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Sabbah DA, Hajjo R, Sweidan K. Review on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Structure, Signaling Pathways, Interactions, and Recent Updates of EGFR Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:815-834. [PMID: 32124699 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200303123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. EGFR signaling cascade is a key regulator in cell proliferation, differentiation, division, survival, and cancer development. In this review, the EGFR structure and its mutations, signaling pathway, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, EGF/EGFR interaction, and the progress in the development of EGFR inhibitors have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Kamal Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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2
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Mehrabi M, Mahdiuni H, Rasouli H, Mansouri K, Shahlaei M, Khodarahmi R. Comparative experimental/theoretical studies on the EGFR dimerization under the effect of EGF/EGF analogues binding: Highlighting the importance of EGF/EGFR interactions at site III interface. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:401-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Cao XW, Yang XZ, Du X, Fu LY, Zhang TZ, Shan HW, Zhao J, Wang FJ. Structure optimisation to improve the delivery efficiency and cell selectivity of a tumour-targeting cell-penetrating peptide. J Drug Target 2018; 26:777-792. [PMID: 29303375 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1424858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is used for the delivery of biomacromolecules across the cell membrane and is limited in cancer therapy due to the lack of cell selectivity. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been widely used in clinical targeted therapy for tumours. Here, we reported a novel tumour targeting cell-penetrating peptide (TCPP), EHB (ELBD-C6H) with 20-fold and 3000-fold greater transmembrane ability and tumour cell selectivity than our previously reported S3-HBD and classic CPP TAT, respectively. In this new TCPP, a specific alpha helix structure was inserted into a repeated amino acid (AA) sequence formed by tandem multiple selected key AA residues of vaccinia growth factor (VGF), and this sequence was then fused to a tailored heparin binding domain sequence (C6H) derived from heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor to intensify its targeting delivery ability. EHB could carry anticancer proteins such as MAP30 (Momordica Antiviral Protein 30 kDa) into EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell and inhibit cell growth, but it had a greatly reduced interaction with normal cells. These results indicated that EHB, as a novel efficient TCPP for the selective delivery of drug molecules into cancer cells, would help to improve the efficacy and safety of anti-tumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Cao
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xu-Zhong Yang
- b Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Xuan Du
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Long-Yun Fu
- b Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Tao-Zhu Zhang
- b Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Han-Wen Shan
- b Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Jian Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Fu-Jun Wang
- b Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Zhejiang , PR China.,c Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
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4
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Mehrabi M, Mansouri K, Soleymani B, Hoseinkhani Z, Shahlaie M, Khodarahmi R. Development of a human epidermal growth factor derivative with EGFR-blocking and depleted biological activities: A comparative in vitro study using EGFR-positive breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:275-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Mehrabi M, Khodarahmi R, Shahlaei M. Critical effects on binding of epidermal growth factor produced by amino acid substitutions. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1085-1101. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1171799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masomeh Mehrabi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
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6
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Targeting tumor micro-environment for design and development of novel anti-angiogenic agents arresting tumor growth. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:333-54. [PMID: 24139944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis: a process of generation of new blood vessels has been proved to be necessary for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Inhibiting angiogenesis pathway has long been remained a significant hope for the development of novel, effective and target orientated antitumor agents arresting the tumor proliferation and metastasis. The process of neoangiogenesis as a biological process is regulated by several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 and transforming growth factor. Every endothelial cell destined for vessel formation is equipped with receptors for these angiogenic peptides. Moreover, numerous other angiogenic cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PGDF), placenta growth factor (PGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), stem-cell factor (SCF), and interleukins-2, 4, 6 etc. These molecular players performs critical role in regulating the angiogenic switch. Couple of decade's research in molecular aspects of tumor biology has unraveled numerous structural and functional mysteries of these angiogenic peptides. In present article, a detailed update on the functional and structural peculiarities of the various angiogenic peptides is described focusing on structural opportunities made available that has potential to be used to modulate function of these angiogenic peptides in developing therapeutic agents targeting neoplastic angiogenesis. The data may be useful in the mainstream of developing novel anticancer agents targeting tumor angiogenesis. We also discuss major therapeutic agents that are currently used in angiogenesis associated therapies as well as those are subject of active research or are in clinical trials.
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7
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Loeffler HH, Winn MD. Ligand binding and dynamics of the monomeric epidermal growth factor receptor ectodomain. Proteins 2013; 81:1931-43. [PMID: 23760854 PMCID: PMC4282322 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ectodomain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR) controls input to several cell signalling networks via binding with extracellular growth factors. To gain insight into the dynamics and ligand binding of the ectodomain, the hEGFR monomer was subjected to molecular dynamics simulation. The monomer was found to be substantially more flexible than the ectodomain dimer studied previously. Simulations where the endogeneous ligand EGF binds to either Subdomain I or Subdomain III, or where hEGFR is unbound, show significant differences in dynamics. The molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method has been used to derive relative free energies of ligand binding, and we find that the ligand is capable of binding either subdomain with a slight preference for III. Alanine-scanning calculations for the effect of selected ligand mutants on binding reproduce the trends of affinity measurements. Taken together, these results emphasize the possible role of the ectodomain monomer in the initial step of ligand binding, and add details to the static picture obtained from crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes H Loeffler
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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A potent anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody inhibits cancer cell proliferation and multiple angiogenic activities of HB-EGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51964. [PMID: 23251664 PMCID: PMC3522611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and has a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Modulation of HB-EGF activity might have a therapeutic potential in the oncology area. We explored the therapeutic possibilities by characterizing the in vitro biological activity of anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody Y-142. EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand and species specificities of Y-142 were tested. Neutralizing activities of Y-142 against HB-EGF were evaluated in EGFR and ERBB4 signaling. Biological activities of Y-142 were assessed in cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis assays and compared with the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab, the HB-EGF inhibitor CRM197, and the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab. The binding epitope was determined with alanine scanning. Y-142 recognized HB-EGF as well as the EGFR ligand amphiregulin, and bound specifically to human HB-EGF, but not to rodent HB-EGF. In addition, Y-142 neutralized HB-EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and ERBB4, and blocked their downstream ERK1/2 and AKT signaling. We also found that Y-142 inhibited HB-EGF-induced cancer cell proliferation, endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation, and VEGF production more effectively than cetuximab and CRM197 and that Y-142 was superior to bevacizumab in the inhibition of HB-EGF-induced tube formation. Six amino acids in the EGF-like domain were identified as the Y-142 binding epitope. Among the six amino acids, the combination of F115 and Y123 determined the amphiregulin cross-reactivity and that F115 accounted for the species selectivity. Furthermore, it was suggested that the potent neutralizing activity of Y-142 was derived from its recognition of R142 and Y123 and its high affinity to HB-EGF. Y-142 has a potent HB-EGF neutralizing activity that modulates multiple biological activities of HB-EGF including cancer cell proliferation and angiogenic activities. Y-142 may have a potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent for the treatment of HB-EGF-dependent cancers.
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9
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Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Mahmoudpour A, Dastmalchi S. Identification of new peptide ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor using phage display and computationally modeling their mode of binding. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:246-59. [PMID: 22136656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptide phage display, a powerful method for ligand identification, was used to identify new peptide ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor. A-431 cells expressing epidermal growth factor receptor were used as the matrix in a cell-based subtractive biopanning approach using a 7-mer peptide displaying phage library. Two novel peptide ligands were identified and tested for their affinities and functional effects on epidermal growth factor receptor. The identified peptides were able to inhibit the epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of affinity binding experiments showed that the natural ligand, that is epidermal growth factor, was able to inhibit competitively the binding of peptide-bearing phage to epidermal growth factor receptor expressing A-431 cells. Molecular modeling studies were used to calculate the free energies for the binding of peptides to the receptor-binding site as well as proposing the interaction modes for this binding. The calculated values for the binding energies were found to be similar to our experimental data and those of previously reported studies.
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Ai S, Duan J, Liu X, Bock S, Tian Y, Huang Z. Biological Evaluation of a Novel Doxorubicin−Peptide Conjugate for Targeted Delivery to EGF Receptor-Overexpressing Tumor Cells. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:375-86. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100243j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Ai
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Stephanie Bock
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430021, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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11
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Camaj P, Seeliger H, Ischenko I, Krebs S, Blum H, De Toni EN, Faktorova D, Jauch KW, Bruns CJ. EFEMP1 binds the EGF receptor and activates MAPK and Akt pathways in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Biol Chem 2010; 390:1293-302. [PMID: 19804359 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The EGF-related protein EFEMP1 (EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1) has been shown to promote tumor growth in human adenocarcinoma. To understand the mechanism of this action, the signal transduction activated upon treatment with this protein has been investigated. We show that EFEMP1 binds EGF receptor (EGFR) in a competitive manner relative to epidermal growth factor (EGF), implicating that EFEMP1 and EGF share the same or adjacent binding sites on the EGFR. Treatment of pancreatic carcinoma cells with purified EFEMP1 activates autophosphorylation of EGFR at the positions Tyr-992 and Tyr-1068, but not at the position Tyr-1048. This signal is further transduced to phosphorylation of Akt at position Thr-308 and p44/p42 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) at positions Thr-202 and Tyr-204. These downstream phosphorylation events can be inhibited by treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor PD 153035. The observed signal transduction upon treatment with EFEMP1 can contribute to the enhancement of tumor growth shown in pancreatic carcinoma cells overexpressing EFEMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Camaj
- Department of Surgery, Munich University Medical Center, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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12
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Ogiso H, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Fukai S, Yamanaka M, Kim JH, Saito K, Sakamoto A, Inoue M, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S. Crystal structure of the complex of human epidermal growth factor and receptor extracellular domains. Cell 2002; 110:775-87. [PMID: 12297050 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation by binding to the EGF receptor (EGFR) extracellular region, comprising domains I-IV, with the resultant dimerization of the receptor tyrosine kinase. In this study, the crystal structure of a 2:2 complex of human EGF and the EGFR extracellular region has been determined at 3.3 A resolution. EGFR domains I-III are arranged in a C shape, and EGF is docked between domains I and III. The 1:1 EGF*EGFR complex dimerizes through a direct receptor*receptor interaction, in which a protruding beta-hairpin arm of each domain II holds the body of the other. The unique "receptor-mediated dimerization" was verified by EGFR mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ogiso
- RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, 230-0045, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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van de Poll ML, van Vugt MJ, Lenferink AE, van Zoelen EJ. Identification of the minimal requirements for binding to the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor using chimeras of human EGF and an EGF repeat of Drosophila Notch. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16075-81. [PMID: 9632659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins contain so-called epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains that share the characteristic spacing of cysteines and glycines with members of the EGF family. They are, however, functionally unrelated, despite the fact that the three-dimensional structure of these EGF-like domains, also, is often very similar to that of the EGF receptor agonists. In the present study, we linked an EGF-like repeat from the Drosophila Notch protein to the N- and C-terminal linear tail sequences of human EGF (hEGF), and we showed that this chimera (E1N6E) is unable to bind or activate the hEGF receptor. This recombinant protein was then used as a basic construct for identifying the minimal requirements for high affinity EGF receptor binding and activation. We selectively reintroduced a limited number of important hEGF-derived residues, and by using this unique approach, we were able to make hEGF/Notch chimeras that, compared with wild type hEGF, showed nearly 100% binding affinity and mitogenic activity on HER-14 cells expressing the hEGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L van de Poll
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Lester CC, Wang B, Wu R, Scheraga HA. Structure-function studies of mEGF: probing the type I beta-turn between residues 25 and 26. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1995; 14:753-62. [PMID: 8747437 DOI: 10.1007/bf01886915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor molecule is not completely understood and has received much attention recently. Studies combining site-directed mutagenesis and NMR spectroscopy have identified a number of EGF residues that are required for activity and are believed to interact directly with the receptor. Instead of focusing on these residues, this study combines site-directed mutagenesis and NMR spectroscopy to probe the role of the type I beta-bend located between residues 25 and 26 of the N-terminal subdomain of the protein. Ser25 of murine EGF is replaced by Pro in an attempt to stabilize this turn conformation to produce a variant of mEGF with increased activity relative to that for the native protein. Ser25 is also replaced by Ala, which is found at position 25 in human EGF (hEGF), as a more conservative replacement. Receptor binding studies demonstrate that both mutations produce about a 30% reduction in binding affinity, which is shown to result from local changes within the loop or minor perturbations of residues neighboring the loop rather than from long-range perturbations of the beta-sheet of the N-terminal subdomain. The type I beta-turn appears to remain intact in both mutants; however, replacement with Pro seems to introduce more flexibility into this region of the protein. These results demonstrate that perturbation of this beta-turn has little effect on EGF-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lester
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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Chamberlin SG, Sargood KJ, Richter A, Mellor JM, Anderson DW, Richards NG, Turner DL, Sharma RP, Alexander P, Davies DE. Constrained peptide analogues of transforming growth factor-alpha residues cysteine 21-32 are mitogenically active. Use of proline mimetics to enhance biological potency. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21062-7. [PMID: 7673134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.36.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two proline mimetics, the enantiomers of 2-aza-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid, have been incorporated in place of Pro30 into synthetic peptides based on the B-loop beta-sheet sequence of human transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) (residues Cys21-Cys32). The peptides were further modified by inclusion of an N-terminal phenylalanine and constrained by formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. While no mitogenic response was observed in the parental NR6 cell line, the peptides stimulated DNA synthesis in NR6/HER cells (NR6 fibroblasts transfected with the human epidermal growth factor receptor). Induction of DNA synthesis was dose dependent, with EC50 values in the range 130-330 microM; in the presence of low doses of TGF-alpha, the mitogenic effect of the peptides was additive, up to the plateau response achieved by maximal doses of TGF-alpha alone. These effects are consistent with the peptides acting via the same mechanism as TGF-alpha. Analysis of the structure of the peptides by NMR indicated that the presence of the mimetics significantly increased the propensity of the peptidyl-proline bond to adopt the cis conformation. These data confirm the role of the beta-sheet in receptor activation, and emphasize the importance of presentation of peptides in an appropriate conformation for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Chamberlin
- Cancer Research Campaign Medical Oncology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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Campion SR, Niyogi SK. Interaction of epidermal growth factor with its receptor. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 49:353-83. [PMID: 7863010 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S R Campion
- Protein Engineering and Molecular Mutagenesis Program, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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17
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) are ligands for the EGF-receptor and act as mitogens for a variety of tissues. TGF-alpha, in particular, has been implicated as an autocrine growth factor for several cancer cell lines. Over the last 10 years many groups have examined the structure-function relationships in EGF/TGF-alpha in attempts to develop antagonists or agonists. In this review the results of these studies are summarised and related to the three-dimensional structure of EGF/TGF-alpha. The difficulties associated with the purification and characterisation of analogues of EGF/TGF-alpha and with the biological assays are discussed. It is clear that these difficulties have, in some cases, led to apparently contradicting results. The available binding data indicate that the receptor interaction surface for EGF/TGF-alpha might encompass one complete side of the molecule with a few strong binding determinants, in particular Arg41 and Leu47. The arginine at position 41 is the most critical residue and its full hydrogen-bonding capacity is needed for strong binding of EGF/TGF-alpha to the EGF-receptor. As this side of the molecule consists of residues from both the N- and C-terminal domain, it seems unlikely that agonists or antagonists can be developed on the basis of short peptides taken from the primary sequence. This concept is supported by the available binding and activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Groenen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia
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18
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Campion S, Geck M, Niyogi S. Cumulative effect of double-site mutations of human epidermal growth factor on receptor binding. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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