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Ma X, Anyaeche RO, Feng E, Johnson E, Roller E, Rumley DJ, Nash JJ, Kenttämaa HI. Gas-Phase Reactivity of Quinoline-Based Singlet Oxenium Cations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5458-5468. [PMID: 38554096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Isomeric quinolyloxenium cations were generated in the gas phase in an ion trap mass spectrometer to explore their reactions. The structures of some products were identified via collision-activated dissociation experiments involving model compounds to demonstrate that they have the expected heavy atom connectivity. The lack of radical reactions suggests that the cations have closed-shell singlet electronic ground states. Calculations (CASPT2/CASSCF(16,14)/cc-pVTZ//CASSCF(16,14)/cc-pVTZ) predict that their closed-shell singlet (1A') ground states are lower in energy by ca. 25 kcal mol-1 than their lowest-lying excited states. All cations are reactive toward dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and allyl iodide and most toward water and moderately reactive toward cyclohexane, reflecting their strongly electrophilic nature. They form adducts with nucleophiles in exothermic reactions (ca. 50 kcal mol-1 for dimethyl sulfide) that can fragment or be stabilized via IR emission. Most water adducts spontaneously isomerize to lower-energy tautomers. The nucleophiles preferentially add to those carbon atoms in the benzene ring that have the greatest positive charge (but not the carbonyl carbon). The cations react with cyclohexane via hydride abstraction by the oxygen atom. This is the only reaction that initially involves the oxygen atom and hence reflects the formally positively charged, monovalent oxygen atom in these cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ruth O Anyaeche
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Erynn Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ethan Roller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Daniel J Rumley
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - John J Nash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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Du L, Qiu Y, Lan X, Zhu R, Phillips DL, Li MD, Dutton AS, Winter AH. Direct Detection of the Open-Shell Singlet Phenyloxenium Ion: An Atom-Centered Diradical Reacts as an Electrophile. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15054-15059. [PMID: 28945081 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new photoprecursor to the phenyloxenium ion, 4-methoxyphenoxypyridinium tetrafluoroborate, was investigated using trapping studies, product analysis, computational investigations, and laser flash photolysis experiments ranging from the femtosecond to the millisecond time scale. These experiments allowed us to trace the complete arc of the photophysics and photochemistry of this photoprecursor beginning with the initially populated excited states to its sequential formation of transient intermediates and ultimate formation of stable photoproducts. We find that the excited state of the photoprecursor undergoes heterolysis to generate the phenyloxenium ion in ∼2 ps but surprisingly generates the ion in its open-shell singlet diradical configuration (1A2), permitting an unexpected look at the reactivity of an atom-centered open-shell singlet diradical. The open-shell phenyloxenium ion (1A2) has a much shorter lifetime (τ ∼ 0.2 ns) in acetonitrile than the previously observed closed-shell singlet (1A1) phenyloxenium ion (τ ∼ 5 ns). Remarkably, despite possessing no empty valence orbitals, this open-shell singlet oxenium ion behaves as an even more powerful electrophile than the closed-shell singlet oxenium ion, undergoing solvent trapping by weakly nucleophilic solvents such as water and acetonitrile or externally added nucleophiles (e.g., azide) rather than engaging in typical diradical chemistry, such as H atom abstraction, which we have previously observed for a triplet oxenium ion. In acetonitrile, the open-shell singlet oxenium ion is trapped to generate ortho and para Ritter intermediates, one of which (para) is directly observed as a longer-lived species (τ ∼ 0.1 ms) in time-resolved resonance Raman experiments. The Ritter intermediates are ultimately trapped by either the 4-methoxypyridine leaving group (in the case of para addition) or trapped internally via an essentially barrierless rearrangement (in the case of ortho addition) to generate a cyclized product. The expectation that singlet diradicals react similarly to triplet or uncoupled diradicals needs to be reconsidered, as a recent study by Perrin and Reyes-Rodríguez (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 15263) suggested the unsettling possibility that singlet p-benzyne could suffer nucleophilic attack to generate a naked phenyl anion. Now, this study provides direct spectroscopic observation of this phenomenon, with an atom-centered open-shell singlet diradical reacting as a powerful electrophile. To the question of whether a nucleophile can attack a singly occupied molecular orbital, the answer is apparently yes, at least if another partially occupied orbital is available to avoid violation of the rules of valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry, Shantou University , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University , Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Andrew S Dutton
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Gaeta C, Talotta C, Neri P. The calixarene p-bromodienone route: from a chemical curiosity to an useful synthetic tool. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-013-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hanway PJ, Xue J, Bhattacharjee U, Milot MJ, Ruixue Z, Phillips DL, Winter AH. Direct Detection and Reactivity of the Short-Lived Phenyloxenium Ion. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9078-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403370k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Hanway
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ujjal Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Maeia J. Milot
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zhu Ruixue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Hanway PJ, Winter AH. Heteroaryl Oxenium Ions Have Diverse and Unusual Low-Energy Electronic States. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9398-403. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Hanway
- 2101d Hach Hall, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- 2101d Hach Hall, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
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Hanway PJ, Winter AH. Phenyloxenium Ions: More Like Phenylnitrenium Ions than Isoelectronic Phenylnitrenes? J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5086-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Hanway
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Harrison AG, Camilleri H, McMahon AW, March RE. Fragmentation reactions of the singly and doubly charged molecular ions of dimethylanisoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(88)80073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lifshitz C, Aviyente V, Ohmichi N, Elam M. Tandem mass spectrometry by time-resolved Ion momentum spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200160146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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