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Wang X, Chen S, Wu D, Wu Q, Wei Q, He B, Lu Q, Wang Q. Oxidoreductase-Initiated Radical Polymerizations to Design Hydrogels and Micro/Nanogels: Mechanism, Molding, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705668. [PMID: 29504155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their 3D cross-linked networks and tunable physicochemical properties, polymer hydrogels with different sizes are applied widely in tissue engineering, drug-delivery systems, pollution regulation, ionic conducting electrolytes, agricultural drought-resistance, cosmetics, and the food industry. Novel, environmentally friendly, and efficient oxidoreductase-initiated radical polymerizations to design hydrogels and micro/nanogels have gained increasing attention. Herein, the recent advances on the use of novel enzyme-initiated systems for hydrogel polymerization, including the mechanisms, and molding of polymeric and hybrid-polymeric networks are reviewed. Preliminary progress related to interfacial enzymatic polymerization for the generation of hybrid micro/nanogels is introduced as an emerging initiating approach. In addition, certain biological applications in tissue engineering, bioimaging, and therapy are demonstrated step by step. Finally, some perspectives on the safety profile of enzymatic formed hydrogels, new enzymatic systems, and potential theranostic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Dongbei Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qingcong Wei
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qigang Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-bo Chen
- College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiang-ling Kong
- College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Liu Huang
- College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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3
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Pašti I, Milojević-Rakić M, Junker K, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Walde P, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Superior capacitive properties of polyaniline produced by a one-pot peroxidase/H2O2-triggered polymerization of aniline in the presence of AOT vesicles. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ćirić-Marjanović G, Milojević-Rakić M, Janošević-Ležaić A, Luginbühl S, Walde P. Enzymatic oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines: state of the art and perspectives. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2016; 71:199-242. [PMID: 28775395 PMCID: PMC5495875 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The literature concerning the oxidative oligomerization and polymerization of various arylamines, e.g., aniline, substituted anilines, aminonaphthalene and its derivatives, catalyzed by oxidoreductases, such as laccases and peroxidases, in aqueous, organic, and mixed aqueous organic monophasic or biphasic media, is reviewed. An overview of template-free as well as template-assisted enzymatic syntheses of oligomers and polymers of arylamines is given. Special attention is paid to mechanistic aspects of these biocatalytic processes. Because of the nontoxicity of oxidoreductases and their high catalytic efficiency, as well as high selectivity of enzymatic oligomerizations/polymerizations under mild conditions-using mainly water as a solvent and often resulting in minimal byproduct formation-enzymatic oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines are environmentally friendly and significantly contribute to a "green" chemistry of conducting and redox-active oligomers and polymers. Current and potential future applications of enzymatic polymerization processes and enzymatically synthesized oligo/polyarylamines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Milojević-Rakić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Janošević-Ležaić
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Luginbühl
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Unterlass MM. Green Synthesis of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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7
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Zhang Y, Fan X, Wang Q, Cavaco-Paulo A. Preparation of functionalized cotton based on laccase-catalyzed synthesis of polyaniline in perfluorooctanesulfonate acid potassium salt (PFOS) template. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04031d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized cotton, obtained from laccase-catalyzed synthesis of polyaniline in perfluorooctanesulfonate acid potassium salt (PFOS) templates, possessed special electro-optical properties and variable wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
- Department of Biological Engineering
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Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Ramanaviciene A, Simanaityte R, Gabrielaitis D, Glumbokaite L, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of poly(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) particles synthesized by enzymatic catalysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16948h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study an environmentally friendly synthesis of poly(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) (PCPy) particles dispersed in water–ethanol medium using enzymatic catalysis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kausaite-Minkstimiene
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - A. Ramanaviciene
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - R. Simanaityte
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - D. Gabrielaitis
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - L. Glumbokaite
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - A. Ramanavicius
- Laboratory of NanoBioTechnology
- Department of Materials Science and Electronics
- Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- State Scientific Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology
- LT-01108 Vilnius
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9
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Junker K, Kissner R, Rakvin B, Guo Z, Willeke M, Busato S, Weber T, Walde P. The use of Trametes versicolor laccase for the polymerization of aniline in the presence of vesicles as templates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 55:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Otrokhov GV, Morozova OV, Vasil’eva IS, Shumakovich GP, Zaitseva EA, Khlupova ME, Yaropolov AI. Biocatalytic synthesis of conducting polymers and prospects for its application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1539-53. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Shen W, Deng H, Gao Z. Synthesis of polyaniline via DNAzyme-catalyzed polymerization of aniline. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Under simple and mild conditions, G-quadruplex DNAzyme-catalyzed oxidation and polymerization of aniline by hydrogen peroxide is achieved in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
| | - Huimin Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
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12
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Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of poly(thiophene-3-boronic acid) biocomposites for mono-/bi-enzyme immobilization and amperometric biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 44:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Archibong E, Wang L, Ivanov I, Lita A, Redda K, Mateeva N. Investigation of the binding of dioxin selective pentapeptides to a polyaniline matrix. SYNTHETIC METALS 2012; 162:1255-1263. [PMID: 30381782 PMCID: PMC6205211 DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline in form of emeraldine salt and emeraldine base was used as a matrix to attach several labeled and non-labeled dioxin selective pentapeptides both directly to the polymer and using glutaraldehyde as a linker. The peptides have been selected as a model to study the binding process due to their smaller size, lower sensitivity to the environment and potential application as solid state extraction reagents for chlorinated toxins. The composition and the properties of the compounds were investigated by means of elemental analysis, XPS, FTIR, UV/vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results have shown that 3.30-7.76% peptides were attached to the emeraldine base both with and without a linker. Glutaraldehyde and the peptides were connected to the matrix via chemical bond resulting in formation of compounds whit similar composition and stability in a broad pH range. The influence of the linker and the peptides on the electronic properties and composition of the polymer have been investigated by principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edikan Archibong
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, United States
| | - Adrian Lita
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Kinfe Redda
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Nelly Mateeva
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
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Kobayashi S, Makino A. Enzymatic polymer synthesis: an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5288-353. [PMID: 19824647 DOI: 10.1021/cr900165z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Bouldin R, Kokil A, Ravichandran S, Nagarajan S, Kumar J, Samuelson LA, Bruno FF, Nagarajan R. Enzymatic Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Polymers. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1043.ch023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bouldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Akshay Kokil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Sethumadhavan Ravichandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Subhalakshmi Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Lynne A. Samuelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Ferdinando F. Bruno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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Guo Z, Rüegger H, Kissner R, Ishikawa T, Willeke M, Walde P. Vesicles as soft templates for the enzymatic polymerization of aniline. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11390-11405. [PMID: 19670900 DOI: 10.1021/la901510m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using surfactant vesicles as soft templates for the peroxidase-triggered polymerization of aniline was investigated. It was found that mixed anionic vesicles (diameter approximately 80 nm) composed of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and decanoic acid (1:1, molar ratio) are promising templates. In the presence of the vesicles and horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as initiator system, aniline polymerizes under optimized conditions at pH=4.3 to the desired conductive emeraldine form of polyaniline (PANI). The optimal polymerization conditions were elaborated, and some of the chemical and physicochemical aspects of the reaction system were investigated. After addition of aniline and peroxidase to the vesicles, aniline is only loosely associated with the vesicles, as shown by NOESY-NMR and zeta potential measurements. In contrast, the peroxidase strongly binds to the vesicle surface, as shown by fluorescence measurements using TNS (2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate) as vesicle membrane probe. This binding of the enzyme to the vesicle surface indicates that the polymerization reaction is initiated predominantly on the surface of the vesicles. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy indicates that the polymerization product remains associated with the vesicles on their surface. For short reaction times (30 s<t<60 s), it is shown that oligoanilines containing an excess of oxidized units are obtained, as shown by VIS/NIR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. For longer reaction times (1 min<t<30 min), the relative amount of over oxidized units in PANI decreases until polymers are obtained which have a VIS/NIR spectrum that is typical for the emeraldine salt form of PANI (lambdamax approximately 1000 nm). The appearance of stable unpaired electrons during the reaction was demonstrated by EPR measurements, in full support of the in situ formation of the conductive emeraldine salt form of PANI. At the end of the reaction (after 1 h), the PANI formed remains homogenously dispersed in the aqueous solution thanks to the presence of the vesicles. No precipitation occurs on a time scale of at least several weeks. FTIR and 13C NMR measurements of the product isolated from the reaction mixture confirm the formation of the emeraldine form of PANI. If the polymerization reaction is carried out in the absence of vesicles but under otherwise identical reaction conditions, the outcome of the reaction is very different, i.e., no indication at all for the formation of the conductive form of PANI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Guo
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kwon HS, Chung E, Lee DI, Lee CH, Ahn IS, Kim JY. Comparison of chemical and enzymatic emulsion polymerization of styrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Laccase catalyzes the polymerization of pyrrole into a conducting polymer using dioxygen as the terminal oxidant. This finding is significant, because it identifies an enzymatic route, and thus an environmentally benign method, for preparing a technologically important polymer. In addition, the rate of oxidation of pyrrole increases when the redox molecule, ABTS [2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)], is included in a reaction medium that contains laccase. This increase in rate occurs because laccase catalyzes the oxidation of ABTS to ABTS*. In addition to laccase, the biocatalytically generated ABTS* oxidizes pyrrole to its corresponding radical cation to yield polypyrrole. Moreover, oxidation of pyrrole by ABTS* regenerates ABTS for subsequent biocatalytic turnover. Including ABTS in the reaction medium has two important consequences for the final product: (a) The reaction proceeds rapidly enough to form polymeric films instead of oligomeric precipitates, and (b) ABTS remains within the polymeric film as a redox-active dopant. The charge transport properties of the resulting polymers, both with and without ABTS as the counteranion, are compared to those of other conducting materials including polypyrrole prepared electrochemically or chemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kon Song
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Dubey S, Singh D, Misra R. Enzymatic synthesis and various properties of poly(catechol). Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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