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Soto ME, Saucedo-Orozco H, Ochoa-Hein E, Eid-Lidt G, Anaya-Ayala JE, Pérez-Torres I, Koretzky SG, Reyes PA, Espinoza-Saquicela ER, Hernandez I, Martinez-Hernandez H. Cardiothoracic surgery and peripheral endovascular intervention in cardiovascular damage from a cohort of orphan rheumatological diseases-epidemiological and survival analysis. J Thorac Dis 2022; 14:1815-1829. [PMID: 35813724 PMCID: PMC9264075 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Aortic diseases in some orphan rheumatological diseases require medical, surgical or peripheral endovascular intervention because they can be catastrophic. Objectives: to analyze the main clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA), Marfan syndrome (MS) and similar conditions that were treated with cardiothoracic surgery and peripheral endovascular intervention. Methods Retrospective and descriptive cohort study that included patients of any age and gender with TA (as per the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and EULAR/PRINTO), MS (according to Ghent criteria), and similar conditions who underwent cardiothoracic surgery or peripheral endovascular intervention. Data were collected from electronic charts. Results A total of 77 patients with TA and 135 patients with MS and similar conditions were included. The frequency of surgical or interventional requirements in patients with TA and MS/similar conditions was 77/364 (21.2%) and 135/300 (45%), respectively; such patients were followed for a median of 6 [2–12] and 3.29 (0.42–6.62) years, with (maximum follow-up range of 47 and 21.37 years, respectively). Aneurysms were present in 11 (14.3%) and 66 (48.9%) in patients with TA and MS/similar conditions, respectively. Aortic, mitral and tricuspid valve damage occurred in 8 (10.4%) patients, 4 (5.2%) patients and 1 (1.3%) patient with TA, respectively; corresponding frequencies in patients with MS/similar conditions were 98 (72.6%), 50 (37.0%) and 20 (14.8%). We identified that 20% of patients with TA died after 5.08 years (95% CI: 0.23–25.42 years) and 20 % of the patients with MS and other similar conditions died after 7.52 years (95% CI: 1.10–9.02 years). Conclusions The frequency of surgical intervention was low in this study. Long-term prognosis is good if surgery is performed in a timely manner. Epidemiological studies provide relevant information for public health decisions related to the management of orphan rheumatological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Soto
- Immunology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, and Research Department, Cardiovascular Line, American British Cowdray Hospital Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Huitzilihuitl Saucedo-Orozco
- Cardioneumology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Cardioneumology Department, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center "La Raza", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Ochoa-Hein
- Hospital Epidemiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guering Eid-Lidt
- Hemodynamics Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier E Anaya-Ayala
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Surgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Cardiovascular Biomedicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Pedro A Reyes
- Research Directorate and Ethics Committee Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ivan Hernandez
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Martinez-Hernandez
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Mor S, Tyagi S, Kunal S, Bansal A, Mp G, Batra V, Gupta MD. Left ventricular function assessment after aortic and renal intervention in Takayasu arteritis by speckle tracking echocardiography: a pilot study. Indian Heart J 2022; 74:139-143. [PMID: 35218868 PMCID: PMC9039681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overt left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and congestive heart failure are known entities in Takayasu arteritis (TA). Subclinical LV dysfunction may develop in these patients despite normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Moreover, effect of treatment of aortic or renal artery narrowing in such patients is unknown. Methods This study included 15 angiographically confirmed TA patients undergoing aortic and/or renal intervention. A comprehensive clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic (2-dimensional, speckle tracking and tissue doppler imaging) evaluation were done at baseline, 72 h, and six months post intervention. Results Six patients (40%) had reduced LVEF (<50%) at baseline while rest 9 (60%) patients had reduced global longitudinal strain (GLS) but normal EF. Diastolic filling pattern was abnormal in all the patients. In patients with baseline reduced EF, mean EF improved from 24.62 ± 12.14% to 45.6 ± 9.45% (p = 0.001), E/e’ ratio decreased from 15.15 ± 3.19 to 10.8 ± 2.56 (p = 0.005) and median NT pro BNP decreased from 1673 pg/ml (970–2401 pg/ml) to 80 pg/ml (40–354 pg/ml) (p = 0.001) at 6 months after interventional procedure. In patients with baseline normal EF, median NT pro BNP decreased from 512 pg/ml (80–898.5 pg/ml) to 34 pg/ml (29–70.8 pg/ml) (p < 0.01), mean GLS improved from −8.80 ± 0.77% to −16.3 ± 0.78% (p < 0.001) and mean E/e’ decreased from 12.93 ± 2.63 to 7.8 ± 2.73 (p = 0.005) at 6 months follow up. Conclusion LV dysfunction is common in patients with TA and obstructive lesions in aorta or renal arteries. GLS can be used to assess subclinical systolic dysfunction in these patients. Timely intervention can improve LV dysfunction and can even reverse the subclinical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Mor
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi
| | - Shekhar Kunal
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi
| | - Ankit Bansal
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi
| | - Girish Mp
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi
| | - Vishal Batra
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi
| | - Mohit Dayal Gupta
- Department of Cardiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi.
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Pazzola G, Pipitone N, Salvarani C. Cardiac involvement in the adult primary vasculitides. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:985-991. [PMID: 32954889 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1823219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart involvement in vasculitis is rare, but potentially severe. The ascertainment of cardiac disease in vasculitis is complex and requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach involving the Rheumatologist, Radiologist, Cardiologist, and Heart surgeon. AREAS COVERED the authors searched PubMed using the keywords 'heart'[Mesh] and vasculitis"[Mesh]. EXPERT OPINION Virtually any vasculitis can affect the heart, but cardiac involvement is more common in some vasculitides such as Takayasu arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Immunosuppressive treatment and when indicated surgery can improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pazzola
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia e Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicolò Pipitone
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia e Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia e Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Abstract
UNLABELLED IntroductionTakayasu's arteritis is a rare idiopathic arteritis causing stenosis or aneurysms of the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and their branches. It usually occurs in women, but has been described in children. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the clinical presentation, demographic profile, vascular involvement, origins, management, and outcome of children diagnosed with Takayasu's arteritis at a Southern African tertiary care centre between 1993 and 2015. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of all children with Takayasu's arteritis captured on a computerised electronic database during the study period. RESULTS A total of 55 children were identified. The female:male ratio was 3.2:1, and the mean age was 9.7±3.04 years. Most originated outside the provincial borders of the study centre. The majority presented with hypertension and heart failure. In all, 37 (67%) patients had a cardiomyopathy with a mean fractional shortening of 15±5%. A positive purified protein derivative test was documented in 73%. Abdominal aorta and renal artery stenosis were the predominant angiographic lesions. A total of 23 patients underwent 30 percutaneous interventions of the aorta, pulmonary, and renal arteries: eight stents, 22 balloon angioplasties, and seven had nephrectomies. All patients received empiric tuberculosis treatment, immunosuppressive therapy, and anti-hypertensive agents as required. Overall, there was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and improvement in fractional shortening (p<0.05) with all treatments. CONCLUSION Takayasu's arteritis is more common in girls and frequently manifests with hypertension and heart failure. The abdominal aorta and renal arteries are mostly affected. Immunosuppressive, anti-hypertensive, and vascular intervention therapies improve blood pressure control and cardiac function.
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Goyal A, Shah I. Aortoarteritis with tuberculosis. J Family Med Prim Care 2017; 6:153-154. [PMID: 29026771 PMCID: PMC5629883 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.214978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortoarteritis is an inflammatory condition of the aorta, which has been rarely reported due to tuberculous infection. We report two cases of children who had aortoarteritis along with tuberculosis (TB), of which one had collapse consolidation and the other had latent TB. Both patients were treated with anti-TB therapy and steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric TB Clinic, B.J. Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ira Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric TB Clinic, B.J. Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Okada A, Takahama H, Ogura M, Morita Y, Konma J, Yoshida S, Makino S, Takashio S, Amaki M, Ohara T, Hasegawa T, Sugano Y, Kanzaki H, Harada-Shiba M, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Yasuda S, Hanafusa T, Anzai T. Multimodality assessment of left ventricular dysfunction in Takayasu arteritis and familial hypercholesterolaemia. ESC Heart Fail 2017; 4:655-659. [PMID: 28758710 PMCID: PMC5695181 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in patients suffering from Takayasu arteritis (TA) has been reported, little is known regarding the development of heart failure in these patients. We report a novel finding of active TA and familial hypercholesterolaemia presenting with severe LV dysfunction through multimodality assessments of LV systolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morita
- Department of Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Konma
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuzo Yoshida
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Makino
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Takashio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Amaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sugano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kanzaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hatsue Ishibashi-Ueda
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hanafusa
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 565-8565, Osaka, Japan
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Patra S, Sastry UMKR, Mahimaiha J, Subramanian AP, Shankarappa RK, Nanjappa MC. Dilated cardiomyopathy being the presenting manifestation of Takayasu arteritis and treated with renal angioplasty. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2014; 5:620-2. [PMID: 25324267 DOI: 10.1177/2150135114535271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an uncommon complication of Takayasu arteritis (TA) with a prevalence of about 6%. We report a case of 14-year-old girl who presented with dyspnea, bipedal edema, loss of weight, and easy fatigability for three months. She was being treated for DCM for the same duration. Clinical examination revealed absence of both upper limb pulses. Echocardiography revealed features of DCM with severe biventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction 30%). Computed tomography angiogram confirmed the diagnosis of TA and revealed the presence of bilateral renal artery stenosis. Bilateral renal angioplasty was done, and immunosuppressant therapy with oral prednisolone and weekly oral methotrexate was started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Patra
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Jayranganath Mahimaiha
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand P Subramanian
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravindranath K Shankarappa
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath C Nanjappa
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Mandal D, Mandal S, Dattaray C, Banerjee D, Ghosh P, Ghosh A, Panja M. Takayasu arteritis in pregnancy: an analysis from eastern India. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 285:567-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Davidovic L, Sindjelic R, Jovanovic Z, Bozic V, Markovic D. Takayasu's aortoarteritis. ACTA CHIRURGICA IUGOSLAVICA 2006; 52:95-8. [PMID: 16813003 DOI: 10.2298/aci0503095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surgical treatment of two female patients aged 32 and 41 years, with neurological problems causes by type I Takayasu's aortoarteritis, are presented here. Both of them were treated with by pass from ascending aorta to left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, using transsternal approach. During the follow up period (3.5 years for the first, and 2 years for the second patient) both patients were free of neurologic symptoms. Corticosteroid therapy was given to the first patient for controlling of active diseases, immediatelly after the operation and during the first three postoperative months. By this reason an infection af the proximal part of sternal wound was developed. MRI showed involvement of the vascular graft. Due to high risk of reoperation, medical treatment was performed. Takayasu's aortoarteritis is very unsommon in our country, as well as in other countries which don't belong to Far East. In cases with hemodinamic important arterial lesions produced disabling symptoms, a standard PTA and reconstructive vascular procedures are indicated. Takayasu's aortoarteritis is a complex disease. It requires combined dignostic and therapeutic approaches which produce satisffied long-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Davidovic
- Klinika za vaskularnu hirurgiju, Institut za kardiovaskularne bolesti, Beograd
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el Asri A, Tazi-Mezalek Z, Aouni M, Adnaoui M, Mohattane A, Bensaid Y, Maaouni A. [Takayasu's disease in Morocco. Report of 47 cases]. Rev Med Interne 2002; 23:9-20. [PMID: 11859700 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(01)00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Takayasu's disease is a chronic inflammatory arteritis involving large vessels in young women. We studied Moroccan patients to evaluate clinical, biological, radiological and evolution features of this disease in our country. METHODS Forty-seven patients with Takayasu's arteritis were studied retrospectively between 1988 et 1999. RESULTS In our series involvement of the aortic arch and its branches was more frequent than the abdominal aorta and its branches. Stenotic lesions of renal arteries were rare. Ultrasound was useful in the diagnosis and the monitoring of the disease. Treatment with glucocorticoids gave good results, with improvement in half of the patients and remission with stabilisation in 40% of cases. Tuberculosis occurred in 8.5% of patients. CONCLUSION The use of ultrasound and computed tomography angiography is helpful for the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease progression. Glucocorticoids help to induce long remission in about 80% of treated patients. We don't find any relationship between Takayasu's arteritis and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A el Asri
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Ibn-Sina, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
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Fukuhara K, Urano Y, Akaike M, Ahsan K, Arase S. Psoriatic arthritis associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and Takayasu's arteritis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:329-33. [PMID: 9602885 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 40-year-old Japanese man with psoriatic arthritis (PA) involving the spine, sacroiliac and peripheral joints presented with dyspnoea and ankle oedema. Blood pressure was 180/110 and 114/80 mmHg in the right and left upper arms, respectively. Examinations showed left ventricular dilatation and diffuse hypokinesis of the left ventricle, with no involvement of the coronary arteries. Aortography detected total occlusion of the left subclavian artery and stenosis of the origin at the right renal artery. Dilated cardiomyopathy and Takayasu's arteritis associated with PA was diagnosed. A few cases of PA have been reported in association with cardiovascular diseases, but the association of these three diseases has not been documented in the literature to date. Dermatologists need to be aware of cardiovascular manifestations in patients with PA, because cardiovascular diseases are not rare in other seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukuhara
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan
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Basso C, Baracca E, Zonzin P, Thiene G. Sudden cardiac arrest in a teenager as first manifestation of Takayasu's disease. Int J Cardiol 1994; 43:87-9. [PMID: 7909790 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 14-year-old girl was rescued from a sudden cardiac arrest at school. Aortography disclosed mild aortic root dilation with aortic valve incompetence and subocclusion of coronary ostia and left common carotid artery. An emergency aortocoronary bypass operation was undertaken, but the patient did not recover from cardiopulmonary bypass. Postmortem disclosed massive myocardial infarction. The microscopic feature of arterial involvement was consistent with giant cell Takayasu's arteritis. The abrupt clinical presentation in this teenager with coronary ostial subocclusion is very unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Basso
- Department of Pathology, University of Padua, Medical School, Italy
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