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Wiegmann L, de Zélicourt DA, Speer O, Muller A, Goede JS, Seifert B, Kurtcuoglu V. Influence of Standard Laboratory Procedures on Measures of Erythrocyte Damage. Front Physiol 2017; 8:731. [PMID: 29042854 PMCID: PMC5632557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to characterize the mechanical properties of erythrocytes is important in clinical and research contexts: to diagnose and monitor hematologic disorders, as well as to optimize the design of cardiovascular implants and blood circulating devices with respect to blood damage. However, investigation of red blood cell (RBC) properties generally involves preparatory and processing steps. Even though these impose mechanical stresses on cells, little is known about their impact on the final measurement results. In this study, we investigated the effect of centrifuging, vortexing, pipetting, and high pressures on several markers of mechanical blood damage and RBC membrane properties. Using human venous blood, we analyzed erythrocyte damage by measuring free hemoglobin, phosphatidylserine exposure by flow cytometry, RBC deformability by ektacytometry and the parameters of a complete blood count. We observed increased levels of free hemoglobin for all tested procedures. The release of hemoglobin into plasma depended significantly on the level of stress. Elevated pressures and centrifuging also altered mean cell volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), suggesting changes in erythrocyte population, and membrane properties. Our results show that the effects of blood handling can significantly influence erythrocyte damage metrics. Careful quantification of this influence as well as other unwanted secondary effects should thus be included in experimental protocols and accounted for in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wiegmann
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diane A de Zélicourt
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Speer
- Division of Haematology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alissa Muller
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen S Goede
- Department of Haematology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Urbina A, Godoy-Silva R, Hoyos M, Camacho M. Acute hydrodynamic damage induced by SPLITT fractionation and centrifugation in red blood cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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3
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Derivation and maintenance of murine trophoblast stem cells under defined conditions. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:232-42. [PMID: 24527396 PMCID: PMC3923226 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are in vitro equivalents to the precursor cells of the placenta. TSCs are cultured in serum-rich medium with fibroblast growth factor 4, heparin, and embryonic-fibroblast-conditioned medium. Here, we developed a simple medium consisting of ten chemically defined ingredients for culture of TSCs on Matrigel or synthetic substrates, named TX medium. Gene expression and DNA methylation profiling demonstrated the faithful propagation of expression profiles and epigenomic characteristics of TSCs cultured in TX. Further, TX medium supported the de novo derivation of TSC lines. Finally, TSCs cultured in TX differentiate into all derivatives of the trophectodermal lineage in vitro, give rise to hemorrhagic lesions in nude mice, and chimerize the placenta, indicating that they retained all hallmarks of TSCs. TX media formulation no longer requires fetal bovine serum and conditioned medium, which facilitates and standardizes the culture of this extraembryonic lineage.
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Adaptation of the Spodoptera exigua Se301 insect cell line to grow in serum-free suspended culture. Comparison of SeMNPV productivity in serum-free and serum-containing media. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Poly-γ-glutamic acid enhances the growth and viability of Chinese hamster ovary cells in serum-free medium. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1807-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Brindley D, Moorthy K, Lee JH, Mason C, Kim HW, Wall I. Bioprocess forces and their impact on cell behavior: implications for bone regeneration therapy. J Tissue Eng 2011; 2011:620247. [PMID: 21904661 PMCID: PMC3166560 DOI: 10.4061/2011/620247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprocess forces such as shear stress experienced during routine cell culture are considered to be harmful to cells. However, the impact of physical forces on cell behavior is an area of growing interest within the tissue engineering community, and it is widely acknowledged that mechanical stimulation including shear stress can enhance osteogenic differentiation. This paper considers the effects of bioprocess shear stress on cell responses such as survival and proliferation in several contexts, including suspension-adapted cells used for recombinant protein and monoclonal antibody manufacture, adherent cells for therapy in suspension, and adherent cells attached to their growth substrates. The enhanced osteogenic differentiation that fluid flow shear stress is widely found to induce is discussed, along with the tissue engineering of mineralized tissue using perfusion bioreactors. Recent evidence that bioprocess forces produced during capillary transfer or pipetting of cell suspensions can enhance osteogenic responses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brindley
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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7
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Beas-Catena A, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Molina-Grima E. Adaptation of the Se301 insect cell line to suspension culture. Effect of turbulence on growth and on production of nucleopolyhedrovius (SeMNPV). Cytotechnology 2011; 63:543-52. [PMID: 21830050 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As chemical pesticides are being banned as control agents for agricultural pests, the use of the highly specific, safe to non-target organisms baculoviruses has been proposed. These viruses can be produced either in vivo or in vitro. In vitro production requires appropriated host insect cell lines with the ability for growing as freely-suspended cells. In this work, the Spodoptera exigua Se301 cell line was used to produce the commercially available S. exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) in suspension. Se301 cells showed to be very sensitive to the hydrodynamic shear rates developed in bioreactors. A process of progressive adaptation to freely-suspended cultures using protective additives against shear stress and disaggregant was proposed. The best combinations were polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) with the disaggregant dextran sulfate (DS). Both static and freely-suspended Se301 cell cultures were successfully infected with the SeMNPV baculovirus. Production of occluded baculovirus (OB) increased with the multiplicity of infection (MOI > 0.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Beas-Catena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
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9
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Acosta-Martinez J, Papantoniou I, Lawrence K, Ward S, Hoare M. Ultra scale-down stress analysis of the bioprocessing of whole human cells as a basis for cancer vaccines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:953-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Francis GL. Albumin and mammalian cell culture: implications for biotechnology applications. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:1-16. [PMID: 20373019 PMCID: PMC2860567 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin has a long historical involvement in design of media for the successful culture of mammalian cells, in both the research and commercial fields. The potential application of albumins, bovine or human serum albumin, for cell culture is a by-product of the physico-chemical, biochemical and cell-specific properties of the molecule. In this review an analysis of these features of albumin leads to a consideration of the extracellular and intracellular actions of the molecule, and importantly the role of its interactions with numerous ligands or bioactive factors that influence the growth of cells in culture: these include hormones, growth factors, lipids, amino acids, metal ions, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to name a few. The interaction of albumin with the cell in relation to these co-factors has a potential impact on metabolic and biosynthetic activity, cell proliferation and survival. Application of this knowledge to improve the performance in manufacturing biotechnology and in the emerging uses of cell culture for tissue engineering and stem cell derived therapies is an important prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Francis
- Applied R&D, Novozymes Biopharma AU Ltd, 28 Dalgleish Street, Thebarton, SA, 5031, Australia,
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Tang YJ, Li HM, Hamel JFP. Effects of dissolved oxygen tension and agitation rate on the production of heat-shock protein glycoprotein 96 by MethA tumor cell suspension culture in stirred-tank bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 32:475-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-008-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Koynov A, Tryggvason G, Khinast JG. Characterization of the localized hydrodynamic shear forces and dissolved oxygen distribution in sparged bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:317-31. [PMID: 17154313 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Detailed, high-resolution numerical simulations of the bubbly flows, used for oxygen delivery and mixing in mammalian cell suspensions, have been performed. The hydrodynamics, shear and normal forces, mass transfer and mass transport from and around individual bubbles and bubble clusters were resolved for different operating conditions, that is, Weber, Morton, and Schmidt numbers. Suspended animal (e.g., mammalian, insect) cells are known to be susceptible to damage potentially leading to cell death, caused by hydrodynamic stresses and oxygen deprivation. Better knowledge of the magnitude of the shear forces and the extent of mixing of the dissolved oxygen in sparged bioreactors can have a significant impact on their future design and optimization. Therefore, the computed liquid-phase velocity fields were used to calculate and compare the local shear in different types of single bubble wakes and in bubble clusters. Oxygen mass transfer and dissolved oxygen transport were resolved to examine oxygen supply to the cells in the different types of flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanas Koynov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08845-8058, USA
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Abstract
Continued use of petroleum sourced fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the contribution of these fuels to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. Biodiesel derived from oil crops is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Unfortunately, biodiesel from oil crops, waste cooking oil and animal fat cannot realistically satisfy even a small fraction of the existing demand for transport fuels. As demonstrated here, microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels. Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oils but they do so more efficiently than crop plants. Oil productivity of many microalgae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best producing oil crops. Approaches for making microalgal biodiesel economically competitive with petrodiesel are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Chisti
- Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Irene Sánchez Cervantes M, Lacombe J, Muzzio FJ, Álvarez MM. Novel bioreactor design for the culture of suspended mammalian cells. Part I: Mixing characterization. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Animal cells are affected by hydrodynamic forces that occur in culture vessel, transfer piping, and recovery operations such as microfiltration. Depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the force, and the specifics of the cell, the force may induce various kinds of responses in the subject cells. Both biochemical and physiological responses are observed, including apoptosis and purely mechanical destruction of the cell. This review examines the kinds of hydrodynamic forces encountered in bioprocessing equipment and the impact of those forces on cells. Methods are given for quantifying the magnitude of the specific forces, and the response thresholds are noted for the common types of cells cultured in free suspension, supported on microcarriers, and anchored to stationary surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chisti
- Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Abstract
The gas sparging of culture broth causes damage to suspended animal cells. However, despite this, sparged bioreactors remain the preferred means of cell culture because sparging is a robust method of supplying oxygen, especially on a large scale. This article examines the underlying mechanisms involved in bubble-associated cell damage and the methods available for controlling such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chisti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, E-04071, Almería, Spain.
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Abstract
A clear distinction is made between damage to the population of cells and damage to individual cells on exposure to shear stress. Work on mechanical damage to animal cells in suspension is reported for six different cell lines. Precisely controlled shears of 1 Pa, 10 Pa, and 100 Pa were generated in a viscometer and distortions in morphology of the cells-for instance, the formation of transient pores, cytoplasmic extrusions, and ghost-cell membranes-are presented with photographic evidence. Low shears are shown to be just as damaging as the higher shears, although the type of damage is different. It follows that bioreactors should be operated at intermediate shear levels for optimal yield. A mechanism to account for the unexpected stability of animal cells at intermediate levels of shear is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Mardikar
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
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Contreras A, Garcia F, Molina E, Merchuk JC. Interaction between CO2-mass transfer, light availability, and hydrodynamic stress in the growth of phaeodactylum tricornutum in a concentric tube airlift photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 60:317-25. [PMID: 10099434 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981105)60:3<317::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was grown in a concentric tube airlift photobioreactor. A maximum specific growth rate of 0. 023 h-1 was obtained using a superficial gas velocity around 0.055 m/s. Lower or higher gas flow rates limited the culture performance. To establish if the observed limitation was due to CO2 or to the photosynthetically active irradiance, characteristic times for mixing, mass transfer and CO2 consumption, and the photon flux absorbed by the culture were analyzed. The CO2-gradients in the culture were shown to be responsible for the limitation during the exponential growth phase, and both CO2 and light irradiance were limiting in the linear growth phase. The decrease in specific growth rate relative to the maximum was found to be related to the specific gas-liquid interfacial area, the length scale of the microeddies and the shear rate. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Contreras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, 04071-Almeria, Spain
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Molina Grima E, Chisti Y, Moo-Young M. Characterization of shear rates in airlift bioreactors for animal cell culture. J Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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