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Chakrabarti S, Ai M, Henson FM, Smith ESJ. Peripheral mechanisms of arthritic pain: A proposal to leverage large animals for in vitro studies. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 8:100051. [PMID: 32817908 PMCID: PMC7426561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pain arising from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis is one of the leading causes of disability. Whereas the past 20-years has seen an increase in targeted therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), other arthritis conditions, especially osteoarthritis, remain poorly treated. Although modulation of central pain pathways occurs in chronic arthritis, multiple lines of evidence indicate that peripherally driven pain is important in arthritic pain. To understand the peripheral mechanisms of arthritic pain, various in vitro and in vivo models have been developed, largely in rodents. Although rodent models provide numerous advantages for studying arthritis pathogenesis and treatment, the anatomy and biomechanics of rodent joints differ considerably to those of humans. By contrast, the anatomy and biomechanics of joints in larger animals, such as dogs, show greater similarity to human joints and thus studying them can provide novel insight for arthritis research. The purpose of this article is firstly to review models of arthritis and behavioral outcomes commonly used in large animals. Secondly, we review the existing in vitro models and assays used to study arthritic pain, primarily in rodents, and discuss the potential for adopting these strategies, as well as likely limitations, in large animals. We believe that exploring peripheral mechanisms of arthritic pain in vitro in large animals has the potential to reduce the veterinary burden of arthritis in commonly afflicted species like dogs, as well as to improve translatability of pain research into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Chakrabarti
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Minji Ai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
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Characterisation of One Class of Group III Sensory Neurons Innervating Abdominal Muscles of the Mouse. Neuroscience 2019; 421:162-175. [PMID: 31682818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Group III/IV striated muscle afferents are small diameter sensory neurons that play important roles in reflexes and sensation. To date, the morphological features of physiologically characterised group III/IV muscular afferents have not been identified. Here, the electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of sensory neurons innervating striated muscles of the mouse abdominal wall were investigated, ex vivo. Extracellular recordings were made from subcostal nerve trunks innervating the muscles. A distinctive class of mechanosensitive afferents was identified by a combination of physiological features including sensitivity to local compression, saturating response to graded stretch and, in most cases, absence of spontaneous firing. Studies were restricted to these distinctive units. These units had conduction velocities averaging 14 ± 4 m/s (range: 8-20 m/s, n = 7); within the range of group III fibres in mice. Von Frey hairs were used to map receptive fields, which covered an area of 0.36 ± 0.18 mm2 (n = 7). In 7 preparations, biotinamide filling of recorded nerve trunks revealed a single axon in the marked receptive field, with distinctive axonal branching and terminations meandering through the connective tissue sandwiched between two closely associated muscle layers. These axons were not immunoreactive for CGRP (n = 7) and were not activated by application of capsaicin (1 µM, n = 14). All of these afferents were strongly activated by a "metabolite mix" containing lactate, adenosine triphosphate and reduced pH. Responses to mechanical stimuli and to metabolites were additive. We have characterised a distinctive class of mechano- and chemo-sensitive group III afferent endings associated with connective tissue close to muscle fibres.
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Abstract
This study was carried out on three adult male pigs of the large White Polish breed weighing 110-130 kg each. The animals were anaesthetised and injected with retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) into right testis. Three weeks later, the pigs were deeply anaesthetised and perfused transcardially with fixative (4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4). Collected ganglia were cut with freezing microtome into 12-μm-thick sections. The sections were examined under a fluorescent microscope (Zeiss). FB-positive neurones were found in pelvic ganglia (anterior pelvic ganglion) (15.4% of all FB(+) neurones), prevertebral ganglia (caudal mesenteric, testicular, aortico-renal and renal ganglia) (59% of all FB(+) neurones), sympathetic chain ganglia (last four lumbar and first three sacral ganglia) (18.1% of all FB(+) neurones) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) (first three lumbar and first three sacral ganglia) (7.4% of all FB(+) neurones). The majority of FB-positive nerve cell bodies were observed in ipsilateral ganglia, but they were also found in contralateral ganglia (approximately 85% and 15% respectively). Thus, FB-positive neurones were located in the left prevertebral, sympathetic chain and DRG, but surprisingly, they were absent in left anterior pelvic ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn-Kortowo, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, Poland.
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Wu ZM, Chen YF, Qiu PN, Ling SC. Correlation between the distribution of SP and CGRP immunopositive neurons in dorsal root ganglia and the afferent sensation of preputial frenulum. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 294:479-86. [PMID: 21337713 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the distribution of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive nerve terminals in the penis prepuce and the preputial frenulum. The possible correlation between SP- and CGRP-immunopositive neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the afferent sensation of the penile preputial frenulum is also discussed. Immunohistochemistry showed SP- and CGRP-positive nerve terminals in the epidermal basal layer of the prepuce and frenulum in adult human males. The majority of the nerve terminals presented as bundles of different lengths and a few as enlarged nodosities. The density of SP- and CGRP-immunopositive nerve terminals in the preputial frenulum was significantly higher than those in the penis prepuce (P<0.01). Fluoro-Gold (FG) retrograde tracing method was used to trace the origin of nerve terminals in Sprague-Dawley rats. SP and CGRP immunofluorescence labeling was employed to detect the distribution of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive neurons in DRG. FG retro-labeled neurons were localized in L(6) -DRG and S(1) -DRG. All the FG/SP and FG/CGRP double-labeled neurons were medium or small-sized. One-third of the FG-labeled neurons were SP-immunoreactive, and a half of them CGRP-immunoreactive in L(6) -DRG and S(1) -DRG, respectively. The FG/SP/CGRP-labeled neurons accounted for one fifth of the FG retro-labeled neurons. Taken together, these data suggest that the SP- and CGRP-immunopositive nerve fibers may participate in the transmission of afferent sensation in the preputial frenulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Robinson DR, Gebhart GF. Inside information: the unique features of visceral sensation. Mol Interv 2009; 8:242-53. [PMID: 19015388 DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.5.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most of what is written and believed about pain and nociceptors originates from studies of the "somatic" (non-visceral) sensory system. As a result, the unique features of visceral pain are often overlooked. In the clinic, the management of visceral pain is typically poor, and drugs that are used with some efficacy to treat somatic pain often present unwanted effects on the viscera. For these reasons, a better understanding of visceral sensory neurons-particularly visceral nociceptors-is required. This review provides evidence of functional, morphological, and biochemical differences between visceral and non-visceral afferents, with a focus on potential nociceptive roles, and also considers some of the potential mechanisms of visceral mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Robinson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Candenas L, Lecci A, Pinto FM, Patak E, Maggi CA, Pennefather JN. Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: effects in the genitourinary tract. Life Sci 2005; 76:835-62. [PMID: 15589963 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) are a family of peptides involved in the central and peripheral regulation of urogenital functions through the stimulation of TK NK1, NK2 and NK3 receptors. At the urinary system level, TKs locally stimulate smooth muscle tone, ureteric peristalsis and bladder contractions, initiate neurogenic inflammation and trigger local and spinal reflexes aimed to maintain organ functions in emergency conditions. At the genital level, TKs are involved in smooth muscle contraction, in inflammation and in the modulation of steroid secretion by the testes and ovaries. TKs produce vasodilatation of maternal and fetal placental vascular beds and appear to be involved in reproductive function, stress-induced abortion, and pre-eclampsia. The current data suggest that the genitourinary tract is a primary site of action of the tachykininergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Candenas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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Endoh T. Modulation of voltage-dependent calcium channels by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in parasympathetic submandibular ganglion neurons. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49:539-57. [PMID: 15126136 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The control of saliva secretion is mainly under parasympathetic control, although there also could be a sympathetic component. Sympathetic nerves are held to have a limited action in secretion in submandibular glands because, on electrical stimulation, only a very small increase to the normal background, basal secretion occurs. Parasympathetic stimulation, on the other hand, caused a good flow of saliva with moderate secretion of acinar mucin, plus an extensive secretion of granules from the granular tubules. The submandibular ganglion (SMG) is a parasympathetic ganglion which receives inputs from preganglionic cholinergic neurons, and innervates the submandibular salivary gland to control saliva secretion. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides acting via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) change the electrical excitability of neurons. In these neurons, many neurotransmitters and neuropeptides modulate voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). The modulation is mediated by a family of GPCRs acting either directly through the membrane delimited G-proteins or through second messengers. However, the mechanism of modulation and the signal transduction pathway linked to an individual GPCRs depend on the animal species. This review reports how neurotransmitters and neuropeptides modulate VDCCs and how these modulatory actions are integrated in SMG systems. The action of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides on VDCCs may provide a mechanism for regulating SMG excitability and also provide a cellular mechanism of a variety of neuronal Ca(2+)-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Endoh
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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Suburo AM, Chiocchio SR, Cantó Soler MV, Nieponice A, Tramezzani JH. Peptidergic innervation of blood vessels and interstitial cells in the testis of the cat. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2002; 23:121-34. [PMID: 11783440 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We studied the innervation of the cat testis using a panel of antisera against the following neuronal markers: protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), neuropeptide Y, C-terminal peptide of neuropeptide Y, galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P. Immunoreactivity against PGP, a general neuronal label, demonstrated the arrangement of fibers from the superior spermatic nerve (SSN) in the testicular pedicle and the cephalic testicular pole, and those of the inferior spermatic nerve (ISN) along the vas deferens and the inferior testicular ligament. The testicular parenchyma exhibited a very rich innervation, mainly distributed to blood vessels and Leydig cell nests, but also in close association with seminiferous tubules. Numerous peptidergic fibers were present in the SSN and ISN, albeit in different proportions. Thus, VIP-immunoreactive fibers were almost absent in the SSN, but were the most abundant subpopulation of the ISN. The testicular interstitium contained numerous peptidergic fibers, associated with blood vessels, interstitial Leydig cells, and seminiferous tubules. Similar fibers were related to the rete testis. Parenchymatous VIP-immunoreactive nerves disappeared after bilateral vasectomy. Stimulation of the ISN under experimental conditions was associated with an increase of blood flow, and induced a large release of VIP into the spermatic vein. The extensive and selective distribution of nerve fibers within the cat testicular parenchyma supports the importance of spermatic nerves for testicular function. Furthermore, the differences in the fiber composition of the SSN and ISN can be correlated with their opposing effects on testosterone secretion and testicular blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Suburo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tamura R, Hanesch U, Schmidt RF, Kumazawa T, Mizumura K. Examination of colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the knee joint of the dog. Neurosci Lett 1998; 254:53-6. [PMID: 9780090 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that the majority of substance P (SP)-containing afferents are also immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In order to determine whether this is also the case in articular afferents where the contents of these peptides are low, we carried out a double labeling study using Fast Blue (FB) as a retrograde tracer injected into the center of the knee joint cavity of the dog together with immunohistochemistry for SP and CGRP. After 7-36 days of survival, dorsal root ganglia (DRGs, L4-S1) were removed. Labeled cells were found mainly (94%) in L5 - 6 DRGs, and SP- and CGRP-like immunoreactivity was found in about 17 and 29% of FB-labeled cells, respectively. The coexistence of SP and CGRP was observed in 10.4% of articular afferents and only 62.7% of SP-positive articular neurons contained CGRP, a much lower ratio than in other afferents of the dog such as testicular afferents. Our data suggest that these peptides are not always released together and that they do not always work together in the joint under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tamura
- Department of Neural Regulation, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
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Abstract
Bio-warning and defense mechanisms play the most fundamental roles in living organisms. From an evolutionary point of view, nociceptive systems are very primitive and are richly provided with humoral signaling mechanisms of aboriginal humoral defense systems, as reflected in the primitive nature of the polymodal receptor, a poorly differentiated sensory receptor signaling nociceptive information. Recent advances in studies on pain have made it possible to explain neural mechanisms of pain systems under physiological conditions and reveal that there is a large gap between physiological and pathological pains. Protracted nociceptive inputs under pathological conditions induce plastic, either functional or structural, alterations in the nociceptive pathways. These plastic changes lead to crosstalk among the neural networks, including circuits related to motor, autonomic, or psychological functions. These plastic changes, once established, persist even after the original pain sources disappear in a memory-like fashion. Thus, it is revealed that chronic pain cannot be treated by blocking pain pathways, which is effective against acute pain, but require treatment from a multidisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kumazawa
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan.
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Tamura R, Hanesch U, Schmidt RF, Kumazawa T, Mizumura K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the spermatic nerve and testis of the dog. Neurosci Lett 1997; 235:113-6. [PMID: 9406882 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine if calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) coexist in peripheral spermatic nerve fibers, we carried out a double-staining immunofluorescence study using confocal microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. CGRP- and SP-like immunoreactivity (LI) coexisted in the spermatic nerve trunk and in the single fibers running along the surface of the testis. The great majority of the SP-containing fibers also held CGRP-LI, although some fibers contained CGRP-LI without SP-LI. These observations are consistent with previous observations on testicular dorsal root ganglion neurons. Additionally, we carried out an immunogold silver staining for CGRP and found CGRP-containing nerve bundles, single nerve fibers and their nerve terminals. Some CGRP-containing nerve terminals were located very superficially in the tunica albuginea (<5 microm from the surface).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tamura
- Department of Neural Regulation, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
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Kumazawa T. The polymodal receptor: bio-warning and defense system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 113:3-18. [PMID: 9009725 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kumazawa
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan.
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Hanesch U. Neuropeptides in dural fine sensory nerve endings--involvement in neurogenic inflammation? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 113:299-317. [PMID: 9009742 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Hanesch
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Germany
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