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Español A, Salem A, Sanchez Y, Sales ME. Breast cancer: Muscarinic receptors as new targets for tumor therapy. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:404-428. [PMID: 34189066 PMCID: PMC8223712 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i6.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of breast cancer is a complex process that involves the participation of different factors. Several authors have demonstrated the overexpression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in different tumor tissues and their role in the modulation of tumor biology, positioning them as therapeutic targets in cancer. The conventional treatment for breast cancer involves surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. The latter presents disadvantages such as limited specificity, the appearance of resistance to treatment and other side effects. To prevent these side effects, several schedules of drug administration, like metronomic therapy, have been developed. Metronomic therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which one or more drugs are administered at low concentrations repetitively. Recently, two chemotherapeutic agents usually used to treat breast cancer have been considered able to activate mAChRs. The combination of low concentrations of these chemotherapeutic agents with muscarinic agonists could be a useful option to be applied in breast cancer treatment, since this combination not only reduces tumor cell survival without affecting normal cells, but also decreases pathological neo-angiogenesis, the expression of drug extrusion proteins and the cancer stem cell fraction. In this review, we focus on the previous evidences that have positioned mAChRs as relevant therapeutic targets in breast cancer and analyze the effects of administering muscarinic agonists in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in a metronomic schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Español
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Agustina Salem
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Yamila Sanchez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - María Elena Sales
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
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Bourie F, Olsson K, Iskhakov B, Buras A, Fazilov G, Shenouda M, Zhezherya J, Bodnar RJ. Murine genetic variance in muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonism of sucrose and saccharin solution intakes in three inbred mouse strains. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:50-56. [PMID: 29042247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutritive (e.g., sucrose) and non-nutritive (e.g., saccharin) sweeteners stimulate intake in inbred mouse strains. BALB/c, SWR and C57BL/6 mice differ in the ability of dopamine (DA) D1 (SCH23390) and opioid (naltrexone) receptor antagonism to alter sucrose intake. Whereas SCH23390 comparably reduced cumulative sucrose intake in all three strains, naltrexone reduced cumulative sucrose intake maximally in C57/BL/6 mice, in intermediate fashion in BALB/c mice, but not in SWR mice. Whereas cumulative saccharin intake was reduced by DA D1 receptor antagonism in BALB/c and SWR mice, naltrexone was more potent in SWR relative to BALB/c mice. The present study first examined whether SCH23390 (50-1600nmol/kg) and naltrexone (0.01-5mg/kg) altered saccharin intake in C57BL/6 mice. Given that scopolamine (SCOP), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, reduces sweet intake in outbred rats, a second experiment examined whether SCOP (0.1-10mg/kg) altered 0.2% saccharin and 10% sucrose intakes in BALB/c, SWR and C57BL/6 mice. Cumulative saccharin intake was significantly reduced by SCH23390 (200-1600nmol/kg; ID40=175nmol/kg) and naltrexone (0.1-5mg/kg; ID40>5mg/kg) in C57BL/6 mice. Cumulative sucrose intake was significantly reduced following SCOP in C57BL/6 (0.1-10mg/kg; ID40=2.32mg/kg) and BALB/c (2.5-10mg/kg; ID40=0.52mg/kg) mice. In contrast, SWR mice (ID40=41.61mg/kg) only displayed transient (15min) reductions in sucrose intake following SCOP (2.5-10mg/kg). Cumulative saccharin intake was significantly reduced following SCOP in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice (0.1-10mg/kg; ID40<0.1mg/kg). In contrast, SWR mice (ID40=2.28mg/kg) displayed smaller significant reductions in saccharin intake following SCOP (0.1-10mg/kg). These data indicate that although both nutritive and non-nutritive sweet intakes are governed by muscarinic cholinergic receptor signaling, this process is subject to murine genetic variance with greater sensitivity observed in C57BL/6 and BALB/c relative to SWR inbred mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Bourie
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, USA
| | | | - Ben Iskhakov
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, USA
| | - Agata Buras
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, USA; CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MR3) in saliva of patients with oral lichen planus. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:481-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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PACAP Modulates Distinct Neuronal Components to Induce Cell-Specific Plasticity at Central and Autonomic Synapses. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Koopman FA, Vosters JL, Roescher N, Broekstra N, Tak PP, Vervoordeldonk MJ. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the non-obese diabetic mouse model. Oral Dis 2015; 21:858-65. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- FA Koopman
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center; Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - JL Vosters
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center; Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - N Roescher
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center; Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - N Broekstra
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center; Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - PP Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center; Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- GlaxoSmithKline; Stevenage UK
| | - MJ Vervoordeldonk
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center; Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Klinkenberg I, Blokland A. A comparison of scopolamine and biperiden as a rodent model for cholinergic cognitive impairment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:549-66. [PMID: 21336581 PMCID: PMC3090581 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The nonselective muscarinic antagonist scopolamine hydrobromide (SCOP) is employed as the gold standard for inducing memory impairments in healthy humans and animals. However, its use remains controversial due to the wide spectrum of behavioral effects of this drug. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated whether biperiden (BIP), a muscarinic m1 receptor antagonist, is to be preferred over SCOP as a pharmacological model for cholinergic memory deficits in rats. This was done by comparing the effects of SCOP and BIP using a battery of operant tasks: fixed ratio (FR5) and progressive ratio (PR10) schedules of reinforcement, an attention paradigm and delayed nonmatching to position task. RESULTS SCOP induced diffuse behavioral disruption, which included sensorimotor responding (FR5, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg), food motivation (PR10, 1 mg/kg), attention (0.3 mg/kg, independent of stimulus duration), and short-term memory (delayed nonmatching to position (DNMTP), 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, delay-dependent but also impairment at the zero second delay). BIP induced relatively more selective deficits, as it slowed sensorimotor responding (FR5, 10 mg/kg) and disrupted short-term memory (DNMTP, 3 mg/kg, delay-dependent but no impairment at the zero second delay). BIP had no effect on food motivation (PR10) or attention. CONCLUSION Muscarinic m1 antagonists should be considered an interesting alternative for SCOP as a pharmacological model for cholinergic mnemonic deficits in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Klinkenberg
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Klinkenberg I, Blokland A. The validity of scopolamine as a pharmacological model for cognitive impairment: A review of animal behavioral studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:1307-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ito Y, Oyunzul L, Seki M, Fujino Oki T, Matsui M, Yamada S. Quantitative analysis of the loss of muscarinic receptors in various peripheral tissues in M1-M5 receptor single knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:1147-53. [PMID: 19378377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To compare loss in binding to muscarinic receptor (mAChR) subtypes with their known functions, the total density of muscarinic receptors was measured in peripheral tissues from wild type (WT) and mAChR knockout (KO) mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Binding parameters of [N-methyl-3H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([3H]NMS) were determined in 10 peripheral tissues of WT and M1-M5 receptor KO mice. Competition between [3H]NMS and darifenacin (selective M3 receptor antagonist) was also measured. KEY RESULTS There was an extensive loss of [3H]NMS-binding sites (maximal number of binding sites, Bmax) in heart and smooth muscle from M2KO mice, compared with WT mice. Smooth muscle from M3KO mice also showed a moderate loss of Bmax. Bmax fell in pancreas and bladder of M4KO mice and in prostate in M1KO and M3KO mice. There was a large loss of Bmax in exocrine and endocrine glands of M3KO mice with a moderate decrease in M2KO mice. Darifenacin inhibited specific [3H]NMS binding in submandibular gland and bladder of WT, M2KO and M3KO mice. Ki (inhibition constant) values for darifenacin in the submandibular gland were the same in WT and M2KO mice but increased in M3KO mice. However, Ki values in bladder were decreased in M2KO mice and increased in M3KO mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Single mAChR KO mice exhibit a loss of mAChR in peripheral tissues that generally paralleled the reported loss of function. Quantitative analysis of data, however, also suggested that, in some instances, normal expression of a receptor subtype depended on expression of other subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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Ndoye A, Buchli R, Greenberg B, Nguyen VT, Zia S, Rodriguez JG, Webber RJ, Lawry MA, Grando SA. Identification and mapping of keratinocyte muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:410-6. [PMID: 9740233 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine mediates cell-to-cell communications in the skin. Human epidermal keratinocytes respond to acetylcholine via two classes of cell-surface receptors, the nicotinic and the muscarinic cholinergic receptors. High affinity muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) have been found on keratinocyte cell surfaces at high density. These receptors mediate effects of muscarinic drugs on keratinocyte viability, proliferation, adhesion, lateral migration, and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the molecular structure of keratinocyte mAChR and their location in human epidermis. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA sequences uniquely present within the third cytoplasmic loop of each subtype demonstrated the expression of the m1, m3, m4, and m5 mAChR subtypes. To visualize these mAChR, we raised rabbit anti-sera to synthetic peptide analogs of the carboxyl terminal regions of each subtype. The antibodies selectively bound to keratinocyte mAChR subtypes in immunoblotting membranes and epidermis, both of which could be abolished by preincubating the anti-serum with the peptide used for immunization. The immunofluorescent staining patterns produced by each antibody in the epidermis suggested that the profile of keratinocyte mAChR changes during epidermal turnover. The semiquantitative analysis of fluorescence revealed that basal cells predominantly expressed m3, prickle cells had equally high levels of m4 and m5, and granular cells mostly possessed m1. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate for the first time the presence of m1, m3, m4, and m5 mAChR in epidermal keratinocytes. Because keratinocytes express a unique combination of mAChR subtypes at each stage of their development in the epidermis, each receptor may regulate a specific cell function. Hence, a single cytotransmitter, acetylcholine, and muscarinic drugs may exert different biologic effects on keratinocytes at different stages of their maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ndoye
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Mickala P, Boutin H, Bellanger C, Chevalier C, MacKenzie ET, Dauphin F. In vivo binding, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the selective M2 muscarinic antagonists [3H]AF-DX 116 and [3H]AF-DX 384 in the anesthetized rat. Nucl Med Biol 1996; 23:173-9. [PMID: 8868291 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(95)02015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, in vivo binding and metabolism of two M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists, [3H]AF-DX 116 and [3H]AF-DX 384, were studied in anesthetized rats, which received either the tracer alone or following a saturating injection of atropine. Both radioligands were cleared from the circulation with distribution half-lives of 17 and 14 sec and elimination half-lives of 17 and 40 min for [3H]AF-DX 116 and [3H]AF-DX 384, respectively. A radioactive distribution, predominant in peripheral organs when compared to brain, was found at each time studied after tracer injection. Atropine-displaceable tracer uptake was evidenced at 20-40 min in brain (31%), submandibular glands (26%), spleen (37%) and notably heart (55%) for [3H]AF-DX 116 but only in heart (50%) for [3H]AF-DX 384 at 10-20 min. Regional brain sampling revealed a relatively uniform distribution of [3H]AF-DX 384 and a -45% atropine saturation effect (i.e., specific binding) in the thalamus 20 min after injection. Sequential thin-layer chromatographic studies performed on tissue extracts demonstrated the rapid appearance of labeled metabolites of both radiotracers in brain (but less so in liver) and especially in cardiac tissues, where almost 70% of total radioactivity still corresponded to authentic tracer 40 min after injection. Thus, based on their low blood-brain barrier permeability and the high presence of labeled metabolites in the central nervous system, AF-DX 116 and AF-DX 384 might be more helpful in the study of M2 muscarinic receptors present in heart rather than brain. Labeled with positron emittors, these M2 antagonists might be applicable to the pathophysiological study of disease states, such as cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mickala
- Université de Caen, URA 1829 CNRS, Center Cyceron, France
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Abstract
At least five muscarinic receptor genes have been cloned and expressed. Muscarinic receptors act via activation of G proteins: m1, m3 and m5 muscarinic receptors couple to stimulate phospholipase C, while m2 and m4 muscarinic receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase. This review describes the localization, pharmacology and function of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes. The actions of muscarinic receptors on the heart, smooth muscle, glands and on neurons (both presynaptic and postsynaptic) in the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system are analyzed in terms of subtypes, biochemical mechanisms and effects on ion channels, including K+ channels and Ca2+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Caulfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London, U.K
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