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Deng C, Tan H, Zhou H, Wang M, Lü Y, Xu J, Zhang H, Han L, Ai Y. Four Cysteine Residues Contribute to Homodimerization of Chicken Interleukin-2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225744. [PMID: 31731766 PMCID: PMC6888268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating the immune and nervous systems. Mammalian and bird IL-2s have different protein sequences, but perform similar functions. In the current study, two bands were detected by immunoblotting using an antibody against freshly purified chicken IL-2 (chIL-2). The molecular weight of the larger band was approximately twice as much of the chIL-2 monomer, although a chIL-2 complex or homodimer has never been reported. To explain this intriguing result, several dissociation reagents were used to examine the intermolecular forces between components of the proposed chIL-2 complex. It was found that intermolecular disulphide bond promotes homodimerization of chIL-2. Subsequently, mutation of Cys residues of chIL-2 revealed that mutation of all four Cys residues disrupted homodimerization, but a single, dual, or triple Cys mutation failed to disrupt homodimerization, suggesting that all four Cys residues on chIL-2 contribute to this dimerization. Functional analysis showed that both monomeric and dimeric chIL-2 consisting of either wild type or mutant chIL-2 were able to stimulate the expansion of CD4+ T cell in vivo or in vitro, and effectively bind to chIL-2 receptor. Overall, this study revealed that the recombinant chIL-2 purified from either Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells could homodimerize in vitro, with all four Cys residues on each chIL-2 protein contributing to this homodimerization, and dimerization and Cys mutation not impacting chIL-2 induced stimulation of chicken CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Deng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Hailiang Tan
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Hongda Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Mengyun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yan Lü
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiacui Xu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4279 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
| | - Limei Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (Y.A.); Tel.: +86-13909880363 (L.H.); +86-13804314800 (Y.A.)
| | - Yongxing Ai
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (Y.A.); Tel.: +86-13909880363 (L.H.); +86-13804314800 (Y.A.)
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Hanisch UK, Quirion R. Interleukin-2 as a neuroregulatory cytokine. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1995; 21:246-84. [PMID: 8806016 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(95)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the cytokine also known as T-cell growth factor, has multiple immunoregulatory functions and biological properties not only related to T-cells. In the past decade, substantial evidence accumulated to suggest that IL-2 is also a modulator of neural and neuroendocrine functions. First, extremely potent effects of IL-2 on neural cells were discovered, including activities related to cell growth and survival, transmitter and hormone release and the modulation of bioelectric activities. IL-2 may be involved in the regulation of sleep and arousal, memory function, locomotion and the modulation of the neuroendocrine axis. Second, the concept that IL-2 could act as a neuroregulatory cytokine has been supported by reports on the presence in rodent and human brain tissues of IL-2-like bioactivity, IL-2-like immunoreactivity, IL-2-like mRNA, IL-2 binding sites, IL-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha) and beta chain mRNA and IL-2R immunoreactivity. IL-2 and/or IL-2R molecules mainly localize to the frontal cortex, septum, striatum, hippocampal formation, hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, cerebellum, the pituitary and fiber tracts, such as the corpus callosum, where they are likely expressed by both neuronal and glial cells. Although the molecular biology of the brain IL-2/IL-2R system (including its relation to IL-15/IL-15R alpha) is not yet fully established by cloning and complete sequencing of all respective components, similarities (and to some extent differences) to peripheral counterparts are now apparent. The ability of IL-2 to readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier further suggests that this cytokine could regulate interactions between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Taken together, these data suggest that IL-2 of either immune and CNS origin can have access to functional IL-2R molecules on neurons and glia under normal conditions. Additionally, dysregulation of the IL-2/IL-2 receptor system could lead or contribute to functional and pathological alterations in the brain as in the immune system. Understanding the neurobiology of the IL-2/IL-2 receptor system should also help to explain neurologic, neuropsychiatric and neuroendocrine side effects occurring during IL-2 treatment of peripheral and brain tumors. Immunopharmacological manipulation either aiming at the activation or suppression of IL-2 signaling should consider functional interference with constitutive and inducible IL-2 receptors on brain cells in order to fulfil the high expectations associated with the use of this cytokine as a promising agent in immunotherapies, especially of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Hanisch
- Max-Delbrück-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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