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Dai Z, Lee SY, Sharma S, Ullah S, Tan ECK, Brodaty H, Schutte AE, Sachdev PS. A systematic review of diet and medication use among centenarians and near-centenarians worldwide. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01247-4. [PMID: 38967696 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Centenarians represent a phenomenon of successful aging. This systematic review aimed to understand lifestyles and health practices, focusing on diet and medication use for healthy longevity in community-based adults 95 years or over. Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and gray literature were searched from 1 January 2000 to 10 December 2022. Study quality was assessed using the Modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (mNOS). Pooled prevalence [%; 95% confidence interval] for categorical variables and pooled mean for continuous variables were estimated for demographics, weight status, lifestyle factors, medications, and health conditions. Of 3392 records screened, 34 studies were included in the review, and 71% (24/34) met the 6/8 criteria in mNOS. Centenarians/near-centenarians' ages ranged from 95 to 118 years, with 75% (71-78%) female and 78% (68-88%) living in rural areas. They had an overall healthy lifestyle: current smoking (7%; 5-9%), drinking (23%; 17-30%), normal weight (52%; 42-61%), overweight (14%; 8-20%), physical activity (23%; 20-26%), and sleep satisfaction (68%; 65-72%). Diet averaged 59.6% carbohydrate, 18.5% protein, and 29.3% fat; over 60% consumed a diverse diet, and < 20% preferred salty food, contributing to lower mortality risks and functional decline. About half used antihypertensives (49%; 14-84%) or other cardiovascular drugs (48%; 24-71%), with an average of 4.6 medications. Common health issues included impaired basic activities of daily living (54%; 33-74%), hypertension (43%; 21-65%), and dementia (41%; 23-59%). The findings of this systemic review underscore the pivotal role of dietary practice and weight management in healthcare strategies to promote healthy ageing. It also recognises rural living styles and sleep hygiene as potential factors contributing to healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Dai
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sue Yi Lee
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Srishti Sharma
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Shahid Ullah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Edwin C K Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1305413. [PMID: 32714484 PMCID: PMC7354649 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1305413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular risk (CVR) underlies aging process and longevity. Previous work points to genetic and environmental factors associated with this risk. Objectives The aim of this research is to look for any CVR gene-gene and gene-multifactorial/lifestyle interactions that may impact health and disease and underlie exceptional longevity. Methods A case-control study involving 521 both gender individuals, 253 centenarians (100.26 ± 1.98 years), and 268 controls (67.51 ± 3.25 years), low (LCR, n = 107) and high (HCR, n = 161) CVR. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity (BMI, kg·m−2), and impaired kidney function were defined according to standard criteria. CVR was calculated using Q risk®. DNA was genotyping (ACE-rs4646994, AGT-rs4762, AGR1-rs5182, GRK4-rs2960306, GRK4-rs1024323, NOS3-rs1799983, and SLC12A3-rs13306673) through iPlex-MassARRAY®, read by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and analyzed by EARTDECODE®. Results Antilongevity factors consisted (OR 95% CI, p < 0.05) BMI 1.558 (1.445-1.680), hypertension 2.358 (1.565-3.553), smoking habits 4.528 (2.579-7.949), diabetes 5.553 (2.889-10.675), hypercholesterolemia 1.016 (1.010-1.022), and regular consumption of red meat 22.363 (13.987-35.755). Genetic aspects particularly for HCR individuals ACE II (OR: 3.96 (1.83-8.56), p < 0.0001) and NOS3 TT (OR: 3.11 (1.70-5.70), p < 0.0001) genotypes were also risk associate. Obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and frequent consumption of red meat have an additive action to hypertension in the longevity process. There was a synergistic interaction between the endothelial NOS3 genotypes and the severity of arterial hypertension. An epistatic interaction between functional genetic variants of GRK4 and angiotensinogen was also observed. Conclusions Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. Besides lifestyle, the activity of nitrite oxide synthase may be one of the main physiologic regulators of cardiovascular protection in the path of longevity.
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Cardiovascular health and cognitive functioning among centenarians: a comparison between the Tokyo and Georgia centenarian studies. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:455-465. [PMID: 30786950 PMCID: PMC6483832 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610218001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTObjectives:Centenarians have survived into very late life, but whether they reach very old age in good health remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiovascular health status and cognitive functioning of centenarians in the United States with centenarians in Japan. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-national design compared centenarians from the United States and Japan. The sample of U.S. centenarians was recruited from the Georgia Centenarian Study and included 287 centenarians. The sample of Japanese centenarians was recruited from the Tokyo Centenarian Study and included 304 centenarians. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive functioning was assessed with a mental status questionnaire, and cardiovascular disease by a health history assessment, blood pressure, and selected blood parameters. RESULTS The results suggest that Tokyo centenarians had lower disease experiences and BMI values, when compared to Georgia centenarians, but blood pressure was higher among Japanese centenarians. Lower levels of hemoglobin in Japanese centenarians and higher levels of C-reactive protein in Georgia were also found. The positive association of hypertension and albumin levels with cognitive functioning and the negative association of stroke occurrence with cognitive functioning were replicated in both countries. Differential effects were obtained for heart problems, BMI, and C-reactive protein (with positive effects for Tokyo centenarians, except for C-reactive protein). CONCLUSION For extremely old individuals, some markers of cardiovascular disease are replicable across countries, whereas differential effects for cardiovascular health also need to be considered in cardiovascular health.
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Hypertension and longevity: role of genetic polymorphisms in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 455:61-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Franceschi C, Ostan R, Santoro A. Nutrition and Inflammation: Are Centenarians Similar to Individuals on Calorie-Restricted Diets? Annu Rev Nutr 2018; 38:329-356. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals capable of reaching the extreme limit of human life such as centenarians are characterized by an exceptionally healthy phenotype—that is, a low number of diseases, low blood pressure, optimal metabolic and endocrine parameters, and increased diversity in the gut microbiota—and they are epigenetically younger than their chronological age. We present data suggesting that such a remarkable phenotype is largely similar to that found in adults following a calorie-restricted diet. Interviews with centenarians and historical data on the nutritional and lifestyle habits of Italians during the twentieth century suggest that as children and into adulthood, centenarians lived in an environment that was nonobesogenic, but at the same time the environment did not produce malnutrition. Centenarians appear to be creatures of habit, and we argue that their habit of eating meals at the same time each day favored the maintenance of circadian rhythms, including their sleep cycle. Finally, we argue that centenarians’ chronic inflammatory status, which we dubbed inflammaging, is peculiar, likely adaptive, and less detrimental than in younger people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Ostan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) and Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;,
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) and Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;,
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Carey MR, Howell EM, McHugh MC. Emergency department use by centenarians: the 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Prev Chronic Dis 2013; 10:E198. [PMID: 24286272 PMCID: PMC3843535 DOI: 10.5888/pcd10.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Older adults have higher rates of emergency department use than do younger adults, and the number of centenarians is expected to increase. The objective of this study was to examine centenarians’ use of the emergency department in the United States, including diagnoses, charges, and disposition. Methods The 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality provided encounter-level data on emergency department visits and weights for producing nationwide estimates. From this data set, we collected patient characteristics including age, sex, primary diagnosis, and disposition. We used χ2 tests and t tests to test for significant differences among people aged 80 to 89, 90 to 99, and 100 years or older. Results Centenarians had a lower rate of emergency department use than those aged 90 to 99 (736 per 1,000 vs 950 per 1,000; P < .05). We found no significant difference in use between centenarians and those aged 80 to 89. The most common diagnoses for centenarians were superficial injuries (5.8% of visits), pneumonia (5.1%), and urinary tract infections (5.1%). Centenarians were more likely to visit the emergency department for fall-related injuries (21.5%) than those aged 80 to 89 (14.1%; P < .05) and 90 to 99 (18.7%; P < .05). Centenarians were more likely to die in the emergency department (2.0%) than were those aged 80 to 89 (0.6%; P < .05) and 90 to 99 (0.7%; P < .05). Conclusion Centenarians in emergency departments in the United States have different diagnoses, conditions, and outcomes than other older Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Carey
- Jones Graduate School of Business, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005. E-mail:
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Vacante M, D'Agata V, Motta M, Malaguarnera G, Biondi A, Basile F, Malaguarnera M, Gagliano C, Drago F, Salamone S. Centenarians and supercentenarians: a black swan. Emerging social, medical and surgical problems. BMC Surg 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S36. [PMID: 23173707 PMCID: PMC3499197 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-12-s1-s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Black Swan Theory was described by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his book “The Black Swan”. This theory refers to “high-impact, hard-to-predict, and rare events beyond the realm of normal expectations”. According to Taleb’s criteria, a Black Swan Event is a surprise, it has a major impact and after the fact, the event is rationalized by hindsight, as if it had been expected. For most of human history centenarians were a rare and unpredictable phenomenon. The improvements of the social-environmental conditions, of medical care, and the quality of life caused a general improvement of the health status of the population and a consequent reduction of the overall morbidity and mortality, resulting in an overall increase of life expectancy. The study of centenarians and supercentenarians had the objective to consider this black swan and to evaluate the health, welfare, social and economic consequences of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vacante
- Department of Senescence, Urological and Neurological Sciences, Cannizzaro Hospital Via Messina 829, 95125 University of Catania, Italy
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Basile G, Cucinotta MD, Figliomeni P, Lo Balbo C, Maltese G, Lasco A. Electrocardiographic Changes in Centenarians: A Study on 42 Subjects and Comparison with the Literature. Gerontology 2012; 58:216-20. [DOI: 10.1159/000330801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Higher blood pressure associated with higher cognition and functionality among centenarians in Australia. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:299-303. [PMID: 21164496 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol levels among centenarians in Australia, and to compare the relationship between these biological parameters with cognitive and functional status. METHODS We performed BP (n = 142) and cholesterol (n = 67) measurements using the Omron automated sphygmomanometer (Omron Healthcare, Melbourne, Australia) and the LDX Cholestech Analyzer (Inverness Medical, San Diego, CA), respectively. A medical history was also obtained. Cognitive and functional statuses were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL), respectively. RESULTS Average age of participants was 101.1 years. Hypertension was demonstrated in 1% according to the WHO criterion (≥140/90 mm Hg). However, 38% of centenarians were hypertensive, defined as having a medical diagnosis of hypertension, and/or being on antihypertensive medications, and/or having a BP measurement ≥ 140/90 mm Hg. Mean values were: systolic = 130 mm Hg (90-182 mm Hg), diastolic = 70 mm Hg (44-98 mm Hg), and pulse pressure (PP) = 60 mm Hg (20-130 mm Hg). Hypercholesterolaemia was only detected in 8% of participants. Hypertension was not associated with increased risk of hypercholesterolaemia. Low systolic BP (SBP) and narrower PP was associated with lower MMSE scores. High SBP and wider PP was associated with better functional status. CONCLUSIONS Centenarians have a very low prevalence of high BP and high cholesterol compared with the general population. There seems to be an inverse relationship between the risk factors for cardiovascular disease vs. the risk factors for dementia in our sample. There appears to be a complex interaction between BP and health in old age.
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Galioto A, Dominguez LJ, Pineo A, Ferlisi A, Putignano E, Belvedere M, Costanza G, Barbagallo M. Cardiovascular risk factors in centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:106-13. [PMID: 17689040 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that centenarians have better cardiovascular risk profiles compared to younger old people. Some reports have revealed that cardiovascular diseases (i.e. hypertension, diabetes, angina and/or myocardial infarction) are less common in centenarians respect to 70 and 80 years old persons. In order to explain this evidence, there is a growing number of hypothesis that consider a combination of genetic factors and lifestyle aspects to elucidate the exceptional longevity of centenarians, able to overcome the most frequent mortality cause, which is a cardiovascular event. It has been suggested that a role on this better cardiovascular risk profile may be played by the increasing use of pharmacologic treatments in the elderly population (specially for hypertension and dyslipidemia), but the contribution of drug treatments to promote extreme longevity is not confirmed. Furthermore, centenarians in general have needed fewer drugs at younger ages due to a healthy lifestyle. The importance of the genetic contribution is demonstrated by the inheritance of low-risk cardiovascular profiles in centenarian offspring and lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in this population as compared with their spouses or with age-matched subjects without centenarian parents. Another advantage in centenarians' offspring seems to be a delay in the onset for cardiovascular diseases, respect to age- and sex-matched controls. Cardiovascular risk factors mirror the factors that contribute to longevity. Hence, it is not surprising that these risk factors are less prevalent in centenarians when compared to younger old individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Galioto
- Geriatric Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Emerging Pathologies, University of Palermo, Viale Fco. Scaduto 6/c, 90144 Palermo, Italy
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