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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 250.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J. Detection, inhibition and disintegration of amyloid fibrils: the role of optical probes and macrocyclic receptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2789-2809. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08727b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a brief account of the recent reports on the early detection of amyloid fibril formation using fluorescent dyes and inhibition and disintegration of fibrils using macrocyclic receptors, which find applications in the treatment of fibril associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achikanath C. Bhasikuttan
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
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Shinde MN, Barooah N, Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J. Inhibition and disintegration of insulin amyloid fibrils: a facile supramolecular strategy with p-sulfonatocalixarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2992-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reveals the ability of p-sulfonatocalix[4/6]arenes to effectively inhibit the fibril formation in human insulin and demonstrate its potential to disintegrate/dissolve the mature fibrils, a promising supramolecular therapeutic strategy for amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi N. Shinde
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
- BARC-SPPU PhD Program
| | - Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Achikanath C. Bhasikuttan
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
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Stryjewska A, Kiepura K, Librowski T, Lochyński S. Biotechnology and genetic engineering in the new drug development. Part I. DNA technology and recombinant proteins. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1075-85. [PMID: 24399704 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical biotechnology has a long tradition and is rooted in the last century, first exemplified by penicillin and streptomycin as low molecular weight biosynthetic compounds. Today, pharmaceutical biotechnology still has its fundamentals in fermentation and bioprocessing, but the paradigmatic change affected by biotechnology and pharmaceutical sciences has led to an updated definition. The biotechnology revolution redrew the research, development, production and even marketing processes of drugs. Powerful new instruments and biotechnology related scientific disciplines (genomics, proteomics) make it possible to examine and exploit the behavior of proteins and molecules. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technologies (genetic, protein, and metabolic engineering) allow the production of a wide range of peptides, proteins, and biochemicals from naturally nonproducing cells. This technology, now approximately 25 years old, is becoming one of the most important technologies developed in the 20(th) century. Pharmaceutical products and industrial enzymes were the first biotech products on the world market made by means of rDNA. Despite important advances regarding rDNA applications in mammalian cells, yeasts still represent attractive hosts for the production of heterologous proteins. In this review we describe these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stryjewska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL 50-370 Wrocław, Poland. ;
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Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient with tremendous importance for human health, and zinc deficiency is a severe risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity. As abnormal zinc homeostasis causes diabetes, and because the pancreatic β-cell contains the highest zinc content of any known cell type, it is of interest to know how zinc fluxes are controlled in β-cells. The understanding of zinc homeostasis has been boosted by the discovery of multiprotein families of zinc transporters, and one of them - zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) - is abundantly and specifically expressed in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In this review, we discuss the evidence for a physiological role of ZnT8 in the formation of zinc-insulin crystals, the physical form in which most insulin is stored in secretory granules. In addition, we cross-examine this information, collected in genetically modified mouse strains, to the knowledge that genetic variants of the human ZnT8 gene predispose to the onset of type 2 diabetes and that epitopes on the ZnT8 protein trigger autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes. The overall conclusion is that we are still at the dawn of a complete understanding of how zinc homeostasis operates in normal β-cells and how abnormalities lead to β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2012.00199.x, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Lemaire
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Leng C, Li Q, Wu F, Chen L, Su P. Detection of the single-chain precursor in the production and purification process of recombinant human insulin. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 32:255-61. [PMID: 23909418 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality recombinant insulin requires being free of single-chain precursor (proinsulin), a task that depends on the selectivity and sensitivity of the monitoring process for detecting proinsulin. In this study we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system that was specifically tailored to detect recombinant proinsulin. The proinsulin consists of six components: an initiating methionine, 48 amino acids from human growth hormones (HGH, used as the protection peptide), first connecting Arg-residue, B-chain of insulin, and second connecting Arg-peptide and A-chain of insulin. This form of proinsulin is more stable and can be efficiently expressed by E. coli than insulin. Herein, we evaluated the specificity, precision, recovery, sensitivity, and detection range of the proinsulin ELISA kit. The results showed that the ELISA kit is a very useful tool for monitoring the proinsulin yield in early stages of insulin production as well as the residual proinsulin in the final product, insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Leng
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.
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Murali R, Greene MI. Structure based antibody-like peptidomimetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:209-35. [PMID: 24288089 PMCID: PMC3763629 DOI: 10.3390/ph5020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and soluble receptors represent new classes of therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. High affinity and high specificity biologics can be utilized for variety of clinical purposes. Monoclonal antibodies have been used as diagnostic agents when coupled with radionuclide, immune modulatory agents or in the treatment of cancers. Among other limitations of using large molecules for therapy the actual cost of biologics has become an issue. There is an effort among chemists and biologists to reduce the size of biologics which includes monoclonal antibodies and receptors without a reduction of biological efficacy. Single chain antibody, camel antibodies, Fv fragments are examples of this type of deconstructive process. Small high-affinity peptides have been identified using phage screening. Our laboratory used a structure-based approach to develop small-size peptidomimetics from the three-dimensional structure of proteins with immunoglobulin folds as exemplified by CD4 and antibodies. Peptides derived either from the receptor or their cognate ligand mimics the functions of the parental macromolecule. These constrained peptides not only provide a platform for developing small molecule drugs, but also provide insight into the atomic features of protein-protein interactions. A general overview of the reduction of monoclonal antibodies to small exocyclic peptide and its prospects as a useful diagnostic and as a drug in the treatment of cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, D5091 Davis Building, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark I. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Walsh G. Second-generation biopharmaceuticals. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:185-96. [PMID: 15296948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of first generation biopharmaceuticals are unengineered murine monoclonal antibodies or simple replacement proteins displaying an identical amino acid sequence to a native human protein. While some such products continue to be approved, an increasing number of modern biopharmaceuticals are engineered, second-generation products. Engineering can entail alteration of amino acid sequence, alteration of the glycocomponent of a glycosylated protein, or the covalent attachment of chemical moieties such as polyethylene glycol. Engineering has been applied in order to alter a protein's immunological or pharmacokinetic profile, or in order to generate novel fusion products. Better understanding of the links between protein structure and function will underpin the development of an increasing number of engineered biopharmaceuticals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Industrial Biochemistry Program, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Lohray BB. Medical biotechnology in India. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 85:215-81. [PMID: 12930097 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36466-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of biotechnology has just began to emerge in the 20th century. After the full knowledge of human genomes is available, biotechnology is going to play a major role in shaping the concept of future drug discovery, drug delivery, diagnostic methodology, clinical trials, and to a great extent the major lifestyle of the human society. This article is a comprehensive review of the major impact of biotechnology in diagnostics, antibiotics, r-proteins, vaccines, and antibodies production. It also highlights the future aspects of gene therapy in the management of healthcare. A comprehensive list of biotech products in healthcare management has been given. Also, the growth of biotechnology throughout the world at large and in the Indian industries in particular has been highlighted. Constraints, concerns and difficulties in biotechnology in India have been addressed mainly related to human resources, training institutions in India, funding in biotechnology, patent-related issues and regulatory hurdles. Like in information technology, India has great potential in bioinformatics as well. Some of the recent information on bioinformatics centers in India has been summarized. Indian biotechnology industries have the potential to use the modern discoveries in life sciences to reach an enviable position in the world of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braj B Lohray
- Zydus Research Center, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla Highway, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 213, India.
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Wilchek M, Miron T. Modification of histidine (B10) is the causative agent for a superactive form of insulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:775-7. [PMID: 11785967 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The site of modification that is responsible for the formation of superactive insulin (ILM) was determined. The insulin derivative was prepared by treatment of insulin-Sepharose with ammonium bicarbonate. It was found that the insulin was bound to the resin through histidine B10, His (B10), and its ammonium bicarbonate-mediated release resulted in an insulin analog in which His (B10) was modified on the imidazole ring. This modification was reversible upon storage, resulting in normal levels of insulin activity. Amino acid analysis of a peptide containing this modified histidine revealed some aspartic acid. Since Asp (B10) insulin is also superactive, the observed superactivity may thus stem from either modification of the histidine or its conversion to aspartic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Wilchek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Abstract
The relationship between diabetes, insulin and zinc (Zn) is complex with no clear cause and effect relationships. In Type 1 diabetes there is a lack of insulin production, in Type 2 diabetes resistance to the effects of insulin are predominant. Both Type 1 and Type 2 have the same long-term complications. Diabetes effects zinc homeostasis in many ways, although it is most probably the hyperglycemia, rather than any primary lesion related to diabetes, which is responsible for the increased urinary loss and decreases in total body zinc. The role of Zn deficiency, which could, at least potentially, exacerbate the cytokine-induced damage in the autoimmune attack which destroys the islet cell in Type 1 diabetes, is unclear. Since Zn plays a clear role in the synthesis, storage and secretion of insulin as well as conformational integrity of insulin in the hexameric form, the decreased Zn, which affects the ability of the islet cell to produce and secrete insulin, might then compound the problem, particularly in Type 2 diabetes. Several of the complications of diabetes may be related to increased intracellular oxidants and free radicals associated with decreases in intracellular Zn and in Zn dependent antioxidant enzymes. There appears to be a complex interrelationship between Zn and both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The role of Zn in the clinical management of diabetes, its complications, or in its prevention is, at best, unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Chausmer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Section, VA Medical Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine at Shreveport, USA
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Nourse A, Jeffrey PD. A sedimentation equilibrium study of platypus insulin: the HB10D mutant does not associate beyond dimer. Biophys Chem 1998; 71:21-34. [PMID: 9591358 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(97)00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An extensive study of the self-association patterns of zinc-free synthetic native and mutant (HB10D) platypus insulin in solution (pH = 7.0; I = 0.1 M; 25 degrees C) has been undertaken using the method of sedimentation equilibrium. The data was fitted to a mathematical equation describing the indefinite duoisodesmic (IDI) model of self-association [A.E. Mark, P.D. Jeffrey, Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Slayer, 371 (1990) 1165]. From this the relevant association constants, KA and KB, describing the polymerising system were calculated. This information allows the calculation of the complex distribution of odd and even numbered polymeric species within the insulin system in solution. In the studies on the self-association of the synthetic native and mutant platypus insulin, each was compared with bovine insulin as well as with each other. It is concluded that there is some reduction in the extent of the self-association of native platypus insulin compared to bovine insulin. A reduction, in specifically the dimer-dimer interaction, is indicated by the higher KA and lower KB values. HB10D platypus insulin shows a dramatic reduction in self-association compared to native platypus and to bovine insulin. Analysis of the self-association pattern yielding a KB value of effectively zero suggests that the substitution of an aspartic acid residue for a histidine at B10 virtually abolishes its dimer-dimer interaction. Platypus insulin has essentially the same biological activity as that of porcine (submitted for publication) but a somewhat lower self-association, while the introduction of one amino acid in a critical region increases the activity twofold while abolishing self-association beyond dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nourse
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Bekos EJ, Gardella JA, Bright FV. The binding of free oligopeptides to cyclodextrins: The role of the tyrosine group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01053537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen JQ, Zhang HT, Hu MH, Tang JG. Production of human insulin in an E. coli system with Met-Lys-human proinsulin as the expressed precursor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1995; 55:5-15. [PMID: 7486987 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The construction of a gene encoding Lys-human proinsulin, its direct expression in E. coli, and the simple purification procedure are described here. The temperature inducible promotor was employed for induction in a very short time. The expression level could reach 20-30%. After simple downstream processing and only one step of Sephadex G50 purification, 150 mg recombinant Lys-human proinsulin with a purity of up to 90% could be obtained easily from 1 L of high density fermentation medium. The obtained product is in the form of Met-Lys-human proinsulin because of the failure of the bacterial host to remove the initiator methionine residue. The Lys-human proinsulin could be changed into human insulin by trypsin and carboxypeptidase B treatment in later steps. After separation with DEAE-Sephadex A25, human insulin with expected amino acid composition and full native biological activity could be obtained with a yield of 50 mg/L of fermentation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Q Chen
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Camilleri P, Haskins NJ, Howlett DR. beta-Cyclodextrin interacts with the Alzheimer amyloid beta-A4 peptide. FEBS Lett 1994; 341:256-8. [PMID: 7907994 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry has been used to show that the synthetic 40 amino acid beta-amyloid peptide (beta 1-40) interacts with the cyclic oligosaccharide beta-cyclodextrin. This interaction, presumably with the hydrophobic aromatic moieties on the peptide, has been shown to diminish substantially the neurotoxic effects of beta 1-40 in a cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Camilleri
- Departments of Analytical Science, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, The Frythe, Welwyn, Herts, UK
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Weibel EK. Biological safety considerations in the production of health care products from recombinant organisms. Biotechnol Adv 1994; 12:525-38. [PMID: 14548469 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(94)90022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Safety considerations in the field of recombinant technology and rDNA production of health care products have been under discussion since the beginning of this technology in 1973 and will certainly go on. However no adverse effects, which could have been attributed to rDNA technology have been observed. On the other hand many life-saving and life-improving drugs have been on the market for many years to the benefit of many patients. New technologies and products thereof often provoke uncertainties about their impact on the environment or society. This article discusses some potential risks in the application of rDNA technology to drugs as well as some benefits for patients, society and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Weibel
- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research New Technologies, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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