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Zander M, Schmid J, Kabisch J. Implementation of Spore Display in Paenibacillus polymyxa with Different Hydrolytic Enzymes. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1438. [PMID: 39065206 PMCID: PMC11278568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biotechnological processes are essential for producing climate-friendly high-value chemicals or pharmaceutical compounds, which can include steps catalyzed by enzymes. Therefore, establishing new, robust, and cheap enzyme production processes is desirable. One possible way to enhance processes is through the use of the spore display method. Spore display can present heterologous proteins on the surface of bacterial spores, offering numerous advantages in a range of biotechnological applications. This study demonstrates the implementation of the spore display method in Paenibacillus polymyxa, achieved by modifying the spore surface, incorporating an anchoring protein, and attaching green fluorescent protein to it, allowing the visualization of fluorescent spores. Following the initial experiment, a native lipase (Lip3), a heterologous lipase (LipA) from Bacillus subtilis, a native esterase (PnbA) from P. polymyxa, and a lipoyl synthase were expressed during sporulation and displayed on the spore surface. The activity profiles were determined in the temperature range from 4 °C to 70 °C. The PnbA reached its optimum at 4 °C, whereas the LipA from B. subtilis showed 4.4-fold higher activity at 42 °C compared to the control. Furthermore, we explored a possible new technique for the purification of enzymes with the TEV cleavage site between the anchor and the protein of interest. Finally, we showed a not-yet-described side activity of the lipoyl synthase over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Zander
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmid
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kabisch
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Trondheim, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Jaufer AM, Bouhadana A, Fanucci GE. Hydrophobic Clusters Regulate Surface Hydration Dynamics of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3919-3928. [PMID: 38628066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The surface hydration diffusivity of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A (BSLA) has been characterized by low-field Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) relaxometry using a series of spin-labeled constructs. Sites for spin-label incorporation were previously designed via an atomistic computational approach that screened for surface exposure, reflective of the surface hydration comparable to other proteins studied by this method, as well as minimal impact on protein function, dynamics, and structure of BSLA by excluding any surface site that participated in greater than 30% occupancy of a hydrogen bonding network within BSLA. Experimental ODNP relaxometry coupling factor results verify the overall surface hydration behavior for these BSLA spin-labeled sites similar to other globular proteins. Here, by plotting the ODNP parameters of relative diffusive water versus the relative bound water, we introduce an effective "phase-space" analysis, which provides a facile visual comparison of the ODNP parameters of various biomolecular systems studied to date. We find notable differences when comparing BSLA to other systems, as well as when comparing different clusters on the surface of BSLA. Specifically, we find a grouping of sites that correspond to the spin-label surface location within the two main hydrophobic core clusters of the branched aliphatic amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine cores observed in the BSLA crystal structure. The results imply that hydrophobic clustering may dictate local surface hydration properties, perhaps through modulation of protein conformations and samplings of the unfolded states, providing insights into how the dynamics of the hydration shell is coupled to protein motion and fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan M Jaufer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam Bouhadana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Gail E Fanucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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3
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Dye Decoloring Peroxidase Structure, Catalytic Properties and Applications: Current Advancement and Futurity. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye decoloring peroxidases (DyPs) were named after their high efficiency to decolorize and degrade a wide range of dyes. DyPs are a type of heme peroxidase and are quite different from known heme peroxidases in terms of amino acid sequences, protein structure, catalytic residues, and physical and chemical properties. DyPs oxidize polycyclic dyes and phenolic compounds. Thus they find high application potentials in dealing with environmental problems. The structure and catalytic characteristics of DyPs of different families from the amino acid sequence, protein structure, and enzymatic properties, and analyzes the high-efficiency degradation ability of some DyPs in dye and lignin degradation, which vary greatly among DyPs classes. In addition, application prospects of DyPs in biomedicine and other fields are also discussed briefly. At the same time, the research strategy based on genetic engineering and synthetic biology in improving the stability and catalytic activity of DyPs are summarized along with the important industrial applications of DyPs and associated challenges. Moreover, according to the current research findings, bringing DyPs to the industrial level may require improving the catalytic efficiency of DyP, increasing production, and enhancing alkali resistance and toxicity.
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4
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Advances in Recombinant Lipases: Production, Engineering, Immobilization and Application in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases are one of the most used enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry due to their efficiency in organic syntheses, mainly in the production of enantiopure drugs. From an industrial viewpoint, the selection of an efficient expression system and host for recombinant lipase production is highly important. The most used hosts are Escherichia coli and Komagataella phaffii (previously known as Pichia pastoris) and less often reported Bacillus and Aspergillus strains. The use of efficient expression systems to overproduce homologous or heterologous lipases often require the use of strong promoters and the co-expression of chaperones. Protein engineering techniques, including rational design and directed evolution, are the most reported strategies for improving lipase characteristics. Additionally, lipases can be immobilized in different supports that enable improved properties and enzyme reuse. Here, we review approaches for strain and protein engineering, immobilization and the application of lipases in the pharmaceutical industry.
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5
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Nutschel C, Fulton A, Zimmermann O, Schwaneberg U, Jaeger KE, Gohlke H. Systematically Scrutinizing the Impact of Substitution Sites on Thermostability and Detergent Tolerance for Bacillus subtilis Lipase A. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1568-1584. [PMID: 31905288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving an enzyme's (thermo-)stability or tolerance against solvents and detergents is highly relevant in protein engineering and biotechnology. Recent developments have tended toward data-driven approaches, where available knowledge about the protein is used to identify substitution sites with high potential to yield protein variants with improved stability, and subsequently, substitutions are engineered by site-directed or site-saturation (SSM) mutagenesis. However, the development and validation of algorithms for data-driven approaches have been hampered by the lack of availability of large-scale data measured in a uniform way and being unbiased with respect to substitution types and locations. Here, we extend our knowledge on guidelines for protein engineering following a data-driven approach by scrutinizing the impact of substitution sites on thermostability or/and detergent tolerance for Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BsLipA) at very large scale. We systematically analyze a complete experimental SSM library of BsLipA containing all 3439 possible single variants, which was evaluated as to thermostability and tolerances against four detergents under respectively uniform conditions. Our results provide systematic and unbiased reference data at unprecedented scale for a biotechnologically important protein, identify consistently defined hot spot types for evaluating the performance of data-driven protein-engineering approaches, and show that the rigidity theory and ensemble-based approach Constraint Network Analysis yields hot spot predictions with an up to ninefold gain in precision over random classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nutschel
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) and Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Fulton
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Olav Zimmermann
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) and Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Zhang W, Xu H, Wu Y, Zeng J, Guo Z, Wang L, Shen C, Qiao D, Cao Y. A new cold-adapted, alkali-stable and highly salt-tolerant esterase from Bacillus licheniformis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:1183-1193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Evaluation of alkali and thermotolerant lipase from an indigenous isolated Bacillus strain for detergent formulation. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Production enhancement of the extracellular lipase LipA in Bacillus subtilis: Effects of expression system and Sec pathway components. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 142:81-87. [PMID: 28963005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are among the most versatile biocatalysts, and are used in a range of industrially relevant bioconversion reactions. However, the production of LipA in recombinant Bacillus subtilis is still limited, due to unresolved issues surrounding the regulation of the expression and secretion systems. In this study, the gene encoding LipA from B. subtilis 168 was expressed in BNA under the control of the P43 and the PAE promoter. The extracellular lipase activity of the resulting strains BNACL and BNAAL was 7.8 U ml-1 and 12.6 U ml-1, respectively. To further enhance the expression of LipA, pHP13L was constructed by inserting the PAE-lip into the shuttle vector pHP13, which produced an extracellular lipase activity of 180.5 U ml-1 of BNA/pHP13L. The strain BNAY8 described in Supplement data which lacks eight extracellular proteins was constructed and the deletion a few of the much weaker secreting proteins had no significant effect on the secretion of LipA. Moreover, the four Sec pathway components, secA-prfB, secDF, secYEG, prsA, were individually overexpressed in BNA. The overexpression of secDF and prsA enhanced the production of LipA by 28% and 49%, respectively. Furthermore, the co-overexpression of secDF with prsA improved the extracellular amount of LipA by 59% over that of BNA/pHP13L, reaching 287.8 U ml-1. It can therefore be said that both regulatory elements and secretion pathway had an impact on the production of secreted LipA. Their optimization and modification is a useful strategy to improve the homologous overproduction of other extracellular proteins in B. subtilis.
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9
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Surface display of lipolytic enzyme, Lipase A and Lipase B of Bacillus subtilis on the Bacillus subtilis spore. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Knapp A, Ripphahn M, Volkenborn K, Skoczinski P, Jaeger KE. Activity-independent screening of secreted proteins using split GFP. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:110-116. [PMID: 28619616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale industrial production of proteins requires efficient secretion, as provided, for instance, by the Sec system of Gram-positive bacteria. Protein engineering approaches to optimize secretion often involve the screening of large libraries, e.g. comprising a target protein fused to many different signal peptides. Respective high-throughput screening methods are usually based on photometric or fluorimetric assays enabling fast and simple determination of enzymatic activities. Here, we report on an alternative method for quantification of secreted proteins based on the split GFP assay. We analyzed the secretion by Bacillus subtilis of a homologous lipase and a heterologous cutinase by determination of GFP fluorescence and enzyme activity assays. Furthermore, we identified from a signal peptide library a variant of the biotechnologically relevant B. subtilis protein swollenin EXLX1 with up to 5-fold increased secretion. Our results demonstrate that the split GFP assay can be used to monitor secretion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in B. subtilis in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Myriam Ripphahn
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kristina Volkenborn
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Pia Skoczinski
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.
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11
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Ranjan Moharana T, Byreddy AR, Puri M, Barrow C, Rao NM. Selective Enrichment of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Oils by Phospholipase A1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151370. [PMID: 26978518 PMCID: PMC4792427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega fatty acids are recognized as key nutrients for healthier ageing. Lipases are used to release ω-3 fatty acids from oils for preparing enriched ω-3 fatty acid supplements. However, use of lipases in enrichment of ω-3 fatty acids is limited due to their insufficient specificity for ω-3 fatty acids. In this study use of phospholipase A1 (PLA1), which possesses both sn-1 specific activity on phospholipids and lipase activity, was explored for hydrolysis of ω-3 fatty acids from anchovy oil. Substrate specificity of PLA1 from Thermomyces lenuginosus was initially tested with synthetic p-nitrophenyl esters along with a lipase from Bacillus subtilis (BSL), as a lipase control. Gas chromatographic characterization of the hydrolysate obtained upon treatment of anchovy oil with these enzymes indicated a selective retention of ω-3 fatty acids in the triglyceride fraction by PLA1 and not by BSL. 13C NMR spectroscopy based position analysis of fatty acids in enzyme treated and untreated samples indicated that PLA1 preferably retained ω-3 fatty acids in oil, while saturated fatty acids were hydrolysed irrespective of their position. Hydrolysis of structured triglyceride,1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol, suggested that both the enzymes hydrolyse the fatty acids at both the positions. The observed discrimination against ω-3 fatty acids by PLA1 appears to be due to its fatty acid selectivity rather than positional specificity. These studies suggest that PLA1 could be used as a potential enzyme for selective concentrationof ω-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinesh R. Byreddy
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Colin Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3220, Australia
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12
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Saengsanga T, Siripornadulsil W, Siripornadulsil S. Molecular and enzymatic characterization of alkaline lipase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens E1PA isolated from lipid-rich food waste. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 82:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Khurana J, Kumar R, Kumar A, Singh K, Singh R, Kaur J. New Insight into Old Bacillus Lipase: Solvent Stable Mesophilic Lipase Demonstrating Enzyme Activity towards Cold. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 25:340-8. [PMID: 26488405 DOI: 10.1159/000439276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus lipases are grouped in subfamily 1.4, which are the smallest known lipases having a molecular mass of 19.6 kDa. Lipases active in a wide range of temperatures, specifically at low temperatures, have an advantage under low water conditions for industrial application. METHODS The lipase gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein was purified and biochemically characterized in detail. RESULTS A lipase gene was cloned from a mesophilic Bacillus isolate. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 633 bp in length. The predicted molecular mass of protein was 22.6 kDa. The purified enzyme displayed optimal activity at 35 °C and pH 8.0. Interestingly, this mesophilic enzyme was also cold active showing retention of 75 and 55% relative enzyme activity at 20 and 10 °C, respectively. The purified lipase was stable in various organic solvents (50% v/v) and ionic liquids (5% v/v). The enzyme displayed maximum activity with paranitrophenyl laurate (C12). kcat/Km values for the purified lipase were calculated to be 5.8 ± 0.6 × 10(-6). CONCLUSIONS The lipase showed tolerance to various solvents as well as activity at low temperature. Therefore, this lipase might be of great potential to be employed in various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Khurana
- Department of Biotechnology, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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14
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Masuch T, Kusnezowa A, Nilewski S, Bautista JT, Kourist R, Leichert LI. A combined bioinformatics and functional metagenomics approach to discovering lipolytic biocatalysts. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1110. [PMID: 26528261 PMCID: PMC4602143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of protein sequence data published today is of metagenomic origin. However, our ability to assign functions to these sequences is often hampered by our general inability to cultivate the larger part of microbial species and the sheer amount of sequence data generated in these projects. Here we present a combination of bioinformatics, synthetic biology, and Escherichia coli genetics to discover biocatalysts in metagenomic datasets. We created a subset of the Global Ocean Sampling dataset, the largest metagenomic project published to date, by removing all proteins that matched Hidden Markov Models of known protein families from PFAM and TIGRFAM with high confidence (E-value > 10-5). This essentially left us with proteins with low or no homology to known protein families, still encompassing ~1.7 million different sequences. In this subset, we then identified protein families de novo with a Markov clustering algorithm. For each protein family, we defined a single representative based on its phylogenetic relationship to all other members in that family. This reduced the dataset to ~17,000 representatives of protein families with more than 10 members. Based on conserved regions typical for lipases and esterases, we selected a representative gene from a family of 27 members for synthesis. This protein, when expressed in E. coli, showed lipolytic activity toward para-nitrophenyl (pNP) esters. The Km-value of the enzyme was 66.68 μM for pNP-butyrate and 68.08 μM for pNP-palmitate with kcat/Km values at 3.4 × 106 and 6.6 × 105 M-1s-1, respectively. Hydrolysis of model substrates showed enantiopreference for the R-form. Reactions yielded 43 and 61% enantiomeric excess of products with ibuprofen methyl ester and 2-phenylpropanoic acid ethyl ester, respectively. The enzyme retains 50% of its maximum activity at temperatures as low as 10°C, its activity is enhanced in artificial seawater and buffers with higher salt concentrations with an optimum osmolarity of 3,890 mosmol/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Masuch
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Kusnezowa
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Nilewski
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - José T Bautista
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology - Department for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology - Department for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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15
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Paciello L, Landi C, Orilio P, Di Matteo M, Zueco J, Parascandola P. Bread making withSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCEN.PK113-5D expressing lipase A fromBacillus subtilis:leavening characterisation and aroma enhancement. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paciello
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Carmine Landi
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Paola Orilio
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Marisa Di Matteo
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Jesus Zueco
- Department of Microbiology; University of Valencia; Avda Vicente Andrès Estelles 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Palma Parascandola
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
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Asoodeh A, Emtenani S, Emtenani S. Expression and biochemical characterization of a thermophilic organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Bacillus sp. DR90. Protein J 2015; 33:410-21. [PMID: 25070564 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was the isolation, molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a thermophilic organic solvent-resistant lipase from Bacillus sp. DR90. The lipase gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET-28a(+) vector. The purification of recombinant lipase was conducted by nickel affinity chromatography and its biochemical properties were determined. The lipase sequence with an ORF of 639 bp contains the conserved pentapeptide Ala-His-Ser-Met-Gly. His-tagged recombinant lipase had a specific activity of 1,126 U/mg with a molecular mass of 26.8 kDa. The cloned lipase was optimally active at pH 8.0 and 75 °C representing high stability in broad ranges of temperature and pH. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the major compounds released during the lipase-catalyzed reaction of p-nitrophenyl derivatives as well as the substrate specificity. The purified lipase showed high compatibility towards various organic solvents, surfactants and commercial solid/liquid detergents; therefore the recombinant DR90 lipase could be considered as a probable candidate for future applications, predominantly in detergent processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,
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17
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Song P, Chen C, Tian Q, Lin M, Huang H, Li S. Two-stage oxygen supply strategy for enhanced lipase production by Bacillus subtilis based on metabolic flux analysis. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Phospholipases A
1
from
Armillaria ostoyae
Provide Insight into the Substrate Recognition of α/β‐Hydrolase Fold Enzymes. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Zheng Q, Shi R, Zhu X, Huang L, Cai J, Han W, Xu Z. Functional expression of Bacillus subtilis xylanase A in an Escherichia coli derived cell-free protein synthesis system and subsequent expression improvement via DNA gel technique. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Augustyniak W, Brzezinska AA, Pijning T, Wienk H, Boelens R, Dijkstra BW, Reetz MT. Biophysical characterization of mutants of Bacillus subtilis lipase evolved for thermostability: factors contributing to increased activity retention. Protein Sci 2012; 21:487-97. [PMID: 22267088 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously, Lipase A from Bacillus subtilis was subjected to in vitro directed evolution using iterative saturation mutagenesis, with randomization sites chosen on the basis of the highest B-factors available from the crystal structure of the wild-type (WT) enzyme. This provided mutants that, unlike WT enzyme, retained a large part of their activity after heating above 65 °C and cooling down. Here, we subjected the three best mutants along with the WT enzyme to biophysical and biochemical characterization. Combining thermal inactivation profiles, circular dichroism, X-ray structure analyses and NMR experiments revealed that mutations of surface amino acid residues counteract the tendency of Lipase A to undergo precipitation under thermal stress. Reduced precipitation of the unfolding intermediates rather than increased conformational stability of the evolved mutants seems to be responsible for the activity retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Augustyniak
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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21
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22
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Regulon of the N-acetylglucosamine utilization regulator NagR in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3525-36. [PMID: 21602348 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00264-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is the most abundant carbon-nitrogen biocompound on earth and has been shown to be an important source of nutrients for both catabolic and anabolic purposes in Bacillus species. In this work we show that the GntR family regulator YvoA of Bacillus subtilis serves as a negative transcriptional regulator of GlcNAc catabolism gene expression. YvoA represses transcription by binding a 16-bp sequence upstream of nagP encoding the GlcNAc-specific EIIBC component of the sugar phosphotransferase system involved in GlcNAc transport and phosphorylation, as well as another very similar 16-bp sequence upstream of the nagAB-yvoA locus, wherein nagA codes for N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase and nagB codes for the glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) deaminase. In vitro experiments demonstrated that GlcN-6-P acts as an inhibitor of YvoA DNA-binding activity, as occurs for its Streptomyces ortholog, DasR. Interestingly, we observed that the expression of nag genes was still activated upon addition of GlcNAc in a ΔyvoA mutant background, suggesting the existence of an auxiliary transcriptional control instance. Initial computational prediction of the YvoA regulon showed a distribution of YvoA binding sites limited to nag genes and therefore suggests renaming YvoA to NagR, for N-acetylglucosamine utilization regulator. Whole-transcriptome studies showed significant repercussions of nagR deletion for several major B. subtilis regulators, probably indirectly due to an excess of the crucial molecules acetate, ammonia, and fructose-6-phosphate, resulting from complete hydrolysis of GlcNAc. We discuss a model deduced from NagR-mediated gene expression, which highlights clear connections with pathways for GlcNAc-containing polymer biosynthesis and adaptation to growth under oxygen limitation.
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23
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Cloning and expression of a lipase gene from Bacillus subtilis FS1403 in Escherichia coli. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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24
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Chaperone-dependent gene expression of organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain S5. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Engineering of Bacillus lipase by directed evolution for enhanced thermal stability: effect of isoleucine to threonine mutation at protein surface. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2919-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-9954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Ham HJ, Rho HJ, Shin SK, Yoon HJ. The TGL2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an active acylglycerol lipase located in the mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3005-13. [PMID: 19959834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.046946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tgl2 protein shows sequence homology to Pseudomonas triacylglycerol (TAG) lipases, but its role in the yeast lipid metabolism is not known. Using hemagglutinin-tagged Tgl2p purified from yeast, we report that this protein carries a significant lipolytic activity toward long-chain TAG. Importantly, mutant hemagglutinin-Tgl2p(S144A), which contains alanine 144 in place of serine 144 in the lipase consensus sequence (G/A)XSXG exhibits no such activity. Although cellular TAG hydrolysis is reduced in the tgl2 deletion mutant, overproduction of Tgl2p in this mutant leads to an increase in TAG degradation in the presence of fatty acid synthesis inhibitor cerulenin, but that of Tgl2p(S144A) does not. This result demonstrates the lipolytic function of Tgl2p in yeast. Although other yeast TAG lipases are localized to lipid particles, Tgl2p is enriched in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial fraction purified from the TGL2-overexpressing yeast shows a strong lipolytic activity, which was absent in the tgl2 deletion mutant. Therefore, we conclude that Tgl2p is a functional lipase of the yeast mitochondria. By analyzing phenotypic effects of TGL2-deficient yeast, we also find that lipolysis-competent Tgl2p is required for the viability of cells treated with antimitotic drug. The addition of oleic acid, the product of Tgl2p-catalyzed lipolysis, fully complements the antimitotic drug sensitivity of the tgl2 null mutation. Thus, we propose that the mitochondrial Tgl2p-dependent lipolysis is crucial for the survival of cells under antimitotic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Bio-Nanotechnology Center, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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27
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Functional expression of an alkaline lipase inEscherichia coli. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Abraham T, Abraham T, Pil Pack S, Je Yoo Y. Stabilization ofBacillus subtilisLipase A by increasing the residual packing. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500193013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Eggert T, Leggewie C, Puls M, Streit W, van Pouderoyen G, Dijkstra BW, Jaeger KE. Novel Biocatalysts by Identification and Design. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420410001710056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Cai Z, Xu W, Xue R, Lin Z. Facile, reagentless and in situ release of Escherichia coli intracellular enzymes by heat-inducible autolytic vector for high-throughput screening. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:681-7. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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Thermostable Bacillus subtilis Lipases: In Vitro Evolution and Structural Insight. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:324-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Boersma YL, Pijning T, Bosma MS, van der Sloot AM, Godinho LF, Dröge MJ, Winter RT, van Pouderoyen G, Dijkstra BW, Quax WJ. Loop Grafting of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A: Inversion of Enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:782-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Mormeneo M, Andrés I, Bofill C, Díaz P, Zueco J. Efficient secretion of Bacillus subtilis lipase A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by translational fusion to the Pir4 cell wall protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:437-45. [PMID: 18626643 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both the secretion and the cell surface display of Bacillus subtilis lipase A (Lip A) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated using different domains of the cell wall protein Pir4 as translational fusion partners. LipA gene minus its leader peptide was fused inframe in two places of PIR4 to achieve cell wall targeting, or substituting most of the PIR4 sequence, after the signal peptide and the Kex2 processed subunit I of Pir4 to achieve secretion to the growth medium. Expression of the recombinant fusion proteins was investigated in a standard and a glycosylation-deficient strain of S. cerevisiae, grown in selective or rich medium. Fusion proteins intended to be retained at the cell wall were secreted to the growth medium, most likely as result of the degradation of the Pir4 moiety containing the cell wall retention domain, giving low levels of lipase activity. However, the fusion intended for secretion was efficiently secreted in a percentage of close to 90% and remained stable even in rich medium at high cell density cultures, yielding values of over 400 IU of lipase activity per milliliter of cell supernatant. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the efficient production, as a secreted protein, of lipase A of B. subtilis in baker's yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mormeneo
- Unidad de Microbiología. Facultad de Farmacia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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34
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Structural basis for the remarkable stability of Bacillus subtilis lipase (Lip A) at low pH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Molecular cloning and characterization of thermostable esterase and lipase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans YN isolated from desert soil in Egypt. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Reetz MT, Carballeira JD, Vogel A. Iterative saturation mutagenesis on the basis of B factors as a strategy for increasing protein thermostability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7745-51. [PMID: 17075931 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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37
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Masayama A, Kuwana R, Takamatsu H, Hemmi H, Yoshimura T, Watabe K, Moriyama R. A novel lipolytic enzyme, YcsK (LipC), located in the spore coat of Bacillus subtilis, is involved in spore germination. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:2369-75. [PMID: 17220230 PMCID: PMC1899377 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01527-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted amino acid sequence of Bacillus subtilis ycsK exhibits similarity to the GDSL family of lipolytic enzymes. Northern blot analysis showed that ycsK mRNA was first detected from 4 h after the onset of sporulation and that transcription of ycsK was dependent on SigK and GerE. The fluorescence of the YcsK-green fluorescent protein fusion protein produced in sporulating cells was detectable in the mother cell but not in the forespore compartment under fluorescence microscopy, and the fusion protein was localized around the developing spores dependent on CotE, SafA, and SpoVID. Inactivation of the ycsK gene by insertion of an erythromycin resistance gene did not affect vegetative growth or spore resistance to heat, lysozyme, or chloroform. The germination of ycsK spores in a mixture of L-asparagine, D-glucose, D-fructose, and potassium chloride and LB medium was also the same as that of wild-type spores, but the mutant spores were defective in L-alanine-stimulated germination. In addition, zymogram analysis demonstrated that the YcsK protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed lipolytic activity. We therefore propose that ycsK should be renamed lipC. This is the first study of a bacterial spore germination-related lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Masayama
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
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38
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Reetz MT, Carballeira JD, Vogel A. Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis on the Basis of B Factors as a Strategy for Increasing Protein Thermostability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Detry J, Rosenbaum T, Lütz S, Hahn D, Jaeger KE, Müller M, Eggert T. Biocatalytic production of enantiopure cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol using extracellular lipases from Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:1107-16. [PMID: 16586103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two extracellular lipases from Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis lipase A and lipase B, have been expressed in the heterologous host Escherichia coli, biochemically characterized and used for the kinetic resolution of (rac)-trans-1,2-diacetoxycyclohexane. Both enzymes were selectively acting on the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic substrate, highly specifically hydrolyzing only one of the two ester groups present, thus allowing the preparation of enantiopure (R,R)- and (S,S)-cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol. The reaction conditions for the use of purified enzyme and crude cell lyophilizate were optimized and reactions in batch and repetitive batch modes were carried out on a preparative scale to yield enantiopure product (>99% enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Detry
- Institut für Biotechnologie 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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40
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Ma J, Zhang Z, Wang B, Kong X, Wang Y, Cao S, Feng Y. Overexpression and characterization of a lipase from Bacillus subtilis. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 45:22-9. [PMID: 16039141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel plasmid, pBSR2, was constructed by incorporating a strong lipase promoter and a terminator into the original pBD64. A mature lipase gene from Bacillus subtilis strain IFFI10210, an existing strain for lipase expression, was cloned into the plasmid pBSR2 and transformed into B. subtilis A.S.1.1655. Thus, an overexpression strain, BSL2, was obtained. The yield of lipase is about 8.6 mg protein/g of wet weight of cell mass and 100-fold higher than that in B. subtilis strain IFFI10210. The recombinant lipase was purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Characterizations of the purified enzyme revealed a molecular mass of 24 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, maximum activity at 43 degrees C and pH 8.5 for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl caprylate. The values of Km and Vm were found to be 0.37 mM and 303 micromol mg-1 min-1, respectively. The substrate specificity study showed that p-nitrophenyl caprylate is a preference of the enzyme. The metal ions Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ can activate the lipase, whereas Fe2+, Cu2+, and Co2+ inhibited it. The activity of the lipase can be increased about 48% by sodium taurocholate at the concentration of 7 mM and inhibited at concentrations over 10 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130023, PR China
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41
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Dröge MJ, Boersma YL, van Pouderoyen G, Vrenken TE, Rüggeberg CJ, Reetz MT, Dijkstra BW, Quax WJ. Directed Evolution of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A by Use of Enantiomeric Phosphonate Inhibitors: Crystal Structures and Phage Display Selection. Chembiochem 2005; 7:149-57. [PMID: 16342303 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phage display can be used as a protein-engineering tool for the selection of proteins with desirable binding properties from a library of mutants. Here we describe the application of this method for the directed evolution of Bacillus subtilis lipase A, an enzyme that has important properties for the preparation of the pharmaceutically relevant chiral compound 1,2-O-isopropylidene-sn-glycerol (IPG). PCR mutagenesis with spiked oligonucleotides was employed for saturation mutagenesis of a stretch of amino acids near the active site. After expression of these mutants on bacteriophages, dual selection with (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-IPG stereoisomers covalently coupled to enantiomeric phosphonate suicide inhibitors (SIRAN Sc and Rc inhibitors, respectively) was used for the isolation of variants with inverted enantioselectivity. The mutants were further characterised by determination of their Michaelis-Menten parameters. The 3D structures of the Sc and Rc inhibitor-lipase complexes were determined and provided structural insight into the mechanism of enantioselectivity of the enzyme. In conclusion, we have used phage display as a fast and reproducible method for the selection of Bacillus lipase A mutant enzymes with inverted enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melloney J Dröge
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Saegusa H, Shiraki M, Saito T. Cloning of an intracellular D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate-oligomer hydrolase gene from Ralstonia eutropha H16 and identification of the active site serine residue by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 94:106-12. [PMID: 16233278 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.94.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An intracellular D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)-oligomer hydrolase gene from Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) H16 was cloned, sequenced, and characterized. As a hybridization probe to screen restriction digests of chromosomal DNA, an extracellular 3HB-oligomer hydrolase gene from Ralstonia pickettii strain (formerly Pseudomonas sp. strain) A1 was used. A specific hybridization signal was obtained and a 6.5-kbp SmaI fragment was cloned in an Escherichia coli phagemid vector. The crude extract from E. coli with this plasmid showed 3HB-trimer hydrolase activity. The subcloned 3.2-kbp fragment still showed 3HB-trimer hydrolase activity in E. coli and expressed an approximately 78-kDa protein in an in vitro transcription-translation system. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 3.2-kbp fragment showed an open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide with a deduced molecular weight of 78,510. The putative amino acid sequence showed 54% identity with that of the oligomer hydrolase from R. pickettii A1. By site-directed mutagenesis, a novel amino acid sequence (S-V-S*-N-G) containing an essential serine residue in the catalytic center of the enzyme was determined. The gene product was found in PHB-rich cells of R. eutropha by immunodetection. The expressed 3HB-oligomer hydrolase localized both in the supernatant fraction and the PHB granules of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Saegusa
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth Branch in Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
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Westers H, Braun PG, Westers L, Antelmann H, Hecker M, Jongbloed JDH, Yoshikawa H, Tanaka T, van Dijl JM, Quax WJ. Genes involved in SkfA killing factor production protect a Bacillus subtilis lipase against proteolysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1899-908. [PMID: 15812018 PMCID: PMC1082511 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.4.1899-1908.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small lipases of Bacillus species, such as LipA from Bacillus subtilis, have a high potential for industrial applications. Recent studies showed that deletion of six AT-rich islands from the B. subtilis genome results in reduced amounts of extracellular LipA. Here we demonstrate that the reduced LipA levels are due to the absence of four genes, skfABCD, located in the prophage 1 region. Intact skfABCD genes are required not only for LipA production at wild-type levels by B. subtilis 168 but also under conditions of LipA overproduction. Notably, SkfA has bactericidal activity and, probably, requires the SkfB to SkfD proteins for its production. The present results show that LipA is more prone to proteolytic degradation in the absence of SkfA and that high-level LipA production can be improved significantly by employing multiple protease-deficient B. subtilis strains. In conclusion, our findings imply that SkfA protects LipA, directly or indirectly, against proteolytic degradation. Conceivably, SkfA could act as a modulator in LipA folding or as a protease inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Westers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ruiz C, Pastor FIJ, Diaz P. Isolation of lipid- and polysaccharide-degrading micro-organisms from subtropical forest soil, and analysis of lipolytic strain Bacillus sp. CR-179. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:218-27. [PMID: 15715648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate the micro-organisms from three soil samples obtained from a subtropical forest of Puerto Iguazu (Argentina), to analyse them for detection of the biotechnologically interesting enzymatic activities lipase, esterase, cellulase, xylanase and pectinase, and to identify the most active strain. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 724 strains were isolated using different culture media and temperatures, and 449 of them showed at least one of the hydrolytic activities pursued. Lipolytic activity of the lipid-degrading strains was further determined using MUF-butyrate and MUF-oleate as substrates. The alkalophilic strain CR-179, one of the most active for all the enzymatic activities assayed, was characterized and preliminarily identified by morphological, physiological and 16S rDNA tests, as a Bacillus sp. closely related to Bacillus subtilis. CONCLUSIONS Highly hydrolytic strains were isolated from all soil samples, suggesting the existence of a microbial community well-adapted to nutrient recycling. Strain CR-179, one of the most active, has been preliminarily identified as a Bacillus sp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A collection of hydrolytic strains with high biotechnological potential was obtained. Presence of sequences codifying for a lipolytic system related to the B. subtilis group lipases was revealed by PCR for the best lipolytic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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45
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Dröge MJ, Bos R, Boersma YL, Quax WJ. Comparison and functional characterisation of three homologous intracellular carboxylesterases of Bacillus subtilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Becker S, Theile S, Heppeler N, Michalczyk A, Wentzel A, Wilhelm S, Jaeger KE, Kolmar H. A generic system for theEscherichia colicell-surface display of lipolytic enzymes. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1177-82. [PMID: 15710409 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
EstA is an outer membrane-anchored esterase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An inactive EstA variant was used as an anchoring motif for the Escherichia coli cell-surface display of lipolytic enzymes. Flow cytometry analysis and measurement of lipase activity revealed that Bacillus subtilis lipase LipA, Fusarium solani pisi cutinase and one of the largest lipases presently known, namely Serratia marcescens lipase were all efficiently exported by the EstA autotransporter and also retained their lipolytic activities upon cell surface exposition. EstA provides a useful tool for surface display of lipases including variant libraries generated by directed evolution thereby enabling the identification of novel enzymes with interesting biological and biotechnological ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Becker
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik und Präparative Molekularbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Acharya P, Rajakumara E, Sankaranarayanan R, Rao NM. Structural basis of selection and thermostability of laboratory evolved Bacillus subtilis lipase. J Mol Biol 2004; 341:1271-81. [PMID: 15321721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 06/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variation in gene sequences generated by directed evolution approaches often does not assure a minimalist design for obtaining a desired property in proteins. While screening for enhanced thermostability, structural information was utilized in selecting mutations that are generated by error-prone PCR. By this approach we have increased the half-life of denaturation by 300-fold compared to the wild-type Bacillus subtilis lipase through three point mutations generated by only two cycles of error-prone PCR. At lower temperatures the activity parameters of the thermostable mutants are unaltered. High-resolution crystal structures of the mutants show subtle changes, which include stacking of tyrosine residues, peptide plane flipping and a better anchoring of the terminus, that challenge rational design and explain the structural basis for enhanced thermostability. The approach may offer an efficient and minimalist solution for the enhancement of a desired property of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Acharya
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Kwoun Kim H, Jung YJ, Choi WC, Ryu HS, Oh TK, Lee JK. Sequence-based approach to finding functional lipases from microbial genome databases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ruiz C, Falcocchio S, Xoxi E, Pastor FIJ, Diaz P, Saso L. Activation and inhibition of Candida rugosa and Bacillus-related lipases by saturated fatty acids, evaluated by a new colorimetric microassay. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:184-91. [PMID: 15182938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on lipase inhibitors could help in the therapy of diseases caused by lipase-producing microorganisms and in the design of novel lipase substrate specificities for biotechnology. Here we report a fast and sensitive colorimetric microassay that is low-cost and suitable for high-throughput experiments for the evaluation of lipase activity and inhibition. Comparison of Candida rugosa activity and inhibition with previous HPLC results validated the method, and revealed the importance of the reaction mixture composition. The assay was used to evaluate the effect of saturated fatty acids on Bacillus-related lipases. Cell-bound esterases were strongly inhibited by fatty acids, suggesting a negative feedback regulation by product, and a role of these enzymes in cell membrane turnover. Bacillus subtilis LipA was moderately activated by low concentrations of fatty acids and was inhibited at greater concentrations. LipB-like esterases were highly activated by myristic and lauric acids and were only slightly inhibited by high capric acid concentrations. Such an activation, reported here for the first time in bacterial lipases, seems to be part of a regulatory system evolved to ensure a high use of carbon sources, and could be related to the successful adaptation of Bacillus strains to nutrient-rich environments with strong microbial competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology of Natural Substances and General Physiology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ruiz C, Javier Pastor FI, Diaz P. Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. BP-6 LipA, a ubiquitous lipase among mesophilic Bacillus species. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:354-9. [PMID: 12969503 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to perform the isolation, cloning and characterization of a lipase from Bacillus sp. BP-6 bearing the features of a biotechnologically important group of enzymes. METHODS AND RESULTS Strain Bacillus sp. BP-6, showing activity on tributyrin plates, was used for isolation of lipase-coding gene lipA by means of inverse and direct PCR. The complete 633 nucleotide ORF isolated was cloned in Escherichia coli for further characterization. The amino acid sequence of the cloned protein was 98% identical to B. subtilis and B. megaterium lipases, the enzyme also showing similar molecular and biochemical features. CONCLUSIONS The gene coding for Bacillus sp. BP-6 LipA was found in all mesophilic Bacillus species assayed, indicating its ubiquity in the genus. The cloned enzyme displayed the same properties as those of homologous lipases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The overall profile of Bacillus sp. BP-6 LipA was found to be that of a ubiquitous and highly conserved subfamily I.4 bacterial lipase. Previously described lipases within this family have shown to be well suited for biotechnological applications, suggesting that the cloned enzyme could be used accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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