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Wieser HP, Huang Y, Schauer J, Lascaud J, Würl M, Lehrack S, Radonic D, Vidal M, Hérault J, Chmyrov A, Ntziachristos V, Assmann W, Parodi K, Dollinger G. Experimental demonstration of accurate Bragg peak localization with ionoacoustic tandem phase detection (iTPD). Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34847532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac3ead] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the exact stopping location of ions inside the patient would allow full exploitation of their ballistic properties for patient treatment. The localized energy deposition of a pulsed particle beam induces a rapid temperature increase of the irradiated volume and leads to the emission of ionoacoustic (IA) waves. Detecting the time-of-flight (ToF) of the IA wave allows inferring information on the Bragg peak location and can henceforth be used forin-vivorange verification. A challenge for IA is the poor signal-to-noise ratio at clinically relevant doses and viable machines. We present a frequency-based measurement technique, labeled as ionoacoustic tandem phase detection (iTPD) utilizing lock-in amplifiers. The phase shift of the IA signal to a reference signal is measured to derive theToF. Experimental IA measurements with a 3.5 MHz lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer and lock-in amplifiers were performed in water using 22 MeV proton bursts. A digital iTPD was performedin-silicoat clinical dose levels on experimental data obtained from a clinical facility and secondly, on simulations emulating a heterogeneous geometry. For the experimental setup using 22 MeV protons, a localization accuracy and precision obtained through iTPD deviates from a time-based reference analysis by less than 15μm. Several methodological aspects were investigated experimentally in systematic manner. Lastly, iTPD was evaluatedin-silicofor clinical beam energies indicating that iTPD is in reach of sub-mm accuracy for fractionated doses < 5 Gy. iTPD can be used to accurately measure theToFof IA signals online via its phase shift in frequency domain. An application of iTPD to the clinical scenario using a single pulsed beam is feasible but requires further development to reach <1 Gy detection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Wieser
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Y Huang
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Schauer
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - J Lascaud
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - M Würl
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - S Lehrack
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - D Radonic
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - M Vidal
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne-Fédération Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de Lanterne, F-06200 Nice, France
| | - J Hérault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne-Fédération Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de Lanterne, F-06200 Nice, France
| | - A Chmyrov
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - V Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - W Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - G Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
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Würl M, Englbrecht FS, Lehrack S, Gianoli C, Lindner FH, Rösch TF, Haffa D, Olivari F, Petasecca M, Lerch MLF, Pogossov A, Tran LT, Assmann W, Schreiber J, Rosenfeld AB, Parodi K. Time-of-flight spectrometry of ultra-short, polyenergetic proton bunches. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:123302. [PMID: 30599609 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A common approach for spectrum determination of polyenergetic proton bunches from laser-ion acceleration experiments is based on the time-of-flight (TOF) method. However, spectra obtained using this method are typically given in relative units or are estimated based on some prior assumptions on the energy distribution of the accelerated ions. In this work, we present a new approach using the TOF method that allows for an absolute energy spectrum reconstruction from a current signal acquired with a sub-nanosecond fast and 10 µm thin silicon detector. The reconstruction is based on solving a linear least-squares problem, taking into account the response function of the detection system. The general principle of signal generation and spectrum reconstruction by setting up an appropriate system response matrix is presented. Proof-of-principle experiments at a 12 MV Tandem accelerator using different nanosecond-short (quasi-)monoenergetic and polyenergetic proton bunches at energies up to 20 MeV were successfully performed. Within the experimental uncertainties of 2.4% and 12.1% for energy and particle number, respectively, reconstructed energy distributions were found in excellent agreement with the spectra calculated using Monte Carlo simulations and measured by a magnetic spectrometer. This TOF method can hence be used for absolute online spectrometry of laser-accelerated particle bunches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Würl
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Franz S Englbrecht
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lehrack
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chiara Gianoli
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian H Lindner
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas F Rösch
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Haffa
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Olivari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marco Petasecca
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael L F Lerch
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Alexandre Pogossov
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Linh T Tran
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg Schreiber
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anatoly B Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Lehrack S, Assmann W, Bertrand D, Henrotin S, Herault J, Heymans V, Stappen FV, Thirolf PG, Vidal M, Van de Walle J, Parodi K. Submillimeter ionoacoustic range determination for protons in water at a clinical synchrocyclotron. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:L20-L30. [PMID: 28742053 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa81f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proton ranges in water between 145 MeV to 227 MeV initial energy have been measured at a clinical superconducting synchrocyclotron using the acoustic signal induced by the ion dose deposition (ionoacoustic effect). Detection of ultrasound waves was performed by a very sensitive hydrophone and signals were stored in a digital oscilloscope triggered by secondary prompt gammas. The ionoacoustic range measurements were compared to existing range data from a calibrated range detector setup on-site and agreement of better than 1 mm was found at a Bragg peak dose of about 10 Gy for 220 MeV initial proton energy, compatible with the experimental errors. Ionoacoustics has thus the potential to measure the Bragg peak position with submillimeter accuracy during proton therapy, possibly correlated with ultrasound tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lehrack
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
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Patch SK, Kireeff Covo M, Jackson A, Qadadha YM, Campbell KS, Albright RA, Bloemhard P, Donoghue AP, Siero CR, Gimpel TL, Small SM, Ninemire BF, Johnson MB, Phair L. Thermoacoustic range verification using a clinical ultrasound array provides perfectly co-registered overlay of the Bragg peak onto an ultrasound image. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5621-38. [PMID: 27385261 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/15/5621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential of particle therapy due to focused dose deposition in the Bragg peak has not yet been fully realized due to inaccuracies in range verification. The purpose of this work was to correlate the Bragg peak location with target structure, by overlaying the location of the Bragg peak onto a standard ultrasound image. Pulsed delivery of 50 MeV protons was accomplished by a fast chopper installed between the ion source and the cyclotron inflector. The chopper limited the train of bunches so that 2 Gy were delivered in [Formula: see text]. The ion pulse generated thermoacoustic pulses that were detected by a cardiac ultrasound array, which also produced a grayscale ultrasound image. A filtered backprojection algorithm focused the received signal to the Bragg peak location with perfect co-registration to the ultrasound images. Data was collected in a room temperature water bath and gelatin phantom with a cavity designed to mimic the intestine, in which gas pockets can displace the Bragg peak. Phantom experiments performed with the cavity both empty and filled with olive oil confirmed that displacement of the Bragg peak due to anatomical change could be detected. Thermoacoustic range measurements in the waterbath agreed with Monte Carlo simulation within 1.2 mm. In the phantom, thermoacoustic range estimates and first-order range estimates from CT images agreed to within 1.5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Patch
- Department of Physics, UW-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Assmann W, Kellnberger S, Reinhardt S, Lehrack S, Edlich A, Thirolf PG, Moser M, Dollinger G, Omar M, Ntziachristos V, Parodi K. Ionoacoustic characterization of the proton Bragg peak with submillimeter accuracy. Med Phys 2015; 42:567-74. [PMID: 25652477 DOI: 10.1118/1.4905047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Range verification in ion beam therapy relies to date on nuclear imaging techniques which require complex and costly detector systems. A different approach is the detection of thermoacoustic signals that are generated due to localized energy loss of ion beams in tissue (ionoacoustics). Aim of this work was to study experimentally the achievable position resolution of ionoacoustics under idealized conditions using high frequency ultrasonic transducers and a specifically selected probing beam. METHODS A water phantom was irradiated by a pulsed 20 MeV proton beam with varying pulse intensity and length. The acoustic signal of single proton pulses was measured by different PZT-based ultrasound detectors (3.5 and 10 MHz central frequencies). The proton dose distribution in water was calculated by Geant4 and used as input for simulation of the generated acoustic wave by the matlab toolbox k-WAVE. RESULTS In measurements from this study, a clear signal of the Bragg peak was observed for an energy deposition as low as 10(12) eV. The signal amplitude showed a linear increase with particle number per pulse and thus, dose. Bragg peak position measurements were reproducible within ±30 μm and agreed with Geant4 simulations to better than 100 μm. The ionoacoustic signal pattern allowed for a detailed analysis of the Bragg peak and could be well reproduced by k-WAVE simulations. CONCLUSIONS The authors have studied the ionoacoustic signal of the Bragg peak in experiments using a 20 MeV proton beam with its correspondingly localized energy deposition, demonstrating submillimeter position resolution and providing a deep insight in the correlation between the acoustic signal and Bragg peak shape. These results, together with earlier experiments and new simulations (including the results in this study) at higher energies, suggest ionoacoustics as a technique for range verification in particle therapy at locations, where the tumor can be localized by ultrasound imaging. This acoustic range verification approach could offer the possibility of combining anatomical ultrasound and Bragg peak imaging, but further studies are required for translation of these findings to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - S Kellnberger
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - S Reinhardt
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - S Lehrack
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - A Edlich
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - P G Thirolf
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - M Moser
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - G Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - M Omar
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - V Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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Greubel C, Assmann W, Burgdorf C, Dollinger G, Du G, Hable V, Hapfelmeier A, Hertenberger R, Kneschaurek P, Michalski D, Molls M, Reinhardt S, Röper B, Schell S, Schmid TE, Siebenwirth C, Wenzl T, Zlobinskaya O, Wilkens JJ. Scanning irradiation device for mice in vivo with pulsed and continuous proton beams. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:339-344. [PMID: 21556847 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-011-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A technical set-up for irradiation of subcutaneous tumours in mice with nanosecond-pulsed proton beams or continuous proton beams is described and was successfully used in a first experiment to explore future potential of laser-driven particle beams, which are pulsed due to the acceleration process, for radiation therapy. The chosen concept uses a microbeam approach. By focusing the beam to approximately 100 × 100 μm(2), the necessary fluence of 10(9) protons per cm(2) to deliver a dose of 20 Gy with one-nanosecond shot in the Bragg peak of 23 MeV protons is achieved. Electrical and mechanical beam scanning combines rapid dose delivery with large scan ranges. Aluminium sheets one millimetre in front of the target are used as beam energy degrader, necessary for adjusting the depth-dose profile. The required procedures for treatment planning and dose verification are presented. In a first experiment, 24 tumours in mice were successfully irradiated with 23 MeV protons and a single dose of 20 Gy in pulsed or continuous mode with dose differences between both modes of 10%. So far, no significant difference in tumour growth delay was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Greubel
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik (LRT2), Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany.
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