13:1061-6. [PMID: 1337374 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(92)90006-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used to determine the distribution of naturally occurring forms of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in acid extracts of pars intermedia (PI) and anterior lobe (AL) tissue from canine and rat pituitary. Similarly, intracellular and secreted forms of alpha-MSH were determined using cultured canine PI and AL cells. Rat PI tissue contained predominantly diacetyl-alpha-MSH, while monoacetyl-alpha-MSH was the most abundant form in canine PI. In both canine and rat AL tissue extracts desacetyl-alpha-MSH was the major form of alpha-MSH. The profile of alpha-MSH contained in and secreted into culture medium by canine PI cells was found to be very similar to that in PI tissue extracts. The proportion of monoacetyl-alpha-MSH and diacetyl-alpha-MSH secreted by cultured canine AL cells and contained in extracts of AL cells in culture, however, was much higher than that in tissue extracts. These results indicate that in the dog, as in all other mammalian species studied, acetylated forms of alpha-MSH predominate in PI tissue, while nonacetylated alpha-MSH is the major form in AL tissue. It appears, however, that acetylation of alpha-MSH may occur in cultured canine AL cells, possibly as a result of the absence of factors that normally inhibit acetyltransferase in vivo or as a consequence of culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Young
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5520
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bunel DT, Conlon JM, Chartrel N, Tonon MC, Vaudry H. Isolation and structural characterization of peptides related to alpha- and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the frog brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 15:1-7. [PMID: 1331655 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that are derived from the processing of proopiomelanocortin were isolated in pure form from the brain of the frog Rana ridibunda. The primary structure of the most abundant of those peptides was established as: Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val. This amino acid sequence is identical to that of mammalian and frog pituitary alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and the peptide co-eluted with synthetic desacetyl alpha-MSH, indicating that it is COOH-terminally alpha-amidated. A second component, which exhibited a shorter retention time, co-eluted with the glycine-extended form of desacetyl alpha-MSH [ACTH(1-14)]. The primary structure of the third peptide isolated in pure form from the brain extract was established as: Lys-Tyr-Val-Met-Ser-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Asn-Lys-Phe-NH2. This sequence corresponds to Lys-gamma 1-MSH as predicted from the nucleotide sequence of frog proopiomelanocortin. The presence of substantial amounts of desacetyl alpha-MSH and Lys-gamma 1-MSH in the frog brain supports the concept that, in amphibia, melanotropins may act as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators as well as hormonal peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Bunel
- European Institute for Peptide Research, CNRS URA 650, UA INSERM, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fenger M. Processing of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived amidated joining peptide and glycine-extended precursor in monkey pituitary. Neurosci Lett 1991; 124:190-4. [PMID: 2067719 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular forms of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived amidated and C-terminal glycine-extended joining peptide from monkey (Macaca mulatta) pituitary were determined. The predominant forms of joining peptide found were the low molecular peptides POMC(76-105) and POMC(76-106), respectively. Significant amounts of N-terminally truncated POMC(78-105) and POMC(78-106) were also detected in the posterior-intermediate lobe. No N-terminal extended forms were detected. The relative amount of amidated joining peptide to total joining peptide was 6-35%. It is concluded that not only is the primary sequence of monkey and human POMC extremely conserved, but also the processing patterns are similar. The monkey therefore serves as a suitable model for studying regulation of the processing of POMC and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fenger
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bjartell A, Fenger M, Ekman R, Sundler F. Amidated joining peptide in the human pituitary, gut, adrenal gland and bronchial carcinoids. Immunocytochemical and immunochemical evidence. Peptides 1990; 11:149-61. [PMID: 2188229 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(90)90124-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the proopiomelanocortin-derivated amidated joining peptide (JP-N) was examined in the human pituitary gland, adrenal gland, gut and in three bronchial carcinoids. Double immunostaining showed coexistence of immunoreactive JP-N and other proopiomelanocortin derivatives, e.g., ACTH, beta-endorphin, Pro-tau-MSH, in the pituitary gland and adrenal medulla. The JP-N immunoreactive cells in the adrenal medulla were identified as a subpopulation of adrenaline-producing cells by means of an antiserum against phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. In the gut immunoreactive JP-N was costored with somatostatin in endocrine cells. Using radioimmunoassay, JP-N was found in higher concentrations than ACTH and alpha-MSH in the gut but not in the adrenal gland. Gel chromatography of gastric antrum and adrenal gland extracts showed three and two dominating components of immunoreactive JP-N, respectively, but under reduced conditions most of the immunoreactive material appeared as of low molecular weight in both extracts. In conclusion, immunoreactive JP-N is a major product from the processing of proopiomelanocortin in human extrapituitary tissues. The molecular forms of immunoreactive JP-N correspond to previous findings in the human pituitary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bjartell
- Department of Medical Cell Research, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
In patients undergoing aorto-coronary by-pass surgery, we found a 26% arterial-venous difference of immunoreactive gamma 2-melanocytostimulating hormone (MSH), a proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptide known to possess profound hemodynamic effects. These results prompted an investigation of the presence of gamma 2-MSH in the human heart. Using a two-step extraction procedure, regions of human hearts were examined by sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays to determine their gamma 2-MSH content. Mean (+/- SEM) concentrations of 0.14 +/- 0.023 pmol/g and 0.12 +/- 0.017 were found in right atrium and right ventricle, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography indicated that 80-90% of the total immunoreactivity eluted in a single sharp peak in a position identical to that of synthetic gamma 2-MSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ekman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|