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Marmoy OR, Tekavčič Pompe M, Kremers J. Chromatic visual evoked potentials: A review of physiology, methods and clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101272. [PMID: 38761874 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective assessment of the visual system can be performed electrophysiologically using the visual evoked potential (VEP). In many clinical circumstances, this is performed using high contrast achromatic patterns or diffuse flash stimuli. These methods are clinically valuable but they may only assess a subset of possible physiological circuitries within the visual system, particularly those involved in achromatic (luminance) processing. The use of chromatic VEPs (cVEPs) in addition to standard VEPs can inform us of the function or dysfunction of chromatic pathways. The chromatic VEP has been well studied in human health and disease. Yet, to date our knowledge of their underlying mechanisms and applications remains limited. This likely reflects a heterogeneity in the methodology, analysis and conclusions of different works, which leads to ambiguity in their clinical use. This review sought to identify the primary methodologies employed for recording cVEPs. Furthermore cVEP maturation and application in understanding the function of the chromatic system under healthy and diseased conditions are reviewed. We first briefly describe the physiology of normal colour vision, before describing the methodologies and historical developments which have led to our understanding of cVEPs. We thereafter describe the expected maturation of the cVEP, followed by reviewing their application in several disorders: congenital colour vision deficiencies, retinal disease, glaucoma, optic nerve and neurological disorders, diabetes, amblyopia and dyslexia. We finalise the review with recommendations for testing and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Marmoy
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Manca Tekavčič Pompe
- University Eye Clinic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Kremers
- Section of Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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Zhou M, Wu L, Hu Q, Wang C, Ye J, Chen T, Wan P. Visual Impairments Are Associated With Retinal Microvascular Density in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:718820. [PMID: 34475812 PMCID: PMC8406760 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.718820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate retinal microvascular density in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and its correlation with visual impairment. Methods This cross-sectional study included 24 eyes of 24 patients with PD and 23 eyes of 23 healthy controls. All participants underwent ophthalmic examination, visual evoked potential (VEP) test, 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) examination. The correlation between retinal microvascular density and visual parameter was evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis, and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated. Results Parkinson’s disease patients had prolonged P100 latency (P = 0.041), worse vision-related quality of life (composite score and 3 of 12 subscales in NEI VFQ-25), and decreased vessel density (VD) in all sectors of 3-mm-diameter region (all P < 0.05) compared with healthy controls. There were no statistical differences in the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between the two groups. A negative correlation was found between P100 latency and nasal and superior sectors of macular VD in a 3-mm-diameter region (r = −0.328, P = 0.030; r = −0.302, and P = 0.047, respectively). Macular VD in a 3-mm-diameter region showed diagnostic capacities to distinguish PD patients from healthy controls (AUROCs, ranging from 0.655 to 0.723). Conclusion This study demonstrated that decreased retinal microvascular density was correlated with visual impairment in PD patients. Retinal microvasculature change may occur earlier than visual decline and retinal structure change and has the potential to be a promising diagnostic marker for early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congyao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengxia Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pinkhardt EH, Ding Y, Slotnick S, Kassubek J, Ludolph AC, Glazman S, Selesnick I, Bodis-Wollner I. The intrinsically restructured fovea is correlated with contrast sensitivity loss in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1275-1283. [PMID: 32676747 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Foveal structure that is specified by the thickness, depth and the overall shape of the fovea is a promising tool to qualify and quantify retinal pathology in Parkinson's disease. To determine the model variable that is best suited for discriminating Parkinson's disease eyes from those of healthy controls and to assess correlations between impaired contrast sensitivity and foveal shape we characterized the fovea in 48 Parkinson's disease patients and 45 control subjects by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The model quantifies structural changes in the fovea of Parkinson's disease patients that are correlated with a decline in contrast sensitivity. Retinal foveal remodeling may serve as a parameter for vision deficits in Parkinson's disease. Whether foveal remodeling reflects dopaminergic driven pathology or rather both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic pathology has to be investigated in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar H Pinkhardt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yin Ding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | | | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sofya Glazman
- Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Selesnick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ivan Bodis-Wollner
- Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Silverstein SM, Demmin DL, Schallek JB, Fradkin SI. Measures of Retinal Structure and Function as Biomarkers in Neurology and Psychiatry. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Guo L, Normando EM, Shah PA, De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Oculo-visual abnormalities in Parkinson's disease: Possible value as biomarkers. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1390-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Eduardo M. Normando
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Parth Arvind Shah
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
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Merola A, Sturchio A, Hacker S, Serna S, Vizcarra JA, Marsili L, Fasano A, Espay AJ. Technology-based assessment of motor and nonmotor phenomena in Parkinson disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:825-845. [PMID: 30269610 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1530593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing development and availability of portable and wearable technologies is rapidly expanding the field of technology-based objective measures (TOMs) in neurological disorders, including Parkinson disease (PD). Substantial challenges remain in the recognition of disease phenomena relevant to patients and clinicians, as well as in the identification of the most appropriate devices to carry out these measurements. Areas covered: The authors systematically reviewed PubMed for studies employing technology as outcome measures in the assessment of PD-associated motor and nonmotor abnormalities. Expert commentary: TOMs minimize intra- and inter-rater variability in clinical assessments of motor and nonmotor phenomena in PD, improving the accuracy of clinical endpoints. Critical unmet needs for the integration of TOMs into clinical and research practice are the identification and validation of relevant endpoints for individual patients, the capture of motor and nonmotor activities from an ecologically valid environment, the integration of various sensor data into an open-access, common-language platforms, and the definition of a regulatory pathway for approval of TOMs. The current lack of multidomain, multisensor, smart technologies to measure in real time a wide scope of relevant changes remain a significant limitation for the integration of technology into the assessment of PD motor and nonmotor functional disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Merola
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Andrea Sturchio
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Stephanie Hacker
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Santiago Serna
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Luca Marsili
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- b Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic , Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Brain Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Alberto J Espay
- a James J and Joan A Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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He SB, Liu CY, Chen LD, Ye ZN, Zhang YP, Tang WG, Wang BD, Gao X. Meta-Analysis of Visual Evoked Potential and Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 2018:3201308. [PMID: 30123489 PMCID: PMC6079328 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested that visual evoked potential (VEP) was impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the results were inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore whether the VEP was significantly different between PD patients and healthy controls. Case-control studies of PD were selected through an electronic search of the databases PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We calculated the pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between individuals with PD and controls using the random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty case-control studies which met our inclusion criteria were included in the final meta-analysis. We found that the P100 latency in PD was significantly higher compared with healthy controls (pooled WMD = 6.04, 95% CI: 2.73 to 9.35, P=0.0003, n=20). However, the difference in the mean amplitude of P100 was not significant between the two groups (pooled WMD = 0.64, 95% CI: -0.06 to 1.33, P=0.07) based on 10 studies with the P100 amplitude values available. CONCLUSIONS The higher P100 latency of VEP was observed in PD patients, relative to healthy controls. Our findings suggest that electrophysiological changes and functional defect in the visual pathway of PD patients are important to our understanding of the pathophysiology of visual involvement in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-bin He
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chun-yan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lin-di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhi-nan Ye
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Ya-ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wei-guo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Bin-da Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
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Functional and morphological assessment of ocular structures and follow-up of patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Int Ophthalmol 2018; 39:1255-1262. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Souza BOF, Abou Rjeili M, Quintana C, Beaulieu JM, Casanova C. Spatial Frequency Selectivity Is Impaired in Dopamine D2 Receptor Knockout Mice. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29379422 PMCID: PMC5775240 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in several brain functions, including vision. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the lack of D2 dopamine receptors on the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1) of D2-KO mice using optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Retinotopic maps were generated in order to measure anatomo-functional parameters such as V1 shape, cortical magnification factor, scatter, and ocular dominance. Contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency selectivity (SF) functions were computed from responses to drifting gratings. When compared to control mice, none of the parameters of the retinotopic maps were affected by D2 receptor loss of function. While the contrast sensitivity function of D2-KO mice did not differ from their wild-type counterparts, SF selectivity function was significantly affected as the optimal SF and the high cut-off frequency (p < 0.01) were higher in D2-KO than in WT mice. These findings show that the lack of function of D2 dopamine receptors had no influence on cortical structure whereas it had a significant impact on the spatial frequency selectivity and high cut-off. Taken together, our results suggest that D2 receptors play a specific role on the processing of spatial features in early visual cortex while they do not seem to participate in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Abou Rjeili
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémentine Quintana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean M Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Bandini F. On the role of visual electrophysiology in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 45:97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nguyen CTO, Hui F, Charng J, Velaedan S, van Koeverden AK, Lim JKH, He Z, Wong VHY, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV, Ivarsson M. Retinal biomarkers provide "insight" into cortical pharmacology and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:151-177. [PMID: 28174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The retina is an easily accessible out-pouching of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus lends itself to being a biomarker of the brain. More specifically, the presence of neuronal, vascular and blood-neural barrier parallels in the eye and brain coupled with fast and inexpensive methods to quantify retinal changes make ocular biomarkers an attractive option. This includes its utility as a biomarker for a number of cerebrovascular diseases as well as a drug pharmacology and safety biomarker for the CNS. It is a rapidly emerging field, with some areas well established, such as stroke risk and multiple sclerosis, whereas others are still in development (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, psychological disease and cortical diabetic dysfunction). The current applications and future potential of retinal biomarkers, including potential ways to improve their sensitivity and specificity are discussed. This review summarises the existing literature and provides a perspective on the strength of current retinal biomarkers and their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Flora Hui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shajan Velaedan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K H Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Ivarsson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Miri S, Glazman S, Mylin L, Bodis-Wollner I. A combination of retinal morphology and visual electrophysiology testing increases diagnostic yield in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 22 Suppl 1:S134-7. [PMID: 26414119 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired vision and remodeled foveal pit have been demonstrated in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using different techniques. METHODS Ten PD (20 eyes) and eight healthy controls (HC) subjects (16 eyes) were enrolled. Subjects were evaluated for N70 and P100 latencies using two-channel VEP with pattern reversal and on/off pattern; Contrast sensitivity (CS) using Pelli-Robson chart; macular thickness measured using Zeiss-HD optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS PD patients had a significantly delayed N70 (reversal pattern) and P100 (on/off pattern), lower CS score, and decreased retinal thickness at temporal 1.5-2.5 mm from the foveola. N70 latency was negatively correlated with CS (R = -0.419, P = 0.01) and average GCL-IPL thickness (R = -0.529, P = 0.001). CS was positively correlated with parafoveal thickness (R = 0.490, P = 0.002). A combination of parafoveal thickness and CS score yielded an AUC of 0.784 for PD discrimination which increased to 0.844 when combined with N70 and P100 measures. CONCLUSION A combination of pattern reversal VEP latency, CS score, and inner retinal foveal thickness measures has a high diagnostic yield for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Miri
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sofya Glazman
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Leland Mylin
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Ivan Bodis-Wollner
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Aras S, Tanriover G, Aslan M, Yargicoglu P, Agar A. The role of nitric oxide on visual-evoked potentials in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neurochem Int 2014; 72:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE We simulate how subjects with losses in chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity perceive colored images by using the spatiochromatic corresponding pair algorithm. METHODS This is a generalized version of the algorithm by Capilla et al. (J Opt Soc Am (A) 2004;21:176-186) for simulating color perception of color deviant subjects, which incorporates a simple spatial vision model, consisting of a linear filtering stage, with a band-pass achromatic filter and two low-pass chromatic ones, for the red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms. These filters, except for the global scaling, are the subject's contrast sensitivity functions measured along the cardinal directions of the color space. In its present form, the algorithm would serve to simulate alterations both in the spectral sensitivities and in the contrast sensitivities of the visual mechanisms. RESULTS After a preliminary theoretical study on the effect of frequency selective and overall reductions in the contrast sensitivity function of a single mechanism, we present cases of real subjects with glaucoma and diabetes, suffering alterations of different magnitude in the three mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The simulations allow us to learn about the different types of distortions that can be experienced by a subject with impaired contrast sensitivities (blur, haloes, color shifts, local or global contrast, brightness and colorfulness reductions, etc.) and highlight the difficulties arising when trying to predict the quality of the final image from the losses in the individual mechanisms.
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Retinopathy in Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1493-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Harris J. Vision in Parkinson’s disease: what are the deficits and what are their origins? Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1076/noph.19.3.113.7896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
As a more complete picture of the clinical phenotype of Parkinson's disease emerges, non-motor symptoms have become increasingly studied. Prominent among these non-motor phenomena are mood disturbance, cognitive decline and dementia, sleep disorders, hyposmia and autonomic failure. In addition, visual symptoms are common, ranging from complaints of dry eyes and reading difficulties, through to perceptual disturbances (feelings of presence and passage) and complex visual hallucinations. Such visual symptoms are a considerable cause of morbidity in Parkinson's disease and, with respect to visual hallucinations, are an important predictor of cognitive decline as well as institutional care and mortality. Evidence exists of visual dysfunction at several levels of the visual pathway in Parkinson's disease. This includes psychophysical, electrophysiological and morphological evidence of disruption of retinal structure and function, in addition to disorders of 'higher' (cortical) visual processing. In this review, we will draw together work from animal and human studies in an attempt to provide an insight into how Parkinson's disease affects the retina and how these changes might contribute to the visual symptoms experienced by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Archibald
- Clinical Research Fellow, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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Kiziltan G, Ozekmekçi S, Ertan S, Ertan T, Erginöz E. Relationship between age and subtypes of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2007; 254:448-52. [PMID: 17401525 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychotic symptoms (PS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) usually develop as a side effect of the dopaminergic therapy and consist of hallucinations and delusions. We observed that PD patients who developed delusions tend to be younger than those with hallucinations and we aimed to investigate the validity of this observation. METHODS The medical records of 127 PD patients with PS were reviewed and 76 patients who were on treatment with dopamine agonists with or without levodopa at the time of developing PS were included. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to the subtypes of PS: patients with solely hallucinations (n = 46), solely delusions (n = 18), and both types (n = 12). The groups were compared with respect to the age-at-onset of PD and PS, duration of PD, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and motor subscale scores of Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS), and levodopa equivalent dose of the dopaminergic agents administered at the time of PS onset. RESULTS The mean age-at onset of PD and PS was significantly younger (p = 0.0001) in patients with delusions (49 and 55.9 years) than those with hallucinations (61.9 and 68.9 years). The same parameters were also significantly different (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively) between the groups of patients with concurrent delusions and hallucinations (51.7 and 57.2 years) and those with only hallucinations. ADL and motor subscale scores were higher in patients with hallucinations (p = 0.016 and p = 0.013) compared with those noted in patients with delusions despite similar disease duration. The mean levodopa equivalent doses of the dopaminergic agents administered at the time of onset of PS did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION This study supported an association of delusions with younger onset of both PD and psychosis as compared with hallucinations. However, additional factors related to this association remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günes Kiziltan
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
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Sartucci F, Porciatti V. Visual-evoked potentials to onset of chromatic red-green and blue-yellow gratings in Parkinson's disease never treated with L-dopa. J Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 23:431-5. [PMID: 17016154 PMCID: PMC3703931 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnp.0000216127.53517.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential dysfunction of chromatic and achromatic visual pathways in early Parkinson's disease (PD) was evaluated by means of visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded in 12 patients (mean age 60.1 +/- 8.3 years; range 46 to 74 years) in the early stages of PD and not yet undergoing treatment with L-dopa, and in 12 age-matched controls. Visual stimuli were full-field (14 deg) equiluminant red-green (R-G), blue-yellow (B-Y), and black-white (B-W) sinusoidal gratings of two cycles per degree, presented in onset (300 milliseconds)--offset (700 milliseconds) mode, at two contrast (K) levels (90% and 25%). The VEP mean latencies were significantly more delayed in PD patients than in controls for chromatic than for luminance stimuli, in particular for B-Y stimuli of low contrast (K90%: B-W = 6.6 milliseconds, R-G = 3.34 milliseconds, B-Y = 15.48 milliseconds; K25%: B-W = 7.8 milliseconds, R-G = 14.8 milliseconds, B-Y = 28.9). Latencies of chromatic VEPs were more variable that achromatic VEP latencies in both normal subjects and PD patients. Therefore, the frequency of latency abnormalities (within 30%) was not significantly different for the three visual stimuli. Our results show that, in addition to achromatic VEPs, chromatic VEPs are impaired in early PD patients not yet undergoing L-dopa therapy, indicating an acquired color deficiency in these patients. The greater delay for the B-Y VEPs suggests a higher vulnerability of visual blue-cone pathway in the early stages of the disease. However, the overall sensitivity of chromatic VEPs in detecting early visual impairment in PD is comparable with that of achromatic VEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Sartucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurological Clinic, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
- CNR—Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Sartucci F, Orlandi G, Lucetti C, Bonuccelli U, Murri L, Orsini C, Porciatti V. Changes in Pattern Electroretinograms to Equiluminant Red-Green and Blue-Yellow Gratings in Patients with Early Parkinson’s Disease. J Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 20:375-81. [PMID: 14701999 DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200309000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the luminance pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is reported to be abnormal, indicating dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To determine the vulnerability of different subpopulations of RGCs in PD patients, the authors recorded the PERG to stimuli of chromatic (red-green [R-G] and blue-yellow [B-Y]) and achromatic (yellow-black [Y-Bk]) contrast, known to emphasize the contribution of parvocellular, koniocellular, and magnocellular RGCs, respectively. Subjects were early PD patients (n = 12; mean age, 60.1 +/- 8.3 years; range, 46 to 74 years) not undergoing treatment with levodopa and age-sex-matched controls (n = 12). Pattern electroretinograms were recorded monocularly in response to equiluminant R-G, B-Y, and Y-Bk horizontal gratings of 0.3 c/deg and 90% contrast, reversed at 1Hz, and presented at a viewing distance of 24 cm (59.2 x 59 degree field). In PD patients, the PERG amplitude was significantly reduced (by 40 to 50% on average) for both chromatic and luminance stimuli. Pattern electroretinogram latency was significantly delayed (by about 15 ms) for B-Y stimuli only. Data indicate that, in addition to achromatic PERGs, chromatic PERGs are altered in PD before levodopa therapy. Overall, chromatic PERGs to B-Y equiluminant stimuli exhibited the largest changes. Data are consistent with previous findings in PD, showing that visual evoked potentials (VEP) to B-Y chromatic stimuli are more delayed than VEPs to R-G and achromatic stimuli. The results suggest that the koniocellular subpopulation of RGCs may be particularly vulnerable in early stages of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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21
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Zhao Y, Kerscher N, Eysel U, Funke K. D1 and D2 receptor-mediated dopaminergic modulation of visual responses in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol 2002; 539:223-38. [PMID: 11850515 PMCID: PMC2290134 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulatory effects of dopamine (DA) on the visual responses of relay cells of the dorsal aspect of cat lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) were tested using local micro-iontophoretic application of DA and application of the receptor-specific agonists SKF38393 (SKF, D1/D5) and quinpirole (QUIN, D2/D3/D4) in the anaesthetized alcuronium-treated cat. The effects of DA and QUIN were clearly dose-dependent: small amounts caused a weak and transient facilitation of visual activity (10-30% increase) preferentially in Y-type relay cells, which changed to a moderate reduction of visual responses when the dose was increased (50%, maximal 70%). The effect of SKF was mainly suppressive and increased with the amount of drug applied (up to 90% reduction). The selective antagonists SCH23390 (SCH, D1) and sulpiride (SULP, D2) reduced the effects of co-applied DA agonists. We found little evidence for a specific dopaminergic modulation of the surround inhibition (stimulus-driven lateral inhibition) although DA slightly facilitated the transmission of weak signals (small stimuli). Nevertheless, some dopaminergic effects seem to be mediated via inhibitory interneurons regulating the strength of sustained or recurrent inhibition. Application of DA agonists during blockade of GABA(A) receptors indicates a direct suppression of relay cells via D1 receptors, an excitation of relay cells via D2 receptors and--with increasing amounts of D2 agonist--probably also an excitation of inhibitory interneurons, which results in an indirect inhibition of dLGN relay cells (predominantly of the X-type). The results are discussed in relation to the impairment of visual functions in Parkinson's disease.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Cats
- Dopamine/administration & dosage
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Geniculate Bodies/drug effects
- Geniculate Bodies/physiology
- Interneurons/physiology
- Male
- Neural Inhibition/physiology
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Sulpiride/pharmacology
- Visual Perception/drug effects
- Visual Perception/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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22
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Sartucci F, Murri L, Orsini C, Porciatti V. Equiluminant red-green and blue-yellow VEPs in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18:583-91. [PMID: 11779973 DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200111000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate visual system is composed by two color-opponent pathways--red-green (R-G) and blue-yellow (B-Y)--subserved by the so-called parvo- and koniocellular streams respectively. The authors' aim was to compare the relative involvement of chromatic visual subsystems in multiple sclerosis (MS). In 30 MS patients with different forms of MS they recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to onset (300 msec) and offset (700 msec) of equiluminant R-G and B-Y sinusoidal gratings of different contrast (90% and 25%). Equiluminance was established psychophysically by establishing the R-G and the B-Y color ratio at which chromatic gratings alternating at 15 and 10 Hz respectively had minimum visibility. The negative wave at stimulus onset with a peak latency of 120 to 160 msec was evaluated. Ordinary VEPs to luminance (LUM) contrast (black-white reversing checkerboards of 15' check size and 50% contrast) were also recorded for comparison. Latencies of R-G VEPs were abnormal in 53.3% and 58.3% of patients at 90% and 25% contrast respectively, whereas abnormal B-Y VEPs were 56.6% and 48.3%. Latencies of LUM VEPs were abnormal in 45% of patients. Interocular latency asymmetries were abnormal in 59.2% and 33.3% of patients for R-G, and 51.8% and 62.9% for B-Y. Latency asymmetries for LUM VEP were abnormal in 46.4% of patients. The higher rate of VEP abnormalities found with equiluminant chromatic stimuli compared with achromatic stimuli confirms the general vulnerability of color-opponent visual pathways in MS, even if the number of patients with abnormal findings was not significantly different when both test conditions were compared. VEPs to R-G and B-Y equiluminant stimuli appear to be involved approximately to the same extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sartucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Centro Nazionale Ricerche, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sener HO, Akbostanci MC, Yücesan C, Dora B, Selçuki D. Visual evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease-correlation with clinical involvement. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2001; 103:147-50. [PMID: 11532553 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-8467(01)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 18 patients with Parkinson's disease were evaluated clinically and by transient checker-board VEP study. There were significant differences between bradykinesia (P<0.01), rigidity (P<0.02), and tremor (P<0.05) subscores of the more and less severely affected sides. There were no asymmetry of VEP latency or amplitude between the more and less severely affected sides by stimulation of the corresponding eye. There were no significant correlations between the VEP latency or amplitude and any of the clinical features except the bradykinesia scores. The bradykinesia scores on the more severely involved side (r: 0.57; P=0.014) and less severely involved side (r: 0.82; P=0.00003) showed medium to high degree positive correlations with VEP amplitudes by stimulation of the corresponding eye. By studying monocular fullfield responses our data can only suggest that there is no prechiasmal asymmetry. The positive correlation between the VEP amplitude and bradykinesia score might indicate that D2 receptors dominate in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Sener
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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24
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Zhao Y, Kerscher N, Eysel U, Funke K. Changes of contrast gain in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus by dopamine receptor agonists. Neuroreport 2001; 12:2939-45. [PMID: 11588607 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200109170-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory effects of dopamine (DA) on the contrast gain of retino-geniculate transmission were tested with local micro-iontophoretical application of DA and the DA receptor agonists SKF38393 (SKF, D1/D5) and quinpirole (QUIN, D2/D3/D4) while recording visually induced spike activity of relay cells of the dorsal aspect of cat lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in the anesthetised and paralyzed preparation. DA and QUIN could either facilitate or inhibit visual activity in a dose-dependent fashion: small amounts caused a facilitation while larger quantities resulted in a more (DA) or less (QUIN) strong inhibition. The effect of SKF was almost always suppressive and increased with the amount of drug applied. The absolute change in activity was depending on stimulus contrast and the strength of the elicited response: facilitation and inhibition of activity was proportional to stimulus contrast and response strength and thus resulted in a changed contrast gain. The results indicate that the visual deficits found in Parkinson's disease patients my be not solely related to retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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25
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Porciatti V, Sartucci F. Normative data for onset VEPs to red-green and blue-yellow chromatic contrast. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110:772-81. [PMID: 10378751 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better characterize the properties of chromatic VEPs to onset-offset of red-green and blue-yellow equiluminant patterns, and establish normative values for a set of stimuli able to elicit robust and reliable responses, suitable for the clinical application. METHODS Chromatic VEPs have been recorded (Oz lead) from 28 normal subjects (age range 20-53 years) in response to monocular presentation of both red-green and blue-yellow equiluminant sinusoidal gratings. Stimuli were generated by a Cambridge VSG/2 card and displayed on a Barco CCID monitor (14x14 deg field size). Spatial frequency, chromaticity, contrast and onset-offset duration were varied. RESULTS For both red-green and blue-yellow equiluminant stimuli, robust responses have been obtained with gratings of 2 c/deg, presented in onset (300 ms) offset (700 ms) mode, at contrasts ranging from 90 to 6%. In all observers, the VEP waveform consisted mainly of a negative wave at stimulus onset, with a latency rapidly increasing with decreasing contrast. For both red-green and blue-yellow stimuli, the VEP contrast threshold coincided with the psychophysical threshold. CONCLUSIONS The results complement previous studies aimed at characterizing the properties of chromatic VEPs. In addition, normative data are provided for a set of stimulus characteristics suitable for the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Porciatti
- Institute of Neurophysiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy.
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