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Rybkovskiy DV, Lepeshkin SV, Baturin VS, Mikhailova AA, Oganov AR. Phosphorus nanoclusters and insight into the formation of phosphorus allotropes. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1338-1346. [PMID: 36546581 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Elemental phosphorus has a striking variety of allotropes, which we analyze by looking at stable phosphorus clusters. We determine the ground-state structures of Pn clusters in a wide range of compositions (n = 2-50) using density functional calculations and global optimization techniques. We explain why the high-energy white phosphorus is so easily formed, compared to the much more stable allotropes - the tetrahedral P4 cluster is so much more stable than nearby compositions that only by increasing the size to P10 one can get a more stable non-P4-based structure. Starting from 17 atoms, phosphorus clusters have a single-stranded structure, consisting of a set of well-resolved structural units connected by P2 linking fragments. The investigation of relative stability has revealed even-odd alternations and structural magic numbers. The former are caused by the higher stability of clusters with even numbers of atoms due to closed electronic shells. The structural magic numbers are associated with the presence of particular stable structural units and lead to enhanced stability of P18+12k (k = 0, 1, 2) clusters. We also compare the energies of the obtained ground-state structures with clusters of different phosphorus allotropes. Clusters of fibrous phosphorus are energetically the closest to the ground states, white phosphorus clusters are found to be less stable, and the least stable allotrope at the nanocluster scale is black phosphorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Rybkovskiy
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russian Federation.
- A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Lepeshkin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskii prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir S Baturin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 19 Kosygina Street, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia A Mikhailova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russian Federation.
- A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artem R Oganov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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2
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Di Russo E, Blum I, Rivalta I, Houard J, Da Costa G, Vurpillot F, Blavette D, Rigutti L. Detecting Dissociation Dynamics of Phosphorus Molecular Ions by Atom Probe Tomography. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10977-10988. [PMID: 33348984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation processes involving phosphorus cations were investigated during laser-assisted atom probe tomography of crystalline indium phosphide (InP). This technique not only allows the formation of medium-sized phosphorus cations by means of femtosecond laser pulses under ultrahigh vacuum and high electric field conditions but also allows one to study the time-resolved dissociation dynamics. Data reveal the formation of cations up to P232+ and their subsequent dissociation into two smaller Pk+ cations (k > 2). The use of a time- and position-sensitive detector combined with numerical calculations provided information related to the molecule orientation, decay time, and kinetic energy release during dissociation phenomena. Results suggest that the dissociation processes are most likely due to the emission of Pk2+ cations in excited states and their subsequent decay in low field regions during their flight toward the detector. This study provides operative guidelines to obtain information on dissociation processes using a tomographic atom probe as a reaction microscope and indicates the current capabilities and limitations of such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Di Russo
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - I Blum
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - I Rivalta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40126 Bologna, Italia.,Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - J Houard
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - G Da Costa
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - F Vurpillot
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D Blavette
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - L Rigutti
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France
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3
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Structural Evolution of Medium-Sized Phosphorus Clusters (P20–P36) from Ab Initio Global Search. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Mu L, Yang S, Bao X, Yin H, Kong X. Medium-sized phosphorus cluster cations P+ 2m+1 (6 ≤ m ≤ 32) studied by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1352-1357. [PMID: 26634968 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Medium-sized phosphorus cluster cations were generated by laser ablation of red phosphorus and investigated by the method of collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. Experimental results show that the primary dissociation channels of phosphorus cluster cations of P(+) 2m+1 (6 ≤ m ≤ 11) are all characterized by the loss of P4 unit. For larger cluster cations, their dissociation pathways were more complex. For those magic cations of P(+) 8k+1 observed previously, their dissociation pathways progressively change from the loss of P4 unit (for k = 3) to the loss of P8 unit (for k = 4, 5). A new dissociation pathway characterized by the loss of P10 unit was also indentified for larger cations of P(+) 8k+1 (6 ≤ k ≤ 8). Theoretical calculation also shows that, for cations of P(+) 2m+1 (4 ≤ m ≤ 10), the dissociation channel characterized by the loss of P4 unit is more energetically favorable than other dissociation channels, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shumei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaodi Bao
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hong Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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5
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Wu XN, Ma JB, Xu B, Zhao YX, Ding XL, He SG. Collision-Induced Dissociation and Density Functional Theory Studies of CO Adsorption over Zirconium Oxide Cluster Ions: Oxidative and Nonoxidative Adsorption. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5238-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Köchner T, Riedel S, Lehner AJ, Scherer H, Raabe I, Engesser TA, Scholz FW, Gellrich U, Eiden P, Paz Schmidt RA, Plattner DA, Krossing I. The reaction of white phosphorus with NO+/NO2(+)[Al(OR(F))4]-: the [P4NO]+ cluster formed by an unexpected nitrosonium insertion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8139-43. [PMID: 20865712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Köchner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 70104 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Köchner T, Riedel S, Lehner AJ, Scherer H, Raabe I, Engesser TA, Scholz FW, Gellrich U, Eiden P, Paz Schmidt RA, Plattner DA, Krossing I. Die Reaktion des weißen Phosphors mit NO+/NO2+[Al(ORF)4]−: Bildung von [P4NO]+ durch eine unerwartete Nitrosonium-Insertion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Zhang Q, Song LC, Lu X, Huang RB, Zheng LS. The odd–even alternation of heteroatom-doped carbon clusters AuCn− (n⩽12): Experimental observations and density functional studies. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Xue T, Luo J, Shen S, Li F, Zhao J. Lowest-energy structures of cationic P2m+1+ (m=1–12) clusters from first-principles simulated annealing. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Wang HY, Huang RB, Chen H, Lin MH, Zheng LS. Studies of Linear CnSe- (1 ≤ n ≤ 11) Clusters Produced from Laser Ablation: Collision-Induced Dissociation and ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004313s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Meng-Hai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Chen H, Huang RB, Xie ZX, Chen LH, Zheng LS. Studies on carbon/sulfur cluster anions produced by laser vaporization: Experiment (collision-induced dissociation) and theory (ab initio calculation). II C[sub 4]S[sub m][sup −] (4≤m≤10). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1331616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Tang Z, BelBruno JJ, Huang R, Zheng L. Collision-induced dissociation and density functional study of the structures and energies of cyclic C2nN5− clusters. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Chen H, Huang RB, Lu X, Tang ZC, Xu X, Zheng LS. Studies on carbon/sulfur cluster anions produced by laser vaporization: Experiment (collision-induced dissociation) and theory (ab initio calculation). I. C2Sm− (1⩽m⩽11). J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Chen M, Huang R, Zheng L, Au C. The prediction of isomers for phosphorus clusters P 8 and P 9 +. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(99)00303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Quiniou ML, Yates AJ, Langridge-Smith PR. Laser photo-induced dissociation using tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:361-367. [PMID: 10700039 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000315)14:5<361::aid-rcm891>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel tandem time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer has been developed for studying the photo-induced dissociation of large molecules and elemental clusters. It consists of a linear first stage TOF analyser for primary mass separation and precursor ion selection, and a second orthogonal reflecting field TOF analyser for product ion analysis. The instrument is equipped with a large volume throughput molecular beam source chamber allowing the production of jet-cooled molecules and molecular clusters, as well as elemental clusters, using either a pulsed laser vaporisation source (LVS) or a pulsed are cluster ion source (PACIS). A second differentially pumped chamber can be used with effusive sources, or for infrared laser desorption of large molecules, followed by laser ionisation. These primary ions can then be irradiated with a second, high energy laser to induce photodissociation. Detailed information about the fragmentation mechanisms can be deduced from the product ion mass spectra. Preliminary results on the photo-induced dissociation (PID) of the molecule ion of aniline at 266 nm are presented. In this case the molecule ions were generated via two-photon laser ionisation at 266 nm using an effusive source. Results for the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the aniline molecule ion, using a commercial mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric pressure electrospray ionisation interface, are also presented. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- ML Quiniou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
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17
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Greenwood PF, Dance IG, Fisher KJ, Willett GD. [MPy]+ and [MxPy]- Clusters Generated by Laser Ablation and Investigated by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ic980699y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. Greenwood
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - I. G. Dance
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - K. J. Fisher
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - G. D. Willett
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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18
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Tang ZC, Huang RB, Chen H, Zheng LS. Laser Productions of Fullerene Ions Promoted by Additive Compounds in Carbon Targets. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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19
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Liu ZY, Tang ZC, Huang RB, Zhang Q, Zheng LS. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Laser-Generated Sulfur Polycarbon Hydride Ions: Collision-Induced Dissociation and ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zi-chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong-bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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