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Liu H, Li B, Zhang M, Dai C, Xi P, Liu Y, Huang Q, He J, Lang Y, Tang R. Unexpected Terrain Induced Changes in Cortical Activity in Bipedal-Walking Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010036. [PMID: 35053035 PMCID: PMC8773320 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Most studies on cortical dynamics during walking require subjects to walk stably on specific terrain. In fact, humans or other animals are often disturbed by an abrupt change in terrains during walking. To study the impact of unexpected terrain on cortical activity, we analyzed the kinematics and electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics of bipedal-walking rats after encountering unexpected terrain. We found that the gait of rats after encountering the unexpected terrain were significantly different from normal walking. Furthermore, the activities of the left and right primary motor areas (M1), the left and right primary somatosensory areas (S1), and the retrosplenial area (RSP) are coupled to gait cycle phase and varied with the terrain conditions. These findings suggest that unexpected terrains induced changes in gait and cortical activity, and provide novel insights into cortical dynamics during walking. Abstract Humans and other animals can quickly respond to unexpected terrains during walking, but little is known about the cortical dynamics in this process. To study the impact of unexpected terrains on brain activity, we allowed rats with blocked vision to walk on a treadmill in a bipedal posture and then walk on an uneven area at a random position on the treadmill belt. Whole brain EEG signals and hind limb kinematics of bipedal-walking rats were recorded. After encountering unexpected terrain, the θ band power of the bilateral M1, the γ band power of the left S1, and the θ to γ band power of the RSP significantly decreased compared with normal walking. Furthermore, when the rats left uneven terrain, the β band power of the bilateral M1 and the α band power of the right M1 decreased, while the γ band power of the left M1 significantly increased compared with normal walking. Compared with the flat terrain, the θ to low β (3–20 Hz) band power of the bilateral S1 increased after the rats contacted the uneven terrain and then decreased in the single- or double- support phase. These results support the hypothesis that unexpected terrains induced changes in cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Minjian Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Chuankai Dai
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Pengcheng Xi
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.T.)
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Chowdhury A, Raza H, Meena YK, Dutta A, Prasad G. An EEG-EMG correlation-based brain-computer interface for hand orthosis supported neuro-rehabilitation. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 312:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lee D, Jang C, Park HJ. Neurofeedback learning for mental practice rather than repetitive practice improves neural pattern consistency and functional network efficiency in the subsequent mental motor execution. Neuroimage 2018; 188:680-693. [PMID: 30599191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain modulation, repeated mental practice may not always result in efficient learning. Particularly, the effectiveness of mental motor practice depends on how well one induces neural activity in a desired state consistently across mental trials, which calls for feedbacks to adjust one's performance. We hypothesized that even a brief experience of neurofeedback learning enhances trial-by-trial neural pattern consistency during subsequent mental motor execution and that this experience would change recruitment of functional connectivity in the motor imagery and default mode networks. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with two sessions of mental motor practice before and after a neurofeedback training session, in which participants conducted four types of first-person mental motor execution tasks (walking forward, turning left, turning right, and touching a tree). During the neurofeedback training session, in which participants conducted a virtual navigation game, 10 experimental participants received real-time fMRI neuro-feedbacks, while 10 control participants simply repeated the same mental task according to given cues without feedbacks. The experimental group showed significantly higher effects of neuro-feedback training on trial-by-trial consistencies and classification accuracies of activated neural patterns than the control group. Task-performing global node strength and network efficiency were increased in the motor imagery network but decreased in the default mode network only in the experimental group. These results demonstrate that even a brief experience of feedback learning is more effective than simple practice repetitions without evaluation, which was reflected in increased neural pattern consistency and task-dependent functional connectivity during a mental motor execution task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongha Lee
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Jang
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeong Park
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Carvalho R, Azevedo E, Marques P, Dias N, Cerqueira JJ. Physiotherapy based on problem-solving in upper limb function and neuroplasticity in chronic stroke patients: A case series. J Eval Clin Pract 2018; 24:552-560. [PMID: 29691951 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES Upper limb recovery is one of the main concerns of stroke neurorehabilitation. Neuroplasticity might underlie such recovery, particularly in the chronic phase. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of physiotherapy based on problem-solving in recovering arm function in chronic stroke patients and explore its neuroplastic changes. METHODS A small sample research design with a n of 3 using a pre-post test design was carried out. Neuroplasticity and function were assessed by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (during motor imagery and performance), action research arm test, motor assessment scale, and Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, at 3 sequential time periods: baseline(m0-before a 4-week period without physiotherapy), pre-treatment(m1), and post-treatment(m2). Minimal clinical important differences and a recovery score were assessed. Assessors were blinded to moment assignment. Patients1 underwent physiotherapy sessions, 50 minutes, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Four control subjects served as a reference for functional magnetic resonance imaging changes. RESULTS All patients recovered more than 20% after intervention. Stroke patients had similar increased areas as healthy subjects during motor execution but not during imagination at baseline. Consequently, all patients increased activity in the contralateral precentral area after intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that 4 weeks of physiotherapy promoted the recovery of arm function and neuroplasticity in all chronic stroke patients. Future research is recommended to determine the efficacy of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Elsa Azevedo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital São João and Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Dias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,DIGARC, Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Obayashi Y, Uemura JI, Hoshiyama M. Functional inter-cortical connectivity among motor-related cortices during motor imagery: A magnetoencephalographic study. Somatosens Mot Res 2016; 34:1-8. [PMID: 27892762 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2016.1257985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural connectivity was measured during motor imagery (MI) and motor execution (ME) using magnetoencephalography in nine healthy subjects, MI, and at rest. Lower coherence values during ME and MI between sensorimotor areas than at rest, and lower values during MI between the left supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus than ME suggested the sensorimotor network of MI functioned with similar connectivity to ME and that the inhibitory activity functioned continuously during MI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Obayashi
- a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , Nagoya University , Higashi-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Uemura
- a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , Nagoya University , Higashi-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Minoru Hoshiyama
- a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , Nagoya University , Higashi-ku, Nagoya , Japan.,b Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University , Higashi-ku, Nagoya , Japan
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Bell AR, Murray BJ. Improvement in Upper Limb Motor Performance following Stroke: The Use of Mental Practice. Br J Occup Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/030802260406701106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mental practice is a technique that involves imagery and rehearsal of movement without movement actually occurring. This study considers the evidence that indicates whether mental practice is successful in improving upper limb motor performance after a stroke. The use of mental practice in the traditional fields of sport, music and dance is identified and a theoretical premise for its application in stroke rehabilitation is presented. Eight studies on the use of mental practice in the rehabilitation of motor performance following a stroke are critiqued. These studies suggest that mental practice improves upper limb motor ability and appears to be applicable to a range of participants, especially those with moderate impairment, although good cognitive and communication skills are required. The article suggests reasons that this relatively new approach should be considered by occupational therapists involved in stroke rehabilitation. The limited number of studies and small sample sizes are highlighted. Further research is recommended in order to identify people who will benefit from mental practice, to investigate the generalisation of results and to establish guidelines for the effective provision of mental practice in terms of length, format and content in stroke rehabilitation.
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Page SJ. Imagery Improves Upper Extremity Motor Function in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153944920002000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After medical stabilization, stroke patients receive rehabilitation during a period that is considered subacute. The traditional view of neurologic rehabilitation is that it reduces impairment and minimizes disability. However, intensive rehabilitation is expensive and there are limited and diminishing financial resources to pay for therapy after stroke. Imagery improves motor learning and performance. Studies report increased blood flow, electromyographic activity during imagery, and subsequent changes in organization of the motor cortex in stroke patients following imagery. Since these events usually precede reacquisition of function, it has been suggested that imagery may be beneficial in reacquisition of function following stroke. To test this, 8 chronic stroke patients with right-arm hemiparesis were provided a four-week program combining occupational therapy and imagery (OT + I), while 8 controls received a program consisting only of OT. Scores on the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Recovery indicated that those receiving OT + I exhibited significantly more improved function than those receiving OT ( F [1,14] −14.71; p < .05). Findings suggest that imagery may be an inexpensive, noninvasive compliment to OT for hemiparesis in stroke. The researchers encourage further investigation of OT + I in stroke.
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Yoo EY, Chung BI. The effect of visual feedback plus mental practice on symmetrical weight-bearing training in people with hemiparesis. Clin Rehabil 2016; 20:388-97. [PMID: 16774089 DOI: 10.1191/0269215506cr962oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of visual feedback with mental practice on symmetrical weight-bearing training in three individuals with hemiparetic stroke. Design: A single-subject experimental design, alternating with multiple baselines across individuals. Setting: Laboratory of a department of occupational therapy. Participants: Three individuals with left hemiparesis from stroke. Intervention: Visual feedback with mental practice on symmetrical weight-bearing training. Main outcome measures: The proportion of the participant's weight-bearing by the affected limb while standing was measured using Limloader. Results: For participants 1, 2 and 3, the respective average weight-bearing proportions of the affected limb were 27%, 31% and 21% at baseline, 47%, 48% and 47% after visual feedback with mental practice, and 42%, 48% and 42% after visual feedback only, immediately following each training session. When the participants had visual feedback with mental practice, they placed a greater proportion of their weight on the affected limb, and this effect was maintained for 1 h. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the visual feedback approach alone can effect improvement but visual feedback together with mental practice produces further positive effect on improving and maintaining a symmetrical stance posture in people with hemiparetic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-young Yoo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
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Crosbie JH, McDonough SM, Gilmore DH, Wiggam MI. The adjunctive role of mental practice in the rehabilitation of the upper limb after hemiplegic stroke: a pilot studya. Clin Rehabil 2016; 18:60-8. [PMID: 14763720 DOI: 10.1191/0269215504cr702oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the feasibility and practicalities of using the technique of mental practice as an adjunct in the rehabilitation of the upper limb following stroke. Design: A series of single-case studies. Setting: A stroke rehabilitation unit in Belfast. Subjects: Fourteen patients admitted for rehabilitation of their first stroke: six men and four women, aged 45–81 between 10 and 176 days post stroke. Intervention: Each patient underwent a single-case design, with two weeks baseline, two weeks intervention and one week withdrawal. The intervention consisted of structured daily mental practice sessions of a reach and grasp task, in addition to their usual therapy. Main outcome measures: The upper limb component of the Motricity Index was used to grade motor activity sequentially across the timescale of the study. Results: Of the 14 patients recruited, four withdrew and 10 completed the study. Nine showed improvement in upper limb Motricity Index score with mental practice as measured by the two-band standard deviation method. One of these cases demonstrated an unstable baseline such that changes could not be attributed to intervention. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that mental practice may be useful as an adjunct to physiotherapy after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H Crosbie
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Antrim, Northern Ireland
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Pomeroy VM, Clark CA, Miller JSG, Baron JC, Markus HS, Tallis RC. The Potential for Utilizing the “Mirror Neurone System” to Enhance Recovery of the Severely Affected Upper Limb Early after Stroke: A Review and Hypothesis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 19:4-13. [PMID: 15673838 DOI: 10.1177/1545968304274351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of upper limb movement control after stroke might be enhanced by repetitive goal-directed functional activities. Providing such activity is challenging in the presence of severe paresis. A possible new approach is based on the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey cortical area F5, which are active both in observing and executing a movement. Indirect evidence for a comparable human “mirror neurone system” is provided by functional imaging. The primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, other brain areas, and muscles appropriate for the action being observed are probably activated in healthy volunteers observing another’s movement. These findings raise the hypothesis that observation of another’s movement might train the movement execution system of stroke patients who have severe paresis to bring them to the point at which they could actively participate in rehabilitation consisting of goal-directed activities. The point of providing an observation therapy would be to facilitate the voluntary production of movement; therefore, the condition of interest would be observation with intent to imitate. However, there is as yet insufficient evidence to enable the testing of this hypothesis in stroke patients. Studies in normal subjects are needed to determine which brain sites are activated in response to observation with intent to imitate. Studies in stroke subjects are needed to determine how activation is affected after damage to different brain areas. The information from such studies should aid identification of those stroke patients who might be most likely to benefit from observation to imitate and therefore guide phase I clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Pomeroy
- Geriatric Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Integrating Mental Practice with Task-specific Training and Behavioral Supports in Poststroke Rehabilitation. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2015; 26:715-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cha YJ, Yoo EY, Jung MY, Park SH, Park JH, Lee J. Effects of Mental Practice with Action Observation Training on Occupational Performance after Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:1405-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lee H, Kim H, Ahn M, You Y. Effects of proprioception training with exercise imagery on balance ability of stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1-4. [PMID: 25642023 PMCID: PMC4305533 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the effects of
proprioceptive training accompanied by motor imagery training and general proprioceptive
training on the balance of stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-six stroke
patients were randomly assigned to either an experimental group of 18 patients or a
control group of 18 patients. The experimental group was given motor imagery training for
5 minutes and proprioceptive training for 25 minutes, while the control group was given
proprioceptive training for 30 minutes. Each session and training program was implemented
5 times a week for 8 weeks. The Korean version of the Berg Balance Scale (K-BBS), Timed Up
and Go test (TUG), weight bearing ratio (AFA-50, Alfoots, Republic of Korea), and joint
position sense error (Dualer IQ Inclinometer, JTECH Medical, USA) were measured. [Results]
Both groups showed improvements in K-BBS, TUG, weight bearing ratio, and joint position
sense error. The measures of the experimental group showed greater improvement than the
control group. [Conclusion] Motor imagery training, which is not subject to time
restrictions, is not very risky and can be used as an effective treatment method for
improving the balance ability of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Graduate School of Hallym University, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Graduate School of Hallym University, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Ahn
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Rusk Rehabilitation Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngyoul You
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bronco Memorial Hospital, Republic of Korea
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Page SJ, Levine P, Hill V. Mental practice--triggered electrical stimulation in chronic, moderate, upper-extremity hemiparesis after stroke. Am J Occup Ther 2015; 69:6901290050p1-8. [PMID: 25553754 PMCID: PMC4322927 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2015.014902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and impact of home-based, mental practice-triggered electrical stimulation among stroke survivors exhibiting moderate upper-extremity (UE) impairment. METHOD Five participants with moderate, stable UE hemiparesis were administered the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, the Box and Block Test, and the Activities of Daily Living, Hand Function, and overall recovery domains of the Stroke Impact Scale (Version 3). They were then administered an 8-wk regimen consisting of 1 hr of mental practice-triggered electrical stimulation every weekday in their home. At the end of every 2 wk, participants attended supervised stimulation to progress therapeutic exercises and stimulation levels and monitor compliance. RESULTS Six instances of device noncompliance were reported. Participants exhibited reduced UE motor impairment and increased UE dexterity and participation in valued activities. CONCLUSION The regimen appears feasible and had a substantial impact on UE impairment, dexterity, and participation in valued activities as well as perceptions of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Page
- Stephen J. Page, PhD, MS, OTR/L, FAHA, FACRM, is Director, Better Rehabilitation and Assessment for Improved Neuro-recovery (B.R.A.I.N.) Laboratory, and Associate Professor, Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus;
| | - Peter Levine
- Peter Levine, PTA, is Director, Synaps Together, LLC, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Valerie Hill
- Valerie Hill, PhD, OTR/L, is Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Allami N, Brovelli A, Hamzaoui EM, Regragui F, Paulignan Y, Boussaoud D. Neurophysiological correlates of visuo-motor learning through mental and physical practice. Neuropsychologia 2014; 55:6-14. [PMID: 24388796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that mental rehearsal can replace up to 75% of physical practice for learning a visuomotor task (Allami, Paulignan, Brovelli, & Boussaoud, (2008). Experimental Brain Research, 184, 105-113). Presumably, mental rehearsal must induce brain changes that facilitate motor learning. We tested this hypothesis by recording scalp electroencephalographic activity (EEG) in two groups of subjects. In one group, subjects executed a reach to grasp task for 240 trials. In the second group, subjects learned the task through a combination of mental rehearsal for the initial 180 trials followed by the execution of 60 trials. Thus, one group physically executed the task for 240 trials, the other only for 60 trials. Amplitudes and latencies of event-related potentials (ERPs) were compared across groups at different stages during learning. We found that ERP activity increases dramatically with training and reaches the same amplitude over the premotor regions in the two groups, despite large differences in physically executed trials. These findings suggest that during mental rehearsal, neuronal changes occur in the motor networks that make physical practice after mental rehearsal more effective in configuring functional networks for skilful behaviour.
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Effect of overground training augmented by mental practice on gait velocity in chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 95:615-21. [PMID: 24342552 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of a regimen combining mental practice (MP) with overground training (OT) with the efficacy of a regimen consisting of OT only on gait velocity and lower extremity motor outcomes in individuals with chronic (>12mo postinjury), incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Randomized, controlled, single-blinded study. SETTING Outpatient rehabilitation laboratories. PARTICIPANTS Subjects with chronic, incomplete SCI (N=18). INTERVENTIONS Subjects were randomly assigned to receive (1) OT only, occurring 3d/wk for 8 weeks; or (2) OT augmented by MP (MP + OT), during which randomly assigned subjects listened to an MP audio recording directly after OT sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects were administered a test of gait velocity as well as the Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, Spinal Cord Injury Independence Measure, and Satisfaction With Life Scale on 2 occasions before intervention, 1 week after intervention, and 12 weeks after intervention. RESULTS A significant increase in gait velocity was exhibited across subjects at both 1 week posttherapy (P=.005) and at 12 weeks posttherapy (P=.006). However, no differences were seen in intervention response at either 1 or 12 weeks postintervention among subjects in the MP + OT group versus the OT-only group. CONCLUSIONS OT was associated with significant gains in gait velocity, and these gains were not augmented by further addition of MP.
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Van Leeuwen R, Inglis TJ. Mental practice and imagery: a potential role in stroke rehabilitation. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/ptr.1998.3.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Action Imagery Combined With Action Observation Activates More Corticomotor Regions Than Action Observation Alone. J Neurol Phys Ther 2012; 36:182-8. [DOI: 10.1097/npt.0b013e318272cad1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prasad G, Herman P, Coyle D, McDonough S, Crosbie J. Applying a brain-computer interface to support motor imagery practice in people with stroke for upper limb recovery: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2010; 7:60. [PMID: 21156054 PMCID: PMC3017056 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is now sufficient evidence that using a rehabilitation protocol involving motor imagery (MI) practice in conjunction with physical practice (PP) of goal-directed rehabilitation tasks leads to enhanced functional recovery of paralyzed limbs among stroke sufferers. It is however difficult to confirm patient engagement during an MI in the absence of any on-line measure. Fortunately an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide an on-line measure of MI activity as a neurofeedback for the BCI user to help him/her focus better on the MI task. However initial performance of novice BCI users may be quite moderate and may cause frustration. This paper reports a pilot study in which a BCI system is used to provide a computer game-based neurofeedback to stroke participants during the MI part of a protocol. METHODS The participants included five chronic hemiplegic stroke sufferers. Participants received up to twelve 30-minute MI practice sessions (in conjunction with PP sessions of the same duration) on 2 days a week for 6 weeks. The BCI neurofeedback performance was evaluated based on the MI task classification accuracy (CA) rate. A set of outcome measures including action research arm test (ARAT) and grip strength (GS), was made use of in assessing the upper limb functional recovery. In addition, since stroke sufferers often experience physical tiredness, which may influence the protocol effectiveness, their fatigue and mood levels were assessed regularly. RESULTS Positive improvement in at least one of the outcome measures was observed in all the participants, while improvements approached a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the ARAT. The on-line CA of MI induced sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) modulation patterns in the form of lateralized event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) effects, for novice participants was in a moderate range of 60-75% within the limited 12 training sessions. The ERD/ERS change from the first to the last session was statistically significant for only two participants. CONCLUSIONS Overall the crucial observation is that the moderate BCI classification performance did not impede the positive rehabilitation trends as quantified with the rehabilitation outcome measures adopted in this study. Therefore it can be concluded that the BCI supported MI is a feasible intervention as part of a post-stroke rehabilitation protocol combining both PP and MI practice of rehabilitation tasks. Although these findings are promising, the scope of the final conclusions is limited by the small sample size and the lack of a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girijesh Prasad
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre (ISRC), University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Derry, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Pawel Herman
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre (ISRC), University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Derry, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Damien Coyle
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre (ISRC), University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Derry, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Suzanne McDonough
- Health & Rehabilitation Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtonabbey, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Jacqueline Crosbie
- Health & Rehabilitation Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtonabbey, N. Ireland, UK
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Schuster C, Butler J, Andrews B, Kischka U, Ettlin T. Comparison of embedded and added motor imagery training in patients after stroke: study protocol of a randomised controlled pilot trial using a mixed methods approach. Trials 2009; 10:97. [PMID: 19849835 PMCID: PMC2775030 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two different approaches have been adopted when applying motor imagery (MI) to stroke patients. MI can be conducted either added to conventional physiotherapy or integrated within therapy sessions. The proposed study aims to compare the efficacy of embedded MI to an added MI intervention. Evidence from pilot studies reported in the literature suggests that both approaches can improve performance of a complex motor skill involving whole body movements, however, it remains to be demonstrated, which is the more effective one. METHODS/DESIGN A single blinded, randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a pre-post intervention design will be carried out. The study design includes two experimental groups and a control group (CG). Both experimental groups (EG1, EG2) will receive physical practice of a clinical relevant motor task ('Going down, laying on the floor, and getting up again') over a two week intervention period: EG1 with embedded MI training, EG2 with MI training added after physiotherapy. The CG will receive standard physiotherapy intervention and an additional control intervention not related to MI. The primary study outcome is the time difference to perform the task from pre to post-intervention. Secondary outcomes include level of help needed, stages of motor task completion, degree of motor impairment, balance ability, fear of falling measure, motivation score, and motor imagery ability score. Four data collection points are proposed: twice during baseline phase, once following the intervention period, and once after a two week follow up. A nested qualitative part should add an important insight into patients' experience and attitudes towards MI. Semi-structured interviews of six to ten patients, who participate in the RCT, will be conducted to investigate patients' previous experience with MI and their expectations towards the MI intervention in the study. Patients will be interviewed prior and after the intervention period. DISCUSSION Results will determine whether embedded MI is superior to added MI. Findings of the semi-structured interviews will help to integrate patient's expectations of MI interventions in the design of research studies to improve practical applicability using MI as an adjunct therapy technique.
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Fell NT, Wrisberg CA. Mental Rehearsal as a Complementary Treatment in Geriatric Rehabilitation. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/j148v18n04_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Braun S, Kleynen M, Schols J, Schack T, Beurskens A, Wade D. Using mental practice in stroke rehabilitation: a framework. Clin Rehabil 2008; 22:579-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215508090066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Motor imagery and mental practice are getting increased attention in neurological rehabilitation. Several different mental practice intervention protocols have been used in studies on its effect on recovery in stroke rehabilitation. The content of the intervention protocols itself is rarely discussed or questioned. Objective: To give a practical framework of how mental practice could be integrated into therapy, drawing on available evidence and theory. The aim of the treatment programme described is to enhance both the patient's physical performance and their empowerment and self-determination. The framework: Based on evidence from sports rehabilitation and our own experiences the framework will eventually be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Five steps are described to teach and upgrade the patient's imagery technique: (1) assess mental capacity to learn imagery technique; (2) establish the nature of mental practice; (3) teach imagery technique; (4) embed and monitor imagery technique; (5) develop self-generated treatments. The description is not, however, a recipe that should be followed precisely. It leaves enough room to tailor the mental practice intervention to the specific individual possibilities, skills and needs of the patient in accordance with evidence-based practice. Discussion: Different aspects of the described protocol are discussed and compared with experiences from sports and evidence available in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Braun
- Department of Health and Technique, Zuyd University,
| | | | - Jos Schols
- Department of General Practice, Maastricht University
| | - Thomas Schack
- Department of Psychology and Science, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld
| | - Anna Beurskens
- Department of Health and Technique, Zuyd University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Derick Wade
- Department of Rehabilitation, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Mulder T. Motor imagery and action observation: cognitive tools for rehabilitation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:1265-78. [PMID: 17579805 PMCID: PMC2797860 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Rehabilitation, for a large part may be seen as a learning process where old skills have to be re-acquired and new ones have to be learned on the basis of practice. Active exercising creates a flow of sensory (afferent) information. It is known that motor recovery and motor learning have many aspects in common. Both are largely based on response-produced sensory information. In the present article it is asked whether active physical exercise is always necessary for creating this sensory flow. Numerous studies have indicated that motor imagery may result in the same plastic changes in the motor system as actual physical practice. Motor imagery is the mental execution of a movement without any overt movement or without any peripheral (muscle) activation. It has been shown that motor imagery leads to the activation of the same brain areas as actual movement. The present article discusses the role that motor imagery may play in neurological rehabilitation. Furthermore, it will be discussed to what extent the observation of a movement performed by another subject may play a similar role in learning. It is concluded that, although the clinical evidence is still meager, the use of motor imagery in neurological rehabilitation may be defended on theoretical grounds and on the basis of the results of experimental studies with healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th Mulder
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mental practice (MP) of a particular motor skill has repeatedly been shown to activate the same musculature and neural areas as physical practice of the skill. Pilot study results suggest that a rehabilitation program incorporating MP of valued motor skills in chronic stroke patients provides sufficient repetitive practice to increase affected arm use and function. This Phase 2 study compared efficacy of a rehabilitation program incorporating MP of specific arm movements to a placebo condition using randomized controlled methods and an appropriate sample size. Method- Thirty-two chronic stroke patients (mean=3.6 years) with moderate motor deficits received 30-minute therapy sessions occurring 2 days/week for 6 weeks, and emphasizing activities of daily living. Subjects randomly assigned to the experimental condition also received 30-minute MP sessions provided directly after therapy requiring daily MP of the activities of daily living; subjects assigned to the control group received the same amount of therapist interaction as the experimental group, and a sham intervention directly after therapy, consisting of relaxation. Outcomes were evaluated by a blinded rater using the Action Research Arm test and the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. RESULTS No pre-existing group differences were found on any demographic variable or movement scale. Subjects receiving MP showed significant reductions in affected arm impairment and significant increases in daily arm function (both at the P<0.0001 level). Only patients in the group receiving MP exhibited new ability to perform valued activities. CONCLUSIONS The results support the efficacy of programs incorporating mental practice for rehabilitating affected arm motor function in patients with chronic stroke. These changes are clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Page
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0530.
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Braun SM, Beurskens AJ, Borm PJ, Schack T, Wade DT. The Effects of Mental Practice in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87:842-52. [PMID: 16731221 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a mental practice intervention on recovery in stroke patients. DATA SOURCES A systematic literature search of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, Pedro, Rehadat, and RehabTrials was performed by 2 researchers independently. Eligible studies published through August 2005 were selected. STUDY SELECTION Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 controlled clinical trial (CCT), 2 patient series, and 3 case reports that investigated the effects of a mental practice intervention on recovery of stroke patients were included. DATA EXTRACTION The selected RCTs and CCT were assessed on a methodologic quality rating scale. Important characteristics and outcomes were extracted and summarized. Results and characteristics from the patient series and case reports were only provided if they added information. DATA SYNTHESIS Included studies differed clearly from one another with regard to patient characteristics, intervention protocol, and outcome measures. Four different mental practice strategies were used. Most tasks involved mentally rehearsing movements of the arm. Intervention periods varied from 2 to 6 weeks, frequencies ranged from multiple sessions per day to 3 times a week. Studies were limited in size. Power could not be increased by pooling or meta-analysis because studies were not comparable. Three of the 4 RCTs were of reasonable methodologic quality. There was some evidence that mental practice as an additional therapy intervention had positive effects on recovery of arm function after stroke. Two mental practice techniques appeared to be effective-tape instruction and self-regulation. Results from the single case studies indicate that mental practice is also promising for improvement of leg function. CONCLUSIONS No definite conclusions could be drawn except that further research, using clear definitions of the content of mental practice and standardized measurement of outcome, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy M Braun
- Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences, School of Professional Education, Zuyd University, Nieuw Eyckholt 300, 6400 AN Heerlen, The Netherlands.
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Cicinelli P, Marconi B, Zaccagnini M, Pasqualetti P, Filippi MM, Rossini PM. Imagery-induced cortical excitability changes in stroke: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 16:247-53. [PMID: 15872152 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhi103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was employed in a population of hemiparetic stroke patients in a post-acute stage to map out the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle cortical representation of the affected (AH) and unaffected (UH) hemisphere at rest, during motor imagery and during voluntary contraction. Imagery induced an enhancement of the ADM map area and volume in both hemispheres in a way which partly corrected the abnormal asymmetry between AH and UH motor output seen in rest condition. The voluntary contraction was the task provoking maximal facilitation in the UH, whereas a similar degree of facilitation was obtained during voluntary contraction and motor imagery in the AH. We argued that motor imagery could induce a pronounced motor output enhancement in the hemisphere affected by stroke. Further, we demonstrated that imagery-induced excitability changes were specific for the muscle 'prime mover' for the imagined movement, while no differences were observed with respect to the stroke lesion locations. Present findings demonstrated that motor imagery significantly enhanced the cortical excitability of the hemisphere affected by stroke in a post-acute stage. Further studies are needed to correlate these cortical excitability changes with short-term plasticity therefore prompting motor imagery as a 'cortical reservoir' in post-stroke motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cicinelli
- IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rehabilitation Hospital, and Neurologia Clinica, Universitá Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy.
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Overdorf V, Page SJ, Schweighardt R, McGrath RE. Mental and physical practice schedules in acquisition and retention of novel timing skills . Percept Mot Skills 2004; 99:51-62. [PMID: 15446630 DOI: 10.2466/pms.99.1.51-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research has indicated that random physical practice of a motor skill enhances effects of long-term learning more than blocked practice. Moreover, the use of mental rehearsal coupled with physical practice has been shown to accelerate motor skill acquisition in many different contexts and is better than no practice at all. Others have found that some mental rehearsal strategies are better than others for maximizing performance. This study examined how combinations of mental and physical practice schedules affected the learning of a coincidence timing task. 30 college students were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups involving combinations of imagery and physical practice. Three tasks were utilized, each involving a particular speed (slow, medium, fast) on the Bassin Anticipation Timer. Conclusions were based on a three-way analysis of variance, using type of mental practice, type of physical practice, and sex as between-group factors, conducted separately for acquisition and retention trials. Type of physical practice was significantly related to performance. On the acquisition trials, random practice was associated with larger mean errors than blocked practice; however, the reverse was true for retention trials. There was no significant effect of type of mental practice in either the acquisition or retention phase. Sex was significantly related to performance for the retention trials only, where the 15 men made smaller errors than the 15 women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Overdorf
- Department of Exercise and Movement Sciences, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
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OVERDORF VIRGINIA. MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PRACTICE SCHEDULES IN ACQUISITION AND RETENTION OF NOVEL TIMING SKILLS. Percept Mot Skills 2004. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.99.5.51-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mulder T, Zijlstra S, Zijlstra W, Hochstenbach J. The role of motor imagery in learning a totally novel movement. Exp Brain Res 2003; 154:211-7. [PMID: 14508635 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-003-1647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to gain more insight into the mechanisms underlying mental practice. The question of whether a totally novel movement may be learned by mental practice was investigated. Healthy young adults had to learn the abduction of the big toe (dominant right foot) without moving the other toes or the foot. The subjects were divided into two groups: subjects who were absolutely unable to abduct their big toe ("absolute zero" group) and subjects who were able to abduct their toe to some extent but showed clear room for improvement ("already doing it" group). Two separate experiments were executed. In the first experiment, 37 absolute-zero subjects had to practice, mentally or physically, the target movement. In the second experiment 40 already-doing-it subjects had to improve their toe-abduction skill. The results showed that absolute-zero subjects could not acquire the toe-abduction movement by means of mental practice. Only subjects who physically practiced the target movement improved significantly. Subjects who had some experience in the task (already-doing-it subjects) improved significantly after mental practice as well as after physical practice. The results seem to indicate that it is more plausible to explain the learning effects of mental practice in terms of a "top-down" mechanism based on the activation of a central representation of the movement than in terms of a peripheral "bottom-up" mechanism based on the activation of muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Mulder
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Johnson SH, Sprehn G, Saykin AJ. Intact motor imagery in chronic upper limb hemiplegics: evidence for activity-independent action representations. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14:841-52. [PMID: 12191452 DOI: 10.1162/089892902760191072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of chronic hemiplegia on the ability to internally represent actions involving either the paralyzed (contralesional) or relatively unaffected (ipsilesional) limb. An experimental group of chronic, densely hemiplegic patients was compared with controls who experienced nearly full recovery from an initially dense hemiparesis. All participants suffered cerebral vascular accidents that spared sites in premotor and parietal areas directly involved in representing upper limb actions. Despite chronic limb immobility, hemiplegic patients performed all four tasks at a high level of accuracy and showed no differences in their ability to represent actions of the contralesional versus ipsilesional limbs. On tasks that involved representing actions of the hands and lower arms, hemiplegic patients were as accurate as recovered controls. Hemiplegic patients were, however, less accurate than controls on a task that involved representing actions of either upper arm. Overall, chronic hemiplegics performed more accurately for decisions based on their contralesional limbs: a "hemiplegic advantage" that may be related to an ongoing focus on planning and/or imagining currently impossible movements. These findings reveal a dissociation between the ability to internally "represent" versus "produce" manual actions. Further, they demonstrate that internal action representations can be robust to even years of limb disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Johnson
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Medical School, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755-3569, USA.
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Yoo E, Park E, Chung B. Mental practice effect on line-tracing accuracy in persons with hemiparetic stroke: a preliminary study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82:1213-8. [PMID: 11552193 DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2001.25095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of mental practice on line-tracing accuracy of persons with hemiparetic stroke. DESIGN A single-case, experimental, multiple baseline design. SETTING Electromyography laboratory of a rehabilitation medicine department of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Three persons with right hemiparesis from stroke. INTERVENTION Mental practice for line-tracing training. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Two tracing tasks were used to evaluate the effect of mental practice: (1) tracing a 5.9-inch long horizontal line (task 1); and (2) tracing a 6-inch long curved line (task 2) as a generalization probe. Participants were first trained to master the cognitive rehearsal skill by checking the reduction level of tension in their upper trapezius while listening to a relaxation cassette tape. Second, participants were trained to trace task 1 immediately after listening to a cognitive rehearsal tape that contained the command to trace over a horizontal line as accurately as possible. Then, without the cognitive rehearsal process, participants traced over a curved line as a generalization probe. The dependent variable, called the line length error, was the total distance that the traced line deviated from the printed lines (both horizontal and curved). RESULTS Mean-line length errors of participants 1, 2, and 3 were: horizontal line tracing, 3.33, 7.38, and.30 inches, respectively, in the baseline and 1.41, 2.70, and.24 inches, respectively, after mental practice training. With the curved line tracing, mean length errors were 3.15, 6.56, and.52 inches in the baseline and 1.85, 4.36, and.80 inches postintervention, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mental practice can be an effective method to improve line tracing by persons with hemiparetic stroke. Training in horizontal line tracing showed a modest level of generalization to curved line tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yonsei University, College of Health Science, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea
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Page SJ, Levine P, Sisto SA, Johnston MV. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Phys Ther 2001; 81:1455-62. [PMID: 11509075 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/81.8.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This case report describes a patient with upper-limb hemiparesis (ULH) who received a program combining physical therapy for the affected side with mental practice. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient was a 56-year-old man with stable motor deficits, including ULH, on his dominant side resulting from a right parietal infarct that occurred 5 months previously. He received physical therapy for an hour 3 times a week for 6 weeks. In addition, 2 times a week the patient listened to an audiotape instructing him to imagine himself functionally using the affected limb. The patient also listened to the audiotape at home 2 times a week. Pretreatment and posttreatment measures were the upper-extremity scale of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Impairment (Fugl-Meyer Scale), the Action Research Arm Test (ARA), and the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM). OUTCOMES The patient exhibited reduction in impairment (Fugl-Meyer Scale) and improvement in arm function, as measured by the ARA and STREAM. DISCUSSION Mental practice may complement physical therapy to improve motor function after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Page
- Outcomes Research Department, Kessler Medical Research and Education Corporation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07051, USA.
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Pellouchoud E, Smith ME, McEvoy L, Gevins A. Mental effort-related EEG modulation during video-game play: comparison between juvenile subjects with epilepsy and normal control subjects. Epilepsia 1999; 40 Suppl 4:38-43. [PMID: 10487172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of mental effort exerted during video-game play on features of the EEG in juvenile subjects diagnosed with seizure disorders and in age-matched clinically healthy subjects. METHODS EEG was recorded from 14 children (9-15 years old) as they played a video game, watched another person playing a video-game, and sat quietly with their eyes open. Seven of the subjects had been clinically diagnosed with seizure disorders, three of whom had also exhibited photosensitivity. RESULTS Three spectral components of the EEG showed cognitive load-related modulation. The amplitude of a frontal midline theta (6-7 Hz) signal increased with video-game play relative to the watching and eyes open resting conditions. A posterior alpha band (9-12 Hz) signal was attenuated during the playing and the watching conditions relative to the resting condition. A central mu (10-13 Hz) rhythm was attenuated during the game-playing condition. No significant differences were found between the patient and control groups for any of these features. Incidence of epileptiform events did not discriminate test conditions in the children with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS The results from this small sample suggest that video-game play tends to produce similar responses from children with epilepsy and in healthy control subjects. These responses in the juvenile population are similar to responses elicited by increased mental load in normal adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pellouchoud
- EEG Systems Laboratory, San Francisco, California 94105, USA.
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Smith ME, McEvoy LK, Gevins A. Neurophysiological indices of strategy development and skill acquisition. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 7:389-404. [PMID: 9838200 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine neurophysiological changes associated with the development of cognitive and visuomotor strategies and skills, spectral features of the EEG were measured as participants learned to perform new tasks. In one experiment eight individuals practiced working memory tasks that required development of either spatial or verbal rehearsal and updating strategies. In a second experiment six individuals practiced a video game with a difficult visuomotor tracking component. The alpha rhythm, which is attenuated by functional cortical activation, was affected by task practice. In both experiments, a lower-frequency, centrally distributed alpha component increased between practice sessions in a task-independent fashion, reflecting an overall decrease in the extent of cortical activation after practice. A second, higher-frequency, posterior component of the alpha rhythm displayed task-specific practice effects. Practice in the verbal working memory task resulted in an increase of this signal over right posterior regions, an effect not seen after practice with the spatial working memory task or with the video game. This between-task difference presumably reflects a continued involvement of the posterior region of the right hemisphere in tasks that invoke visuospatial processes. This finding thus provides neurophysiological evidence for the formation of a task-specific neurocognitive strategy. In the second experiment a third component of the alpha rhythm, localized over somatomotor cortex, was enhanced in conjunction with acquisition of tracking skill. These alpha band results suggest that cortical regions not necessary for task performance become less active as skills develop. In both experiments the frontal midline (Fm) theta rhythm also displayed increases over the course of test sessions. This signal is associated with states of focused concentration, and its enhancement might reflect the conscious control over attention associated with maintenance of a task-appropriate mental set. Overall, the results suggest that the EEG can be used to monitor practice-related changes in the patterns of cortical activity that are associated with task processing. Additionally, these results highlight the importance of ensuring that subjects have developed stable strategies for performance before drawing inferences about the functional architecture underlying specific cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Smith
- EEG Systems Laboratory and SAM Technology, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
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Weiss T, Sust M, Beyer L, Hansen E, Rost R, Schmalz T. Theta power decreases in preparation for voluntary isometric contractions performed with maximal subjective effort. Neurosci Lett 1995; 193:153-6. [PMID: 7478171 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11688-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to find EEG parameters that can be attributed to movements performed with maximal subjective effort, EEG recordings and force measurements were realized in connection with isometric contractions (IMC). IMC were performed with submaximal and maximal subjective effort. Mean spectral power density within the theta band was found as an indicator for maximal subjective effort. The theta power across the parieto-occipital area decreases from rest through movements performed with submaximal force to movements performed with maximal effort. It is argued that this theta decrease possibly reflects a down-regulation of the posterior attention system in order to minimize the influences of external stimuli during the preparation for voluntary IMC performed with maximal subjective effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Weiss
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physiology, Germany
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