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Orta ML, Mateos S, Cortés F. DNA demethylation protects from cleavable complex stabilization and DNA strand breakage induced by the topoisomerase type I inhibitor camptothecin. Mutagenesis 2009; 24:237-44. [PMID: 19201781 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of cytosine in CpG sequences of the DNA in mammalian cells is an epigenetic feature regulated very exactly that bears importance for events like gene expression, DNA replication, transcription and genetic imprinting. Changes in the DNA methylation pattern, both hypermethylation and hypomethylation, have been observed in the carcinogenic process. These changes, in general, influence the DNA conformation in such a way that certain proteins are disturbed in their interactions with the molecule. In this paper, we investigated in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells the influence of hypomethylation induced by the substitution of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine for cytidine in DNA on topoisomerase type I (topo I) function, measured as the capacity of the enzyme inhibitor camptothecin (CPT) to stabilize the topoisomerase-DNA complexes and to induce DNA strand breakage. Our results demonstrate that the degree of methylation in DNA correlates with the effectiveness of CPT to stabilize the topo I-DNA complexes and to induce DNA cleavage. A protective effect of hypomethylation, as a whole, has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Luís Orta
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Chen G, Han X, Zhang L, Ye J. Determination of purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 954:267-76. [PMID: 12058911 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method based on micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with electrochemical detection was developed for the determination of cytosine, 5-methylcytosine (5-MC), thymine, adenine, and guanine in the hydrolysates of DNA. The working electrode was fabricated in a novel self-positioning carbon disc electrode system that can align the capillary outlet with the working electrode without a three-dimensional micromanipulator. The five analytes could be well separated within 10 min in a 40 cm length capillary at a separation voltage of 9 kV in a 40 mmol/l borate buffer (pH 10.0) containing 100 mmol/l sodium dodecyl sulfate. Good linearity was observed between peak current and concentration of bases over three orders of magnitude with the detection limits (SIN=3) ranging from 1.28 x 10(-6) to 5.02 x 10(-6) mol/l. This proposed method demonstrated long-term stability and reproducibility with relative standard deviations of less than 5% for both migration time and peak current (n=7). It has been successfully applied to determine bases including 5-MC in the hydrolysates of fish sperm DNA, calf thymus DNA, and DNA isolated from spleen cells of female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
The field of epigenetics has recently moved to the forefront of studies relating to diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, chromatin structure, genome integrity, and tumorigenesis. Recent work has revealed how DNA methylation and chromatin structure are linked at the molecular level and how methylation anomalies play a direct causal role in tumorigenesis and genetic disease. Much new information has also come to light regarding the cellular methylation machinery, known as the DNA methyltransferases, in terms of their roles in mammalian development and the types of proteins they are known to interact with. This information has forced a new view for the role of DNA methyltransferases. Rather than enzymes that act in isolation to copy methylation patterns after replication, the types of interactions discovered thus far indicate that DNA methyltransferases may be components of larger complexes actively involved in transcriptional control and chromatin structure modulation. These new findings will likely enhance our understanding of the myriad roles of DNA methylation in disease as well as point the way to novel therapies to prevent or repair these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Robertson
- Epigenetic Gene Regulation and Cancer Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg. 41, 41 Library Dr., Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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Kirchner S, Schiffmann D, Stopper H. The influence of DNA methylation on topoisomerase II activity and its possible link with genomic instability in different cell lines of the syrian hamster. Toxicol In Vitro 1995; 9:519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Barletta J, Greer SB. Methylation of HSV-1 DNA as a mechanism of viral inhibition: studies of an analogue of methyldeoxycytidine: trifluoromethyldeoxycytidine (F3mdCyd). Antiviral Res 1992; 18:1-25. [PMID: 1384426 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90002-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although several hypomethylating agents such as 5-azadeoxycytidine and 5-fluorodeoxycytidine have been shown to activate transcription after incorporation into viral or cellular DNA, agents which selectively affect the methylation status of virus-infected cells have not been described. Studies on the antiviral effect of the methyldeoxycytidine (mdCyd) analogue trifluoromethyldeoxycytidine (F3mdCyd) showed significant antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This analogue of both dCyd and dThd is selectively incorporated into the DNA of herpesvirus infected cells due to the unique specificity of the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) because the HSV-1 TK is both a dCyd and dThd kinase. In contrast, the deoxycytidine kinase of uninfected cells preferentially phosphorylates dCyd and has a poor affinity for F3mdCyd. F3mdCyd hemisubstituted M13 DNA displayed the same properties as mdCyd-substituted M13 DNA with respect to cleavage by restriction enzymes, and acted as an efficient template for eukaryotic DNA methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase: EC 2.1.1.37). Using the persistently infected CEM cell model system, the extent of DNA methylation was shown to increase in a dose-related manner when HSV-1-infected CEM cells were treated with increasing concentrations of F3mdCyd. Higher levels of methylation correlated with significant decreases in HSV-1 titers. Isoschizomer analyses followed by Southern blotting and hybridization with genomic HSV-1 DNA showed that DNA from HSV-1-infected, analogue-treated Vero cells was resistant to cleavage by restriction enzymes at a time when productive virus was not present in culture. We infer from these results that the methylation-like properties of the incorporated F3mdCyd occur concomitantly with, and appear to be involved in, the mechanisms of the analogue's antiviral effect towards HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barletta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136
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Gasser SM, Amati BB, Cardenas ME, Hofmann JF. Studies on scaffold attachment sites and their relation to genome function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1990; 119:57-96. [PMID: 2695485 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Gasser
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Epalinges s/Lausanne
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Strom R, Caiafa P, Mastrantonio S, Rispoli M, Reale A, Attinà M, Cacace F. A possible role of chromatin and tightly-bound chromatin proteins on enzyme-catalyzed methylation of DNA. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1989; 15:149-57. [PMID: 2476222 DOI: 10.1007/bf02991587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Upon extensive digestion with DNAaseI of placenta chromatin matrix, previously "stripped" from its loosely-bound components by high-salt extraction, a fraction is obtained that contains almost no endogenous DNA methylase activity but whose DNA, if still included in this whole fraction--not if it has been purified to a protein-free condition--is a good substrate for externally added enzyme. This chromatin matrix can even cause a significant stimulation of methylation of single-stranded Micrococcus luteus DNA by placental methylase. In vivo, this phenomenon may have possible counterparts in the existence of highly-methylated regions of chromatin loops that appear to be protected by tightly-bound protein components from digestion of the "stripped loops" with DNAaseI.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Strom
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia Umana, Universitá di Roma, La Sapienza, Italy
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Adams RL, Hill J, McGarvey JM, Rinaldi A. Mouse DNA methylase. Intracellular location and degradation. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1989; 15:113-26. [PMID: 2476219 DOI: 10.1007/bf02991584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylase extracted with low salt from mouse Krebs II ascites cell nuclei has been degraded stepwise by trypsin treatment. Degradation, accompanied by a limited reduction in size of the native enzyme, leads to the progressive introduction of several nicks so that, eventually, fragments of 14, 18, 24 and 28 kD are released on denaturation. This illustrates the domain structure of the enzyme. In contrast to ascites cell nuclear extracts, preparations from liver nuclei are already nicked and the major from of the enzyme contains a 100 kD fragment though the native molecular weight is unchanged. Newborn mouse liver contains more undegraded enzyme that is mostly firmly-bound within the nucleus. Trypsin treatment increases the de novo activity of the enzyme and prevents its aggregation in the absence of salt, even in the presence of high concentrations of native DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, UK
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Michalowsky LA, Jones PA. DNA methylation and differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1989; 80:189-97. [PMID: 2466640 PMCID: PMC1567602 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8980189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The methylation of specific cytosine residues in DNA has been implicated in regulating gene expression and facilitating functional specialization of cellular phenotypes. Generally, the demethylation of certain CpG sites correlates with transcriptional activation of genes. 5-Azacytidine is an inhibitor of DNA methylation and has been widely used as a potent activator of suppressed genetic information. Treatment of cells with 5-azacytidine results in profound phenotypic alterations. The drug-induced hypomethylation of DNA apparently perturbs DNA-protein interactions that may consequently alter transcriptional activity and cell determination. The inhibitory effect of cytosine methylation may be exerted via altered DNA-protein interactions specifically or may be transduced by a change in the conformation of chromatin. Recent studies have demonstrated that cytosine methylation also plays a central role in parental imprinting, which in turn determines the differential expression of maternal and paternal genomes during embryogenesis. In other words, methylation is the mechanism whereby the embryo retains memory of the gametic origin of each component of genetic information. A memory of this type would probably persist during DNA replication and cell division as methylation patterns are stable and heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Michalowsky
- Department of Biochemistry, USC Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90033
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Caiafa P, Mastrantonio S, Cacace F, Attinà M, Rispoli M, Strom R. Localization, in human placenta, of the tightly bound form of DNA methylase in the higher order of chromatin organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 951:191-200. [PMID: 3191132 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(88)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In human placenta, the DNA of all subfractions of the third level of chromatin organization exhibits similar values of the methylcytosine-to-cytosine ratio. The tightly bound form of DNA methyltransferase is mostly recovered in the 'stripped loop' fraction, although, on the basis of the DNA content, the 'stripped loops' and the 'stripped matrix' appear to possess a similar amount of the enzyme. DNA methyltransferase activity is instead totally absent from the 'digested matrix', i.e., from the fraction remaining after digestion of the 'stripped matrix' with DNAase I. Upon addition of exogenous DNA methyltransferase, however, the DNA of this fraction, which is only 1% (in weight) of the total chromatin DNA and which has a length of approx. 9 kbp, can readily undergo methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Caiafa
- Dipartimenti di Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Tubo RA, Berezney R. Pre-replicative association of multiple replicative enzyme activities with the nuclear matrix during rat liver regeneration. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)75763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Adams RL, Gardiner K, Rinaldi A, Bryans M, McGarvey M, Burdon RH. Mouse ascites DNA methylase: characterisation of size, proteolytic breakdown and nucleotide recognition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 868:9-16. [PMID: 3756172 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have purified the DNA methylase from mouse ascites tumour cells to a specific activity of 11,500 units per mg protein using denatured Micrococcus luteus DNA as methyl acceptor. Methyl groups are transferred to cytosines almost exclusively in CpG dinucleotides. The purified enzyme contains two polypeptides of molecular mass 185 and 160 kDa, and an antiserum raised in a rabbit to the purified enzyme specifically reacts with these two proteins in crude extracts. The two proteins can be partially separated by affinity chromatography when activity is associated with the 185 kDa protein which can be proteolytically degraded to give polypeptides of 170 and later 100 and 50 kDa. Only the 185 kDa methylase is lost when cells are treated with azadeoxycytidine and this is the predominant form firmly bound in the nucleus of dividing cells. Antibody bound to the 185 kDa band in protein blots will itself bind native DNA methylase, which can be detected by its binding 14C-labelled, azacytosine-containing DNA.
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Bolden AH, Ward CA, Nalin CM, Weissbach A. The primary DNA sequence determines in vitro methylation by mammalian DNA methyltransferases. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 33:231-50. [PMID: 3541043 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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