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Kraft M, Flores JR, Klopper W, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Structures of Small Tantalum Cluster Anions: Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3135-3145. [PMID: 33830770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a study of the structural evolution of tantalum cluster anions Tan-, 6 ≤ n ≤ 13 using a combination of trapped ion electron diffraction (TIED) experiments with a variety of electronic structure methods. A genetic algorithm has been employed to establish a set of likely structures for each cluster, their geometries and energetics have been studied by density functional theory (DFT), random phase approximation, and two-component (2C) DFT methods, which include spin-orbit coupling. We find octahedral structures for Ta6- and Ta8- as well as structures based on the pentagonal bipyramid (Ta7- and Ta9-). Ta10--Ta12- are defective icosahedral structures and Ta13- is a distorted icosahedron. For most clusters, we find a good agreement between the theoretically predicted ground-state structures, especially those determined by the 2C method and the TIED results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kraft
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jesús R Flores
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Detlef Schooss
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Bart G, Schubert I, Parks AM, Corkum PB, Brabec T. Coulomb blocking of sequential tunnel ionization in complex systems. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab8f89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
When atoms and molecules are exposed to intense low frequency laser fields, the dominant response is sequential tunnel ionization of charge states with increasing ionization potential. Sequential ionization is assumed to proceed as separate one electron processes. The theoretical analysis developed here reveals that in complex systems sequential tunnel ionization can be inhibited by Coulomb blocking. When ionization potentials of subsequent charge states are close to each other, multiple tunneling events can occur during a half cycle and in close proximity, so that a tunneled electron can block the next tunneling electron. In sub-nm clusters driven by near infrared single-cycle pulses, Coulomb blocking reduces two-electron sequential tunneling by up to 2-3 orders of magnitude.
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Li X, Chen Y, Basnet P, Luo J, Wang H. Probing the properties of size dependence and correlation for tantalum clusters: geometry, stability, vibrational spectra, magnetism, and electronic structure. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1015-1028. [PMID: 35517637 PMCID: PMC9059546 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09240k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation on the equilibrium geometry, relative stability, vibrational spectra, and magnetic and electronic properties of neutral tantalum clusters (Tan, n = 2–17) was performed using density functional theory (DFT). We perform a study of the size dependence and correlations among those descriptors of parameters, and showed these could provide a novel way to confirm and predict experimental results. Some new isomer configurations that have never been reported before for tantalum clusters were found. The growth behaviors revealed that a compact geometrical growth route is preferred and develops a body-centered-cubic (BCC) structure with the cluster size increasing. The perfectly fitted functional curve, strong linear evolution, and obvious odd–even oscillation behavior proved their corresponding properties depended on the cluster size. Multiple demonstrations of the magic number were confirmed through the correlated relationships with the relative stability, including the second difference in energy, maximum hardness, and minimum polarizability. An inverse evolution trend between the energy gap and electric dipole moment and strong linear correlation between ionization potentials and polarizability indicated the strong correlation between the magnetic and electronic properties. Vibrational spectroscopy as a fingerprint was used to distinguish the ground state among the competitive geometrical isomers close in energy. The charge density difference isosurface, density of states, and molecular orbitals of selected representative clusters were analyzed to investigate the difference and evolutional trend of the relative stability and electronic structure. In addition, we first calculated the ionization potential and magnetic moment and compared these with the current available experimental data for tantalum clusters. A comprehensive investigation on the equilibrium geometry, relative stability, vibrational spectra, and magnetic and electronic properties of neutral tantalum clusters (Tan, n = 2–17) was performed using density functional theory (DFT).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibo Li
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory
- Laser Fusion Research Center
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Pradip Basnet
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Jiangshan Luo
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory
- Laser Fusion Research Center
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
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4
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Du J, Sun X, Jiang G. A theoretical study on Tan+ cluster cations: Structural assignments, stability, and electronic properties. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:094311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3690455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dryza V, Alvino JF, Metha GF. Onset of Carbon−Carbon Bonding in Ta5Cy(y= 0−6) Clusters: A Threshold Photoionization and Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4080-5. [PMID: 20192196 DOI: 10.1021/jp100118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoras Dryza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jason F. Alvino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Miyajima K, Fukushima N, Himeno H, Yamada A, Mafuné F. Breakdown of the Hume−Rothery Rules in Sub-Nanometer-Sized Ta-Containing Bimetallic Small Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13448-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908415y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyajima
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukushima
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hidenori Himeno
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Akira Yamada
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Dryza V, Metha GF. Threshold photoionization and density functional theory studies of bimetallic-carbide nanocrystals and fragments: Ta3ZrC(y) (y = 0-4). J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244301. [PMID: 19566147 DOI: 10.1063/1.3154384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase bimetallic tantalum-zirconium-carbide clusters are generated using a constructed double ablation cluster source. The Ta(3)ZrC(y) (y = 0-4) clusters are examined by photoionization efficiency spectroscopy to extract experimental ionization energies (IEs). The IE trend for the Ta(3)ZrC(y) cluster series is reasonably similar to that of the Ta(4)C(y) cluster series [V. Dryza et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 11180 (2005)], although the IE reductions upon carbon addition are greater for the former. Complementary density functional theory calculations are performed for the various isomers constructed by attaching carbon atoms to the different faces of the tetrahedral Ta(3)Zr cluster. The good agreement between the experimental IE trend and that calculated for these isomers support a 2x2x2 face centered cubic nanocrystal structure for Ta(4)ZrC(4) and nanocrystal fragment structures for the smaller clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dryza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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8
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Wang B, Zhai HJ, Huang X, Wang LS. On the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding in the Tantalum Trimer Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10962-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806166h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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9
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Harding DJ, Davies RDL, Mackenzie SR, Walsh TR. Oxides of small Rhodium clusters: Theoretical investigation of experimental reactivities. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2981810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Gruene P, Fielicke A, Meijer G. Experimental vibrational spectra of gas-phase tantalum cluster cations. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:234307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2806177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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11
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Dong F, Heinbuch S, He SG, Xie Y, Rocca JJ, Bernstein ER. Formation and distribution of neutral vanadium, niobium, and tantalum oxide clusters: Single photon ionization at 26.5eV. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:164318. [PMID: 17092084 DOI: 10.1063/1.2358980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral vanadium, niobium, and tantalum oxide clusters are studied by single photon ionization employing a 26.5 eV/photon soft x-ray laser. During the ionization process the metal oxide clusters are almost free of fragmentation. The most stable neutral clusters of vanadium, niobium, and tantalum oxides are of the general form (MO2)0,1(M2O5)y. M2O5 is identified as a basic building unit for these three neutral metal oxide species. Each cluster family (Mm, m=1,...,9) displays at least one oxygen deficient and/or oxygen rich cluster stoichiometry in addition to the above most stable species. For tantalum and niobium families with even m, oxygen deficient clusters have the general formula (MO2)2(M2O5)y. For vanadium oxide clusters, oxygen deficient clusters are detected for all cluster families Vm (m=1,[ellipsis (horizontal)],9), with stable structures (VO2)x(V2O5)y. Oxygen rich metal oxide clusters with high ionization energies (IE>10.5 eV, 118 nm photon) are detected with general formulas expressed as (MO2)2 (M2O5)y O1,2,3. Oxygen rich clusters, in general, have up to three attached hydrogen atoms, such as VO3H1,2, V2O5H1,2, Nb2O5H1,2, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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12
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Dryza V, Addicoat MA, Gascooke JR, Buntine MA, Metha GF. Ionization Potentials of Tantalum−Carbide Clusters: An Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11180-90. [PMID: 16331901 DOI: 10.1021/jp054410r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have used photoionization efficiency spectroscopy to determine the ionization potentials (IP) of the tantalum-carbide clusters, Ta3Cn (n = 1-3) and Ta4Cn (n = 1-4). The ionization potentials follow an overall reduction as the number of carbon atoms increases; however, the trend is not steady as expected from a simple electrostatic argument. Instead, an oscillatory behavior is observed such that clusters with an odd number of carbon atoms have higher IPs and clusters with an even number of carbon atoms have lower IPs, with the Ta4C4 cluster exhibiting the lowest IP. Excellent agreement is found with relative IPs calculated using density functional theory for the lowest energy structures, which are consistent with the development of a 2 x 2 x 2 face-centered nanocrystal. This work shows that IPs may be used as a reliable validation for the geometries of metal-carbide clusters calculated by theory. The variation in IP can also be interpreted qualitatively with application of a simple model based upon isolobal frontier orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoras Dryza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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13
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Pedersen DB, Parnis JM, Lafleur RD, Rayner DM. Association Complex Formation in Gas-Phase Ta Cluster Reactions with Simple Alkanes: Probing the Role of Entropy in Rate Determination for Barrierless Adsorption Processes. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036942i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - J. Mark Parnis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Rick D. Lafleur
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - David M. Rayner
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
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15
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Abstract
This review discusses the reactivities and thermodynamics of small-size-specific transition metal clusters and focuses on thermodynamic information, which has not been comprehensively discussed before. Because of this focus, guided-ion-beam mass spectrometry was used to acquire much of the data. The details of this technique and the associated data analysis methods are provided. Results on the stabilities of bare transition metal clusters are provided for neutral, cationic, and anionic species. Implications for the electronic and geometrical structures are discussed, as well as the extrapolation of these values to bulk phase behavior. Detailed results for reactions of transition metal clusters with D2 and the oxygen donors O2 and CO2 are reviewed. Available bond energies between size-specific clusters and one D atom and one and two O atoms are compiled, and their implications are evaluated and favorably compared with bulk phase analogs. Several additional thermodynamic studies of various cluster systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Armentrout
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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16
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Heaven MW, Stewart GM, Buntine MA, Metha GF. Neutral Tantalum−Carbide Clusters: A Multiphoton Ionization and Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993489v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Heaven
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gerarda M. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mark A. Buntine
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Nayak
- Princeton Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - M. Nooijen
- Princeton Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - P. Jena
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
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Lievens P, Thoen P, Bouckaert S, Bouwen W, Vanhoutte F, Weidele H, Silverans RE, Navarro-Vázquez A, von Ragué Schleyer P. Ionization potentials of LinO (2⩽n⩽70) clusters: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Saito N, Koyama K, Tanimoto M. The stability of multiply charged vanadium, niobium and tantalum clusters. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)01300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Simard B, Lebeault-Dorget MA, Marijnissen A, ter Meulen JJ. Photoionization spectroscopy of dichromium and dimolybdenum: Ionization potentials and bond energies. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Deng H, Kerns K, Bell R, Castleman A. Oxidation induced ionization and reactions of metal carbide clusters (Nb, Zr, V, Ta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Koretsky GM, Knickelbein MB. Photoionization studies of manganese clusters: Ionization potentials for Mn7 to Mn64. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lafleur RD, Parnis JM, Rayner DM. Gas‐phase niobium cluster reactivity with isobutane. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Mitchell SA, Lian L, Rayner DM, Hackett PA. Reaction of molybdenum clusters with molecular nitrogen. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Knickelbein M. Photoionization spectroscopy of yttrium clusters: Ionization potentials for Yn and YnO (n=2–31). J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yang S, Knickelbein MB. Photoionization studies of transition metal clusters: Ionization potentials of ScnO (n=5?36). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01437836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Simard B, Kowalczyk P, James AM. First ionization potential of tantalum by mass-selected double-resonance field-ionization spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 50:846-849. [PMID: 9910960 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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